3 3 matter (physical sciences)

Energy and matter have multiple forms and can be changed from one form to another.. atom chemical change element evaporation matter melting periodic table property Picture Credits Illu

Genre Comprehension Skill Text Features Science Content

Nonfi ction Sequence • Captions

• Glossary

Matter

Scott Foresman Science 3.3

Standards Preview

Standard Set 1 Physical Sciences

1 Energy and matter have multiple

forms and can be changed from

one form to another As a basis for

understanding this concept:

1.i. Students know people once

thought that earth, wind, fire, and

water were the basic elements

that made up all matter Science

experiments show that there are more

than 100 different types of atoms,

which are presented on the periodic

table of the elements.

ISBN 0-328-23523-7 ì<(sk$m)=cdfcda< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

by Arlene Block

Physical Sciences

atom

chemical change

element

evaporation

matter

melting

periodic table

property

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Illustrations

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ISBN: 0-328-23523-7

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by Arlene Block

What makes up

matter?

A World of Matter

Look around What do you see? Everything

around you is made of matter Matter is anything

that has mass and takes up space Mass is the

amount of matter an object has Pick up an object

You can feel its mass

All these objects are

matter Even the air

inside the balls is

matter.

A property is something you can observe

with one or more of your senses You can observe properties of matter Look at an object You can tell its color, shape, or size Touch an object You can tell if it is hard or soft

The hockey puck is round and smooth.

Parts of Matter

An element is matter made from a single

type of particle Each particle is too small to see

Have you ever used aluminum foil? It is made of

particles of the element aluminum

An atom is the smallest particle of matter that

has the properties of an element All matter is

made of atoms

Aluminum foil is made of

the atoms of one element

5

Some matter has only atoms of one element

Aluminum has atoms of only one element You can cut a piece of aluminum foil again and again

Each new piece is still made of aluminum

Other matter is made of atoms of different elements Water is made of atoms of different elements The atoms act together They give water its properties

Looking At Parts of Matter

You cannot see single atoms with your eyes

You cannot see atoms with a regular microscope

Scientists use powerful microscopes to see atoms

How do atoms combine to make matter? These

pictures can give you an idea

You can use a

microscope to see

matter up close

<PHOTO: pick up middle photo

of enlarged helmet on page 73

of SE>

<PHOTO: pick up top photo helmet on page

73 of SE>

7

This helmet is made of atoms.

This is a picture of the same helmet It

is three times as big

as the fi rst picture.

Atoms of matter are like these colored dots

The dots combine to form the picture on the helmet.

Changing Ideas About Matter

People have thought about matter since ancient

times Long ago, people thought all matter was

made of four elements These elements were earth,

wind, fi re, and water

Since then, scientists have done many

experiments Today they know there are more than

100 different elements Some matter is made of just

one element Most matter is made of two or more

elements

Living things are mostly made of four

elements They are carbon, oxygen,

nitrogen, and hydrogen.

Scientists arrange the elements in a chart The

chart is called the periodic table The elements

are arranged according to their properties

Look at the periodic table below It shows the names and symbol of elements It tells other information about them Some elements are named after people and places Einsteinium and seaborgium are named for famous scientists

Berkelium and californium are named for places

What are the forms

of matter?

Matter can be in the form of a solid, liquid, or

gas The particles in these three forms of matter are

always moving

Solids

A bowling ball is a solid It keeps its shape

Particles in a solid stay close together and vibrate

The particles of a solid are

tightly connected They

vibrate in place.

Liquids

Orange juice is a liquid Its shape can change

It takes the shape of the container it is in The amount of space it takes up does not change

Particles in a liquid fl ow past each other

Gases

Air is a gas It has no shape The amount

of space it takes up changes Air fi lls whatever space is available Air is being pumped into the basketball Particles in a gas spread out

The particles of a liquid are loosely connected They can move past one another.

The particles of a gas are not connected They move freely

Effects of Heat on Liquids

Matter can change from one form to another

Heat can change liquid matter Evaporation

is what happens when a liquid changes into a

gas Heat from the air can cause liquid water to

evaporate It becomes a gas called water vapor

Heat from the air causes

some liquid in this fl ask to

evaporate

13

Effects of Heat on Solid Matter

Heat can change solid matter Melting is

changing from a solid to a liquid Ice is frozen water Heat can cause it to melt

Taking away heat can change matter that is

a gas Carbon dioxide is a gas If it loses enough heat, it becomes a solid This solid is called dry ice

Heat changes frozen ice from a solid to a liquid.

Heat changes dry ice from

a solid to a gas.

Effects of Heat on Metals

Deep inside the Earth it is very hot It is much

hotter than at the surface This heat can cause rock

to melt It forms liquid rock called magma Magma

can push up through cracks in the Earth It can

erupt from volcanoes

Magma that erupts from a volcano is called

lava The liquid lava loses heat on Earth’s surface

It changes form and becomes solid rock

Lava erupts from a volcano.

People can use heat to change matter A welder heats two pieces of metal until they melt When they are cool, the welder joins them together That’s how this beam was made Beams like this are

found in many buildings

Many items in your home were made this way

Some examples include pots, pans, and the stove

Beams like this are made from heating metal

What are chemical

changes in matter?

Forming Different Materials

To make bread, you need fl our, eggs, baking

powder, and yeast First you mix the ingredients

Then you bake them in an oven The heat causes

a chemical change In a chemical change, one

kind of matter changes into a different kind of

matter The ingredients can never change back to

the form they were Baking bread is an example of

a chemical change

17

Mixing Matter

You can cut up lettuce, carrots, and tomatoes

Then you can mix them together to make a salad

The ingredients may look different But they will not taste different They will not change into a new kind of matter

What happens if you mix vinegar and baking soda? It will make a new kind of matter It will make

bubbles that you can see

Each salad ingredient keeps its original properties.

Two Kinds of Changes

A salad is an example of a physical change

When you cut the vegetables you change their

shape But they stay the same kind of matter—

vegetables

When you add vinegar to baking soda, new

matter forms It has different properties It cannot

be changed back into vinegar and baking soda

That’s because a chemical change happened

Vinegar and baking soda

form new matter It has

different properties.

19

Using Chemical Changes

Chemical changes help us every day As we eat, chemical changes happen to our food They give our body what it needs to grow and stay healthy

The gasoline in our cars burns It makes a chemical change happen It makes energy to move the cars

Do you listen to a portable CD player?

Chemicals combine inside batteries They make electricity to help you hear music

atom the smallest particle of matter

that has the properties of an element

chemical change a change in which one kind

of matter becomes a different kind of matter

element matter made up of a single

type of atom

evaporation when a liquid is changed into

a gas

matter anything that has mass and

takes up space

melting changing from a solid to a

liquid

periodic table a chart with elements

arranged in rows and columns according to their properties

property something about matter that

can be observed with one or more senses

Glossary What did you learn?

1 What can you tell about matter?

2 What happens when water evaporates?

3 How are a chemical change and a physical change

different?

about one form of matter Develop a topic sentence

Include facts and details to support your topic sentence.

bread? List them in order.