4 6 5 the moon

The Greeks called their moon goddess Artemis.. This feature has been called “the Man in the Moon.” People finally made rocket ships to fly to the moon.. Moon versus Earth The moon is Ear

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.6.5

ISBN 0-328-13499-6

ì<(sk$m)=bdejjb< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features

Expository

nonfi ction

• Graphic Sources

• Main Idea and Details

• Monitor and Fix Up

• Diagrams

• Heads

• Captions

• Labels

by Tess Mason

Earth Science

Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™

Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided

in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.

Scott Foresman Reading Street 4.6.5

ISBN 0-328-13499-6

ì<(sk$m)=bdejjb< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Genre Comprehension

Skills and Strategy Text Features

Expository

nonfi ction

• Graphic Sources

• Main Idea and Details

• Monitor and Fix Up

• Diagrams

• Heads

• Captions

• Labels

by Tess Mason

Earth Science

astronauts

capsule

hatch

horizon

lunar

module

quarantine

Word count: 1,601

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included.

1 How did the diagram on page 7 help you

understand the phases of the Moon?

2 What questions did you have while you were

reading? What strategies did you use to answer your questions?

3 Homonyms are words that are spelled the same

but have different meanings Write two meanings

for the word hatch Write a sentence for each of

those meanings.

4 Reread the section of the book called “Journey to

the Moon” on pages 10 through 15 Using a chart similar to the one below, draw a time line to show important events from this section of the book

Reader Response

Date

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois

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by Tess Mason

13499_001-020.indd 1 11/19/05 2:23:31 PM

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ISBN: 0-328-13499-6

Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc

All Rights Reserved Printed in China This publication is protected by Copyright,

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4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0H3 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06

Earth’s Neighbor

Humans have always been interested in the moon

The moon is our closest neighbor Look up from the

horizon into the night sky The moon appears as the

largest object in the sky

Some people have worshipped the moon The Romans may have worshipped Diana as the goddess

of the moon The Greeks called their moon goddess Artemis Some people thought they could see a face

on the moon’s surface This feature has been called

“the Man in the Moon.” People finally made rocket ships to fly to the moon Getting to know our closest neighbor is an ongoing and exciting journey

Artemis (left) was the Greek goddess of the moon A wolf howls at the moon (below).

3

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Moon versus Earth

The moon is Earth’s only natural satellite A satellite

is an object that orbits, or moves around, another

object The moon orbits Earth, as Earth orbits the sun

We say that the moon is a natural satellite because it

is not man-made

The moon appears to be quite large due to its

closeness to Earth It is actually much smaller than

Earth Think of a basketball and a tennis ball The

basketball represents Earth The tennis ball represents

the moon

The moon orbits around Earth.

Earth

Moon

13499_001-020.indd 4 11/19/05 2:24:24 PM

5

The moon differs from Earth in other ways as well

Much of Earth is covered in water But the moon has

no water The moon also has no atmosphere On the moon, because there is no air, there is no weather

Astronomers, or people who study outer space, first thought the dark areas that they saw on the moon might be seas These areas are actually lava flows that cooled and hardened Today astronomers still call them seas, such as the Sea of Tranquility The

moon’s surface, or the lunar surface, is covered with

craters, or holes Some are more than one hundred miles across

There are craters on the moon.

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Phases of the Moon

We only see the moon when the sun shines on

it And we only see one side of the moon Different

parts of the moon receive sunlight as it orbits Earth

This causes the phases of the moon

Sometimes, the moon is almost in a line between

Earth and the sun This stops sunlight from reaching

the side of the moon facing us It makes the moon

seem to vanish This phase is called the New Moon

As days go by, more of the sunlit moon can be

seen The moon is said to be waxing The waxing

Crescent Moon comes after the New Moon Then, a

few days later, the First Quarter Moon appears The

next phase is the waxing Gibbous Moon Now more

than half of the moon appears, but not quite a whole

circle

Finally, the entire side of the moon facing us is lit

The moon appears as a full circle, or as the Full Moon

Then the moon stops waxing and begins waning

Waning is when the moon appears to get smaller The

moon goes back through its phases during waning

The moon’s phases as they appear from Earth

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7

Full Moon

Gibbous Moon (waning) Gibbous Moon (waxing)

Last Quarter (waning) First Quarter (waxing)

New Moon Crescent Moon (waning) Crescent Moon (waxing)

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Eclipses

The moon plays an important part in eclipses An

eclipse occurs when an object in space moves in front

of another object in space As you know, the moon

orbits Earth, as Earth orbits the sun When Earth

passes between the moon and the sun, it makes a

shadow on the moon This is called a lunar eclipse

The moon can still be seen in a lunar eclipse It turns a

reddish, copper color because of Earth’s shadow

Lunar eclipse

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9

When the moon passes between Earth and the sun, the moon blocks out the sunlight for a few minutes This is called a solar eclipse If the moon blocks out just a part of the sun, it is called a partial eclipse If it covers the entire sun, it is called a total eclipse During a total solar eclipse, you can see the sun’s corona, or outer layer You normally can’t see the corona because the sun is too bright to look at without the moon blocking its rays

Solar eclipse

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Journey to the Moon

For many years scientists have used telescopes to

learn about the moon But they could not find out

everything they needed to know this way People

wanted to go to the moon

By the late 1940s, the United States and the Soviet

Union were involved in the Cold War The Cold War

did not lead to actual fighting It was a fight over

political systems and ideas

On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched

Sputnik 1, the world’s first man-made satellite The

United States felt the need to compete The launch of

Sputnik 1 began the space race

A scientist works

on Sputnik 1.

13499_001-020.indd 10 11/19/05 2:26:44 PM

11

In order to travel from Earth to the moon, scientists needed something to propel, or push, a ship there and back again Making a powerful rocket was the best solution

Rockets have a long history Thousands of years ago, the Chinese invented gunpowder, which came before rockets The first actual rocket was a Chinese fire arrow, invented before 1232 People made rockets for hundreds of years before they understood the science behind them

Fire rocket

Chinese firecracker

13499_001-020.indd 11 11/19/05 2:27:27 PM

A rocket is a chamber that holds a gas under

pressure A small opening at one end of the chamber

allows the gas to escape This propels, or moves, the

rocket in the opposite direction of the escaping gas

Think of a balloon The gas in it is air The chamber

is the wall of the balloon The rubber walls of the

balloon put pressure on the air If you poke a hole in

the balloon, the pressure causes the air to escape The

balloon flies off Rockets are an advanced version of this idea

In the 1900s, scientists used liquid fuel to propel the rockets The Saturn

V rocket was the largest rocket ever built by the United States

The Saturn V rocket was made to send a crew to the moon.

13499_001-020.indd 12 11/19/05 2:28:00 PM

13

On October 1, 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA, was formed On May 25, 1961, President John F Kennedy announced that the United States would commit itself to landing

an astronaut on the moon before the end of the

decade

The Soviets still led the space race, though They put the first person into space On April 12, 1961, Soviet Yury Gagarin completed one orbit of Earth in

the Vostok 1 It was a small vehicle, or capsule On

February 20, 1962, John H Glenn, Jr became the first U.S astronaut to orbit Earth

The John F Kennedy Space Center

at Cape Canaveral, Florida

13499_001-020.indd 13 11/19/05 2:28:19 PM

In the 1960s, the NASA space flight project known as

Gemini used two astronauts to practice flight in space

The astronauts tested such operations as docking with

spacecraft and moving both inside and outside of the

spacecraft On June 3, 1965, Edward H White II became

the first U.S astronaut to conduct a space walk He was

connected to the spacecraft by a tether, or cord

NASA kept working toward its goal of landing

a man on the moon before the end of the 1960s

NASA’s Apollo program was designed to land men on

the moon and then bring them safely back to Earth

Apollo missions 1 to 10 provided the final links for

the trip to the moon They tested the Saturn V rocket

systems that would propel the spaceship to the moon

Sadly, not all the test missions went smoothly A fire on

board Apollo 1 caused three astronauts to lose their

lives NASA quickly corrected the problems that led to

the fire, so that later astronauts were safe On Apollo

8, the first humans orbited the moon Now, the next

big step was to land

Astronauts get ready

for space travel.

13499_001-020.indd 14 11/19/05 2:28:40 PM

15

Edward H White II was connected

to the spacecraft by a tether in the first American space walk.

13499_001-020.indd 15 11/19/05 2:28:58 PM

Apollo 11 and the Moon Today

NASA was ready to land on the moon with the

Apollo 11 mission The crew consisted of commander

Neil A Armstrong, lunar module pilot Edwin E

“Buzz” Aldrin, Jr., and command module pilot

Michael Collins The command module Columbia was

the crew’s main living quarters Its service module

contained supplies The lunar module Eagle was the

landing craft The Eagle would be used to go down

to the moon’s surface and then back to the Columbia

On July 16, 1969, the spacecraft lifted off from Earth

It took four days to reach the moon When the

astronauts got to the moon, Collins piloted the

Columbia Armstrong and Aldrin used the Eagle to

go down to the surface of the moon On July 20,

1969, the astronauts touched down on the surface of

the moon “The Eagle has landed,” Armstrong said,

just after he landed in the Sea of Tranquility Then he

stepped out onto the moon’s surface, becoming the

first human to set foot on the moon

The Apollo 11

mission carried

astronauts Neil

Armstrong,

Michael Collins,

and Edwin

“Buzz” Aldrin

(left to right).

13499_001-020.indd 16 11/19/05 2:29:31 PM

Armstrong and Aldrin collected soil and rock samples, took photographs, and did experiments

Then they used the Eagle to go up from the moon’s surface and dock with the orbiting Columbia to return

to Earth After Armstrong and Aldrin joined Collins,

the Eagle drifted off into space It orbits the moon to

this day

Astronaut “Buzz” Aldrin takes his first walk on the Moon next

to the lunar module Eagle.

17

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The command module of the Columbia separated

from its service module before entering Earth’s

atmosphere On July 24, 1969, the command module

splashed into the Pacific Ocean The astronauts

opened the hatch and exited their craft They wore

special suits and went into quarantine, a place or

time in which people are held until it is determined

that they have no diseases After that, the astronauts

were able to see their family and friends

The command module was the main living quarters

The service module held supplies.

The command module splashed down in the Pacific Ocean.

13499_001-020.indd 18 11/19/05 2:30:17 PM

19

Six Apollo missions landed on the moon and returned to Earth No astronauts have visited the moon since 1972

Humans are still fascinated by the moon NASA’s space program has continued to grow since the Apollo missions In 2004, President Bush announced a plan to return to the moon Perhaps

one day people will live and work on the moon The moon will inspire people for centuries to come

A space shuttle flight lifts off from Cape Canaveral, Florida.

13499_001-020.indd 19 11/19/05 2:30:41 PM

Glossary

of the crew of a

spacecraft.

front section of a rocket

that carries astronauts,

instruments, and other

equipment into space.

or opening, as in a

spaceship; the covering

for such an opening.

where Earth and sky

appear to meet; skyline.

lunar adj of, like, or

about the moon.

self-contained unit or system within a larger system, often designed for a particular function.

detention, isolation, and other measures taken

to prevent the spread of

an infectious disease.

13499_001-020.indd 20 11/19/05 2:31:02 PM

Vocabulary

astronauts

capsule

hatch

horizon

lunar

module

quarantine

Word count: 1,601

Note: The total word count includes words in the running text and headings only

Numerals and words in chapter titles, captions, labels, diagrams, charts, graphs,

sidebars, and extra features are not included.

1 How did the diagram on page 7 help you

understand the phases of the Moon?

2 What questions did you have while you were

reading? What strategies did you use to answer your questions?

3 Homonyms are words that are spelled the same

but have different meanings Write two meanings

for the word hatch Write a sentence for each of

those meanings.

4 Reread the section of the book called “Journey to

the Moon” on pages 10 through 15 Using a chart similar to the one below, draw a time line to show important events from this section of the book

Reader Response

Date