3 10 how matter works (physical science)

Vocabulary atom buoyancy density element mass matter periodic table pressure property volume Picture Credits Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credi

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Scott Foresman Science 3.10

Nonfi ction Cause and Effect • Caption

• Labels

• Glossary

Matter

ISBN 0-328-13836-3

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Scott Foresman Science 3.10

Nonfi ction Cause and Effect • Caption

• Labels

• Glossary

Matter

ISBN 0-328-13836-3

ì<(sk$m)=bdidge< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

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1 What are the three forms of matter?

2 If two elements are listed in the

same column of the periodic table, what do you know about them?

3 How do you measure mass? What is

the unit for measuring it?

have read about how density and buoyancy are closely related Write

to explain their relationship Use examples from the book

a candle’s wax to melt? What is the effect?

What did you learn?

Vocabulary

atom

buoyancy

density

element

mass

matter

periodic table

pressure

property

volume

Picture Credits

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material

The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd).

2 ©Gabe Palmer/Corbis.

Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 8 (CR, CL) Natural History Museum, London/DK Images;

Kindersley, a division of Pearson

ISBN: 0-328-13836-3

This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any

prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permission(s), write to

Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

by Christian Downey

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What Matter Is

Look around your classroom Everything you

see is matter The tables, chairs, books, and people

are matter So are the tiniest pieces of dirt and

dust Matter is anything that takes up space and

has mass

Everything around you is matter That includes

the air you breathe You usually can’t see the air

you breathe But don’t be fooled Air is matter!

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All objects are made of matter But not all objects are the same Look around your classroom again Some objects are big Others are small Some objects are heavy Others are light Some objects are hard and some are soft

Each object has its own special properties

A property is a quality of matter that can be

observed You can observe properties with your senses

By observing matter’s properties, you can learn about how things are different Touching, smelling, and looking at objects helps you learn about their properties

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The particles are

different in each

form of matter.

Are you sitting at a desk as you read this? If

so, touch the desk It’s pretty hard, right? The

desk is a solid A solid has a shape that doesn’t

change Objects such as walls, lamps, and rocks

are all solids The particles in them are very close

together Solids keep their shape because their

particles are so close together

Forms of Matter

Matter comes in three forms These forms are

solid, liquid, and gas All three forms are made

up of particles, or very small parts The particles

are too small for you to see But they are always

moving How much they move depends on the

form of matter

Solids

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Gas

Milk poured into a glass has a shape The milk had a different shape when it was in the carton

Why did its shape change?

Milk is a liquid Liquids change shape to match the space they fi ll If you pour the milk into a bowl, it will change shape again No matter what a liquid is poured into, it will always take

up the same amount of space Only the shape will change

Compared to solids, the particles in liquids are farther apart But they are still connected The particles in liquids move around easily

Liquids

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Matter can also be a gas Gases are shapeless

The particles in gas are not connected They

bounce around

Air is an example of a gas Blow air into a

paper bag What happens? The bag fi lls up with

the air The air’s pressure pushes out the bag’s

sides

Gases will take up as much space as they can

If you let the air out, the bag changes its shape!

Gases

Some matter can change forms Water is liquid It freezes when the temperature drops below thirty-two degrees Fahrenheit Water freezes to become a solid ice cube

Candles, like water, also can change form

Candles start as a solid Their wax melts when it

is heated When that happens, candles turn into liquid Both water and candles change forms if their temperatures change enough

Ice cubes

Wax candle

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A piece of silver can be broken into smaller

and smaller pieces No matter how small you make

them, they will still be silver Silver is an element

An element is matter that is made of a single kind

of particle Each element’s particles are too small to

see Iron, gold, copper, and nickel are all elements

Elements

Gold

Silver

Nickel

Iron

Copper

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Elements can be broken into atoms An atom

is a tiny particle of an element It still has all the properties of that element One atom of carbon has all the properties of carbon

There are more than one hundred elements

Each element has its own properties Elements that have similar properties are sometimes called

“families.” The periodic table is a table that lists

elements based on their properties Elements listed in the same column have similar properties

Each element gets its own box on the periodic table This box shows the element’s symbol and name

Atoms

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Mass is the amount of matter an object has

All solids, liquids, and gases have mass Mass is

measured in grams Grams are the metric unit

for mass

A balance is used to measure and compare the

mass of matter Put some rocks on one side of

a balance Place some feathers on the other side

What happens? The rocks have more mass Their

side of the balance will lower The feathers

have less mass Their side will rise

Some objects have more mass than

others All objects and all forms of matter

have mass An object’s mass does not

change If it changes shape, or moves to

another place, its mass is still the same

Mass

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Rocks

Make a clay horse and record its mass What

if you change its shape to a clay bird? If you measure its mass again, it will be the same if you used all the clay

Weight is different than mass An object’s weight can change depending on its location

Feathers

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200 milliliters

350 milliliters

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Volume is the amount of space an object

takes up All forms of matter have volume

A measuring cup can be used to measure the

volume of liquids and solids The volume of

liquids is measured in liters Liters are metric

units Each liter contains one thousand milliliters

Pour some water into a measuring cup

The cup’s water level rises to 200 milliliters

That level is the water’s volume Then place an

orange in the cup of water The liquid rises to

350 milliliters What has happened? The orange

added 150 milliliters to the measure That means

that the volume of the orange below water is

150 milliliters

Volume

All matter has density Density is a measure

of how much matter is in a space Think about a bag of bricks and a bag of cotton balls The bags are equal in volume But the bricks have more mass The bricks have a greater density than the cotton

You can learn more about an object’s density

by observing buoyancy Buoyancy is how well an

object fl oats It is a property of matter

Drop a brick into a pool Its high density makes it sink The brick has little

buoyancy What if you drop a cork into a pool? Its low density makes it fl oat The cork has a lot of buoyancy

Density and Buoyancy

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Matter’s different properties can be observed

in many ways For example, you can use a ruler to

measure an object’s length A meter is the basic

metric unit of length There are 100 centimeters

in a meter A kilometer has 1,000 meters

Rulers and tape measures can be used to fi nd

the length of common objects How long is your

arm? Is it longer or shorter than your friend’s

arm? By measuring the length of both arms, you

can fi nd out for sure whose arm is longer Two

other properties of matter that can be measured

are mass and volume

Measuring Properties

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solid

Matter can be a solid, liquid,

or gas By observing matter’s properties, you can learn more about it

Did you know that you can combine all three states of matter at once? Gather together a piece

of paper, a straw, and paint The paper and straw are solids The paint is a liquid And the air in your breath is a gas Place a dab of paint on the paper Then blow through the straw to move

it around You have just mixed three forms of matter! Everyday objects can be more interesting when you study their matter and properties

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atom the smallest particle of an element

that still has the properties of that element

buoyancy how well an object fl oats or sinks

density a measure of the amount of matter

in a certain amount of space

element matter made of a single type of

particle

matter anything that takes up space and has

mass

periodic a table of all elements based on their

pressure when something such as air pushes

against another thing

property a quality of matter that you can

observe

volume the amount of space an object takes up

Glossary

16

1 What are the three forms of matter?

2 If two elements are listed in the

same column of the periodic table, what do you know about them?

3 How do you measure mass? What is

the unit for measuring it?

have read about how density and buoyancy are closely related Write

to explain their relationship Use examples from the book

a candle’s wax to melt? What is the effect?

What did you learn?

Vocabulary

atom

buoyancy

density

element

mass

matter

periodic table

pressure

property

volume

Picture Credits

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material

The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd).

Scott Foresman/Dorling Kindersley would also like to thank: 8 (CR, CL) Natural History Museum, London/DK Images;

Kindersley, a division of Pearson

ISBN: 0-328-13836-3

This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any

prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic,

mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding permission(s), write to

Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V010 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

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