Perrys Chemical Engineers handbook 1999

Calistrat, B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Owner, Michael Calistrat and Associates; Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Section 29, Process Machinery Drives Giorgio Carta, Ph.D., Profes

Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook

Fluid and Particle Dynamics

Heat and Mass Transfer

Thermodynamics

Mathematics

Physical and Chemical Data

Conversion Factors and Mathematical

Alternative Separation Processes

Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging

of Solids and Liquids Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Gas-Solid Operations and Equipment Adsorption

Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook

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CHOPEY Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations,

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CHOPEY Instrumentation and Process Control

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CONSIDINE Process/Industrial Instruments and Controls

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DESHOTELS, ZIMMERMAN Cost-Effective Risk Assessment

for Process Design

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KISTER Distillation Design

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MANSFIELD Engineering Design for Process Facilities

MEYERS Handbook of Petroleum Refining Processes,

Second Edition

MILLER Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, Third

Edition

MYERS Aboveground Storage Tanks

POWER Steam Jet Ejectors for the Process Industries

REID, PRAUSNITZ, POLING Properties of Gases and

Liquids, Fourth Edition

REIST Aerosol Science and Technology, Second Edition

RHINE, TUCKER Modeling of Gas-Fired Furnaces and

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ROSSITER Waste Minimization Through Process Design

SAMDANI Safety and Risk Management Tools and

Techniques in the CPI

SAMDANI Heat Transfer Technologies and Practices for

Effective Energy Management

SAWERS, EASTMAN Process Industry Procedures and

Training Manual

SCHWEITZER Handbook of Separation Techniques for

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SHINSKEY Process Control Systems, Fourth Edition

SHUGAR, BALLINGER Chemical Technicians’ Ready

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TATTERSON Fluid Mixing and Gas Dispersion in Agitated

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Prepared by a staff of specialists under the editorial direction of

Late Editor

Robert H Perry

Editor

Don W Green

Deane E Ackers Professor of Chemical

and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas

CHEMICAL ENGINEERS’ HANDBOOK

SEVENTH EDITION

Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook — 7th ed / prepared by a staff

of specialists under the editorial direction of late editor Robert H

Perry : editor, Don W Green : associate editor, James O’Hara

Maloney

p cm

Includes index

ISBN 0-07-049841-5 (alk paper)

1 Chemical engineering—Handbooks, manuals, etc I Perry,

Robert H., date II Green, Don W III Maloney, James O

TP151.P45 1997

CIP

Copyright © 1997, 1984, 1973, 1963, 1950, 1941, 1934 by The

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Copyright renewed 1962, 1969 by Robert H Perry

All rights reserved

Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the

United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be

reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data

base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the

pub-lisher

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOW/DOW 9 0 2 1 0 9 8 7

ISBN 0-07-049841-5

INTERNATIONAL EDITION

Copyright © 1997 Exclusive rights by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,

for manufacture and export This book cannot be re-exported from the

country to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill The International

Edi-tion is not available in North America

When ordering this title, use ISBN 0-07-115448-5

The sponsoring editors for this book were Zoe Foundotos and Robert

Esposito, the editing supervisor was Marc Campbell, and the production

supervisor was Pamela A Pelton It was set in Caledonia by North Market

Street Graphics.

Printed and bound by R R Donnelley & Sons Company.

This book was printed on acid-free paper

Information contained in this work has been obtained by The

McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGraw-McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be

reli-Dedicated to Robert H Perry

The late Robert H Perry served as chairman of the Department of Chemical Engineering at the

University of Oklahoma and program director for graduate research facilities at the National ence Research Foundation He was a consultant to various United Nations and other internationalorganizations From 1973 until his death in 1978 Dr Perry devoted his time to a study of the crossimpact of technologies within the next half century The subjects under his investigation on aglobal basis were energy, minerals and metals, transportation and communications, medicine, foodproduction, and the environment

Sci-Don W Green is Chair and the Deane E Ackers distinguished professor of chemical and

petro-leum engineering and codirector of the Tertiary Oil Recovery Project at the University of Kansas

in Lawrence, Kansas, where he has taught since 1964 He received his doctorate in chemical neering in 1963 from the University of Oklahoma, where he was Dr Perry’s first doctoral student

engi-Dr Green has won several teaching awards at the University of Kansas, and he is a fellow of theAIChE and a distinguished member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers He is the author ofnumerous articles in technical journals

James O Maloney is Professor Emeritus of the Department of Chemical and Petroleum

Engi-neering, University of Kansas He holds a Ph.D degree in chemical engineering from nia State University In 1941 he began his professional career at the DuPont de NemoursCompany, before joining the University of Kansas in 1945, where he taught for 40 years He served

Pennsylva-as department chairman for nineteen years He is a fellow of the AIChE

For the detailed contents of any section, consult the title page of that section See also the alphabetical index in the back of the handbook

Section

Physical and Chemical Data Peter E Liley, George H Thomson, D G Friend,

Mathematics Bruce A Finlayson, James F Davis, Arthur W Westerberg,

Heat and Mass Transfer James G Knudsen, Hoyt C Hottel, Adel F Sarofim,

Process Control Thomas F Edgar, Cecil L Smith, F Greg Shinskey,

Heat-Transfer Equipment Richard L Shilling, Kenneth J Bell,

Patrick M Bernhagen, Thomas M Flynn, Victor M Goldschmidt,

Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying Charles G Moyers,

Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design James R Fair, D E Steinmeyer,

Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment Lanny A Robbins,

Adsorption and Ion Exchange M Douglas LeVan, Giorgio Carta, Carmen M Yon 16

Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment Donald A Dahlstrom, Richard C Bennett,

Robert G Emmet, Peter Harriott, Tim Laros, Wallace Leung, Shelby A Miller,

Brooker Morey, James Y Oldshue, George Priday, Charles E Silverblatt,

Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment Kalanadh V S Sastry, Harrison Cooper,

Richard Hogg, T L P Jespen, Frank Knoll, Bhupendra Parekh, Raj K Rajamani,

Size Reduction and Size Enlargement Richard L Snow, Terry Allen,

Handling of Bulk Solids and Packaging of Solids and Liquids Grantges J Raymus 21

Alternative Separation Processes Joseph D Henry, Jr., Michael E Prudich,

William Eykamp, T Alan Hatton, Keith P Johnston, Richard M Lemert,

Robert Lemlich, Charles G Moyers, John Newman, Herbert A Pohl,

Biochemical Engineering Henry R Bungay, Arthur E Humphrey, George T Tsao 24

Waste Management Louis Theodore, Anthony J Buonicore, John D McKenna,

Process Safety Stanley M Englund, Frank T Bodurtha, Laurence G Britton,

Daniel A Crowl, Stanley Grossel, W G High, Trevor A Kletz, Robert W Ormsby,

John E Owens, Carl A Schiappa, Richard Siwek, Robert E White,

Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization Walter F Podolski,

Shelby A Miller, David K Schmalzer, Anthony G Fonseca, Vincent Conrad,

Douglas E Lowenhaupt, John Bacha, Lawrence K Rath, Hsue-peng Loh,

Edgar B Klunder, Howard G McIlvried, III, Gary J Stiegel,

Rameshwar D Srivastava, Peter J Loftus, Charles E Benson,

Process Machinery Drives Heinz P Bloch, R H Daugherty, Fred K Geitner,

Index follows Section 30

List of Contributors

Michael M Abbott, Ph.D., Howard P Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering,

Rens-selaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 4, modynamics)

Ther-Terry Allen, Ph.D., Senior Research Associate (retired), DuPont Central Research and

Devel-opment (Section 20, Size Reduction and Size Enlargement)

John D Bacha, Ph.D., Consulting Scientist, Chevron Products Company; Member, ASTM

(American Society for Testing and Materials), Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and cants; American Chemical Society; International Association for Stability and Handling of LiquidFuels, Steering Committee (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Lubri-Glenn W Baldwin, M.S., P.E., Staff Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Member, American

Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, and Solids Drying)

Scott D Barnicki, Ph.D., Senior Research Chemical Engineer, Eastman Chemical Company

(Section 13, Distillation)

Kenneth J Bell, Ph.D., P.E., Regents Professor Emeritus, School of Chemical Engineering,

Oklahoma State University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11,Heat-Transfer Equipment)

Richard C Bennett, B.S., Ch.E., Registered Professional Engineer, Illinois; Member,

Ameri-can Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE); President of Crystallization Technology, Inc.; mer President of Swenson Process Equipment, Inc (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations andEquipment)

For-Charles E Benson, M.Eng., M.E., Director, Combustion Technology, Arthur D Little, Inc.;

Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Combustion Institute (Section 27, Energy

Heinz P Bloch, P.E., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting Engineer, Process Machinery

Consult-ing; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vibration Institute; Registered Professional neer (New Jersey, Texas) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)

Engi-Frank T Bodurtha, Sc.D., E.I DuPont de Nemours and Co., Inc (retired), Wilmington,

Delaware (retired); Consultant, Frank T Bodurtha, Inc (Section 26, Process Safety)

Meherwan P Boyce, P.E., Ph.D., President, Boyce Engineering International; ASME Fellow;

Registered Professional Engineer (Texas, Oklahoma) (Section 10, Transport and Storage of Fluids;Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)

Laurence G Britton, Ph.D., Research Scientist, Union Carbide Corporation (Section 26,

Process Safety)

Evan Buck, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Thermophysical Property Skill Center, Central Technology,

Union Carbide Corporation (Section 2, Physical and Chemical Data)

Henry R Bungay, P.E., Ph.D., Professor of Chemical and Environmental Engineering,

Rens-selaer Polytechnic Institute; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, AmericanChemical Society, American Society for Microbiology, American Society for Engineering Educa-tion, Society for General Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering)

Anthony J Buonicore, M.Ch.E., P.E., Diplomate AAEE, CEO, Environmental Data

Resources, Inc.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste ManagementAssociation (Section 25, Waste Management)

Michael M Calistrat, B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Owner, Michael Calistrat and Associates; Member,

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)

Giorgio Carta, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia;

Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, InternationalAdsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)

Vincent Conrad, Ph.D., Group Leader, Technical Services Development Laboratory, CONSOL,

Inc.; Member, Spectroscopy Society of Pittsburgh, Society for Analytical Chemistry of Pittsburgh,Society for Applied Spectroscopy (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Harrison Cooper, Ph.D., Harrison R Cooper Systems, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah (Section 19,

Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

B B Crocker, S.M., P.E., Consulting Chemical Engineer; Fellow, American Institute of

Chem-ical Engineers; Member, Air Pollution Control Association (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Liquid System Design)

Gas-Daniel A Crowl, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering

Depart-ment, Michigan Technological University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,American Chemical Society (Section 26, Process Safety)

Roger W Cusack, Vice President, Glitsch Process Systems, Inc.; Member, American Institute of

Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment)

Donald A Dahlstrom, Ph.D., Research Professor, Chemical and Fuels Engineering

Depart-ment and Metallurgical Engineering DepartDepart-ment, University of Utah; Member, National emy of Engineering, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American ChemicalSociety (ACS), Society of Mining, Metallurgic Exploration (SME) of the American Institute ofMining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), American Society of Engineering Edu-cation (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Acad-Thomas E Daubert, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, The

Pennsylva-James F Davis, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ohio State University (Section 3,

Mathematics)

James B Dunson, B.S., Principal Consultant, E I duPont de Nemours & Co.; Member

Amer-ican Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17,Gas-Solid Operation and Equipment)

Thomas F Edgar, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, Texas

(Section 8, Process Control)

Robert C Emmet, Jr., B.S., Ch.E., Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment

Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), American Institute of Mining,Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), Society of Mining, Metallurgical and Explo-ration Engineers (SME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Stanley M Englund, M.S., Ch.E., Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Process

Consultant, The Dow Chemical Company (retired) (Section 26, Process Safety)

Bryan J Ennis, Ph.D., President, E&G Associates, and Adjunct Professor of Chemical

Engi-neering, Vanderbilt University; Member and Chair of Powder Technology Programming Group ofthe Particle Technology Forum, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, SizeReduction and Size Enlargement)

William Eykamp, Ph.D., Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tufts University;

For-merly President, Koch Membrane Systems; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,American Chemical Society, American Association for the Advancement of Science, North Amer-ican Membrane Society, European Society of Membrane Science and Technology (Section 22,Alternative Separation Processes)

James R Fair, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas; National

Academy of Engineering; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, AmericanChemical Society, American Society for Engineering Education, National Society of ProfessionalEngineers (Section 14, Gas Absorption and Gas-Liquid System Design)

Bruce A Finlayson, Ph.D., Rehnberg Professor and Chair, Department of Chemical Engineering,

University of Washington; Member, National Academy of Engineering (Section 3, Mathematics)

Thomas M Flynn, Ph.D., P.E., Cryogenic Engineer, President CRYOCO, Louisville, Colorado;

Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)

Anthony G Fonseca, Ph.D., Director, Coal Utilization, CONSOL, Inc.; Member, American

Chemical Society, Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Extraction (Section 27, Energy Resources,Conversion, and Utilization)

D G Friend, National Institutes of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado (Section 2,

Physical and Chemical Data)

George W Gassman, B.S.M.E., Senior Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher

Con-trols International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control)

Fred K Geitner, P.Eng., B.S.M.E., M.S.M.E., Consulting Engineer, Registered Professional

Engineer (Ontario, Canada) (Section 29, Process Machinery Drives)

Victor M Goldschmidt, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University,

West Lafayette, Indiana (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)

Stanley Grossel, President, Process Safety & Design, Inc.; Fellow, American Institute of

Chem-ical Engineers; Member, American ChemChem-ical Society; Member, The Combustion Institute; ber, Explosion Protection Systems Committee of NFPA (Section 26, Process Safety)

Mem-T Alan Hatton, Ph.D., Ralph Landau Professor and Director of the David H Koch School of

Chemical Engineering Practice, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Founding Fellow, can Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering; Member, American Institute of ChemicalEngineers, American Chemical Society, International Association of Colloid and Interface Scien-tists, American Association for the Advancement of Science, Neutron Scattering Society of Amer-ica (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

Ameri-Joseph D Henry, Jr., Ph.D., P.E., Senior Fellow, Department of Engineering and Public

Pol-icy, Carnegie Mellon University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, AmericanSociety for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

W G High, C.Eng., B.Sc., F.I.Mech.E., Burgoyne Consultants Ltd., W Yorks, England

(Sec-tion 26, Process Safety)

Richard Hogg, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Mineral Engineering, The Pennsylvania State

University, University Park, PA (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

F A Holland, D.Sc., Ph.D., Consultant in Heat Energy Recycling; Research Professor,

Univer-sity of Salford, England; Fellow, Institution of Chemical Engineers, London (Section 9, ProcessEconomics)

Hoyt C Hottel, S.M., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Member, National Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Arts and Sciences,American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute(Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)

Colin S Howat, Ph.D., P.E., John E & Winfred E Sharp Professor, Department of Chemical and

Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers;Member, American Society of Engineering Education (Section 30, Analysis of Plant Performance)

Predrag S Hrnjak, Ph.D., V.Res., Assistant Professor, University of Illinois at Urbana

Cham-paign and Principal Investigator—U of I Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center, AssistantProfessor, University of Belgrade; Member, International Institute of Refrigeration, AmericanSociety of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)

Arthur E Humphrey, Ph.D., Retired, Professor of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State

University; Member, U.S National Academy of Engineering, American Institute of ChemicalEngineers, American Chemical Society, American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Bio-chemical Engineering)

Eric Jenett, M.S.Ch.E., Manager, Process Engineering, Brown & Root, Inc.; Associate Member,

AIChE, Project Management Institute; Registered Professional Engineer (Texas) (Section 29,Process Machinery Drives)

John S Jeris, Sc.D., P.E., Professor of Environmental Engineering, Manhattan College;

Envi-ronmental Consultant; Member, American Water Works Association, Water Environment ation Section Director (Section 25, Waste Management)

Feder-T L P Jespen, M.S., Min Proc., Metallurgical Engineer, Basic, Inc., Gabbs, Nevada (Section

19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Keith P Johnston, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas (Austin);

Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, University ofTexas Separations Research Program (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

Trevor A Kletz, D.Sc., Senior Visiting Research Fellow, Department of Chemical Engineering,

Loughborough University, U.K.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Royal emy of Engineers (U.K.), Institution of Chemical Engineers (U.K.), and Royal Society of Chem-

Acad-Kent S Knaebel, Ph.D., President, Adsorption Research, Inc.; Member, American Institute of

Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Adsorption Society ProfessionalEngineer (Ohio) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)

Frank Knoll, M.S., Min Proc., President, Carpco, Inc., Jacksonville, Florida (Section 19,

Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

James G Knudsen, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State

Univer-sity; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society; RegisteredProfessional Engineer (Oregon) (Section 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)

Michael Krumpelt, Ph.D., Manager, Fuel Cell Technology, Argonne National Laboratory;

Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, cal Society (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Electrochemi-Irwin J Kugelman, Sc.D., Professor of Civil Engineering, Lehigh University; Member, American

Society of Civil Engineering, Water Environmental Federation (Section 25, Waste Management)

Tim Laros, M.S Mineral Processing, Senior Process Consultant, EIMCO Process Equipment

Co.; Member, Society of Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Richard M Lemert, Ph.D., P.E., Assistant Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of

Toledo; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society

of Mining Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative ration Processes)

Sepa-Robert Lemlich, Ph.D., P.E., Professor of Chemical Engineering Emeritus, University of

Cincinnati; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, American ChemicalSociety, American Society for Engineering Education, American Chemical Society (Section 22,Alternative Separation Processes)

Wallace Leung, Sc.D., Director, Process Technology, Bird Machine Company; Member,

Amer-ican Filtration and Separation Society (Director) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations andEquipment)

M Douglas LeVan, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of

Vir-ginia; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, tional Adsorption Society (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)

Interna-Peter E Liley, Ph.D., D.I.C., School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University (Section 2,

Physical and Chemical Data)

James D Litster, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, University

of Queensland; Member, Institute of Chemical Engineers—Australia (Section 20, Size Reductionand Size Enlargement)

Peter J Loftus, D Phil., Arthur D Little, Inc.; Member, American Society of Mechanical

Engi-neers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Hsue-peng Loh, Ph.D., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U.S

Depart-ment of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Society of mation Sciences (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Infor-Douglas E Lowenhaupt, M.S., Group Leader, Coke Laboratory, CONSOL, Inc.; Member,

American Society for Testing and Materials, Iron and Steel Making Society, International mittee for Coal Petrology (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Com-Thomas J McAvoy, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College

Park, Maryland (Section 8, Process Control)

Chad McCleary, EIMCO Process Equipment Company, Process Consultant (Section 18,

Liq-uid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Thomas F McGowan, P.E., Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute

of Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste ManagementAssociation (Section 25, Waste Management)

Howard G McIlvried, III, Ph.D., Senior Engineer, Burns and Roe Services Corporation,

Fed-eral Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh), Member, American Chemical Society, AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

John D McKenna, Ph.D., President and Chairman, ETS International, Inc., Member,

Ameri-can Institute of Chemical Engineers, Air and Waste Management Association (Section 25, WasteManagement)

Shelby A Miller, Ph.D., P.E., Resident Retired Senior Engineer, Argonne National Laboratory;

American Association for the Advancement of Science (Fellow), American Chemical Society,American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Fellow), American Institutes of Chemists (Fellow), Fil-tration Society, New York Academy of Sciences, Society of Chemical Industry (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment; Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Booker Morey, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, SRI International; Member, Society of Mining,

Metallurgy and Exploration (SME of AIME), The Filtration Society, Air and Waste ManagementAssociation; Registered Professional Engineer (California and Massachusetts) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Charles G Moyers, Ph.D., P.E., Principal Engineer, Union Carbide Corporation; Fellow,

American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 12, Psychrometry, Evaporative Cooling, andSolids Drying; Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

John Newman, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley;

Principle Investigator, Inorganic Materials Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory(Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

James Y Oldshue, Ph.D., President, Oldshue Technologies International, Inc.; Member,

National Academy of Engineering; Adjunct Professor of Chemical Engineering at Beijing Institute

of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China; Member, American Chemical Society (ACE), AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), Traveler Century Club, Executive Committee on theTransfer of Appropriate Technology for the World Federation of Engineering Organizations (Sec-tion 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Robert W Ormsby, M.S., Ch.E P.E., Manager of Safety, Chemical Group, Air Products and

Chemicals, Inc.; Air Products Corp.; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section

26, Process Safety)

John E Owens, B.E.E., Electrostatic Consultant, Condux, Inc.; Member, Institute of Electrical

and Electronics Engineers, Electrostatics Society of America (Section 26, Process Safety)

Bhupendra Parekh, Ph.D., Associate Director, Center for Applied Energy Research, University

of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Mel Pell, Ph.D., Senior Consultant, E I duPont de Nemours & Co.; Fellow, American Institute

of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer (Delaware) (Section 17, Gas-Solid

Walter F Podolski, Ph.D., Chemical Engineer, Electrochemical Technology Program, Argonne

National Laboratory; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, EnergyResources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Herbert A Pohl, Ph.D (deceased), Professor of Physics, Oklahoma State University (Section

22, Alternative Separation Processes)

Kent Pollock, Ph.D., Member of Technical Staff, Group 91, Space Surveillance Techniques,

MIT Lincoln Laboratory (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

George Priday, B.S., Ch.E., EIMCO Process Equipment Company; Member, American

Insti-tute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), Instrument Society of America (ISA) (Section 18, Solid Operations and Equipment)

Liquid-Michael E Prudich, Ph.D., Professor and Chair of Chemical Engineering, Ohio University;

Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Society of ing Engineers, American Society for Engineering Education (Section 22, Alternative SeparationProcesses)

Min-Raj K Min-Rajamani, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Metallurgy and Metallurgical Engineering,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Lawrence K Rath, B.S., P.E., Federal Energy Technology Center (Morgantown), U.S

Depart-ment of Energy; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 27, EnergyResources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Grantges J Raymus, M.E., M.S., President, Raymus Associates, Incorporated, Packaging

Con-sultants; Adjunct Professor and Program Coordinator, Center for Packaging Science and neering, College of Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; formerly Manager

Engi-of Packaging Engineering, Union Carbide Corporation; Registered PrEngi-ofessional Engineer, fornia; Member, Institute of Packaging Professionals, ASME (Section 21, Handling of Bulk Solidsand Packaging of Solids and Liquids)

Cali-Lanny A Robbins, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Dow Chemical Company; Member, American

Insti-tute of Chemical Engineers (Section 15, Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operations and Equipment)

Joseph J Santoleri, P.E., Senior Consultant, RMT/Four Nines; Member, American Institute of

Chemical Engineers, American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Air and Waste ManagementAssociation (Section 25, Waste Management)

Adel F Sarofim, Sc.D., Lammot DuPont Professor of Chemical Engineering and Assistant

Director, Fuels Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Member, AmericanInstitute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, Combustion Institute (Section 5,Heat and Mass Transfer)

Kalanadh V S Sastry, Ph.D., Professor, Department of Materials Science and Mineral

Engineer-ing, University of California, Berkeley, CA; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers,Society for Mining, Metallurgy and Exploration (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Paul J Schafbuch, Ph.D., Senior Research Specialist, Final Control Systems, Fisher Controls

International, Inc., Marshalltown, Iowa (Section 8, Process Control)

Carl A Schiappa, B.S., Ch.E., Process Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering,

The Dow Chemical Company; Member, AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety)

David K Schmalzer, Ph.D., P.E., Fossil Energy Program Manager, Argonne National

Labora-tory; Member, American Chemical Society, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section

27, Energy Resources, Conversion, and Utilization)

Dale E Seborg, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa

Bar-bara, California (Section 8, Process Control)

Richard L Shilling, P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E., Manager of Engineering Development, Brown

Fintube Company—a Koch Engineering Company; Member, American Society of MechanicalEngineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)

F Greg Shinskey, B.S.Ch.E., Consultant (retired from Foxboro Co.), North Sandwich, New

Hampshire (Section 8, Process Control)

Oliver W Siebert, P.E., B.S.M.E., Washington University, Graduate Metallurgical Engineering,

Sever Institute of Technology; Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington versity, St Louis, Missouri; President, Siebert Materials Engineering, Inc., St Louis, Missouri;Senior Engineering Fellow (retired), Monsanto Co.; Mechanical Designer, Sverdrup Corp.; Met-allurgist, Carondelet Foundry; United Nations Consultant to the People’s Republic of China; Fel-low, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Life Fellow, American Society of MechanicalEngineers; Past Elected Director and Fellow, National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Int’l;American Society for Metals, Int’l; American Welding Society; Pi Tau Sigma, Sigma Xi, and TauBeta Pi (Section 28, Materials of Construction)

Uni-Jeffrey J Siirola, Ph.D., Research Fellow, Eastman Chemical Company; Member, National

Academy of Engineering; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American ChemicalSociety, American Association for Artificial Intelligence, American Society for Engineering Edu-cation (Section 13, Distillation)

Charles E Silverblatt, M.S., Ch.E., Peregrine International Associates, Inc.; Consultant to

WesTech Engineering, Inc., American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engines(AIME) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Richard Siwek, M.S., Explosion Protection Manager, Corporate Unit Safety and Environment,

Ciba-Geigy Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (Section 26, Process Safety)

J Stephen Slottee, M.S., Ch.E., Manager, Technology and Development, EIMCO Process

Equipment Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Cecil L Smith, Ph.D., Principal, Cecil L Smith Inc., Baton Rouge, Louisiana (Section 8,

Process Control)

Julian C Smith, B Chem., Ch.E., Professor Emeritus Chemical Engineering, Cornell

Univer-sity; Member, American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of Chemical Engineers(AIChE) (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Richard H Snow, Ph.D., Engineering Advisor, IIT Research Institute; Member, American

Chemical Society, Sigma Xi; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 20, SizeReduction and Size Enlargement)

Thomas Sorenson, M.B.A., Min Eng., President, Galigher Ash (Canada) Ltd (Section 19,

Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Rameshwar D Srivastava, Ph.D., Fuels Group Manager, Burns and Roe Services Corporation,

Federal Energy Technology Center (Pittsburgh) (Section 27, Energy Resources, Conversion, andUtilization)

F C Standiford, M.S., P.E., Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American

Chemical Society (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)

D E Steinmeyer, M.A., M.S., P.E., Distinguished Fellow, Monsanto Company; Fellow,

Amer-ican Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member, AmerAmer-ican Chemical Society (Section 14, Gas

John G Stoecker II, B.S.M.E., University of Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy;

Princi-pal Consultant, Stoecker & Associates, St Louis, Missouri; PrinciPrinci-pal Materials Engineering

Specialist (retired), Monsanto Co.; High-Temperature Design/Application Engineer, Abex

Corporation; Member, NACE International, ASM International (Section 27, Energy Resources,

Conversion, and Utilization)

Judson S Swearingen, Ph.D., Retired President, Rotoflow Corporation (Section 29, Process

Machinery Drives)

Louis Theodore, Sc.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College; Member, Air

and Waste Management Association (Section 25, Waste Management)

Michael P Thien, Sc.D., Senior Research Fellow, Merck & Co., Inc.; Member, American

Insti-tute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International Society for Pharmaceutical

Engineers (Section 22, Alternative Separation Processes)

George H Thomson, AIChE Design Institute for Physical Property Data (Section 2, Physical

and Chemical Data)

James N Tilton, Ph.D., P.E., Senior Consultant, Process Engineering, E I duPont de Nemours

& Co.; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Registered Professional Engineer

(Delaware) (Section 6, Fluid and Particle Dynamics)

Klaus D Timmerhaus, Ph.D., P.E., Professor and President’s Teaching Scholar, University of

Colorado, Boulder, Colorado; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American

Soci-ety for Engineering Education, American Association for the Advancement of Science; Member,

American Astronautical Society, National Academy of Engineering, Austrian Academy of Science,

International Institute of Refrigeration, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Con-ditioning Engineers, American Society of Environmental Engineers, Engineering Society for

Advancing Mobility on Land, Sea, Air, and Space, Sigma Xi, The Research Society (Section 11,

Heat-Transfer Equipment)

David B Todd, Ph.D., President, Todd Engineering; Member, American Association for the

Advancement of Science (AAAS), American Chemical Society (ACS), American Institute of

Chemical Engineering (AIChE), American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS), Society of Plastics

Engi-neers (SPE), and Society of the Plastics Industry (SPI); Registered Professional Engineer,

Michi-gan (Section 18, Liquid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

George T Tsao, Ph.D., Director, Laboratory for Renewable Resource Engineering, Purdue

University; Member, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society,

American Society for Microbiology (Section 24, Biochemical Engineering)

Hendrick C Van Ness, D.Eng., Howard P Isermann Department of Chemical Engineering,

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers; Member,

American Chemical Society (Section 4, Thermodynamics)

Stanley M Walas, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemical and Petroleum

Engi-neering, University of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 7,

Reaction Kinetics; Section 23, Chemical Reactors)

Phillip C Wankat, Ph.D., Professor of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University; Member,

American Institute of Chemical Engineers, American Chemical Society, International

Adsorp-tion Society (SecAdsorp-tion 5, Heat and Mass Transfer)

Ionel Wechsler, M.S., Min and Met., Vice President, Sala Magnetics, Inc., Cambridge,

Massa-chusetts (Section 19, Solid-Solid Operations and Equipment)

Robert E White, Ph.D., Principal Engineer, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Division,

Southwest Research Institute (Section 26, Process Safety)

J K Wilkinson, M.Sc., Consultant Chemical Engineer; Fellow, Institution of Chemical

Engi-neers, London (Section 9, Process Economics)

David Winegarder, Ph.D., Engineering Associate, Michigan Division Engineering, The Dow

Chemical Company; Member AIChE and CCPS (Section 26, Process Safety)

John L Woodward, Ph.D., Principal, DNV Technica, Inc (Section 26, Process Safety)

Yoshiyuki Yamashita, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University,

Sendai, Japan (Section 3, Mathematics)

Carmen M Yon, M.S., Development Associate, UOP, Des Plaines, Illinois; Member, American

Institute of Chemical Engineers (Section 16, Adsorption and Ion Exchange)

Preface to the Seventh Edition

Perry’s has been an important source for chemical engineering information since 1934 The

signif-icant contributions of the editors who have guided preparation of the previous editions is edged These include John H Perry (first to third editions), Robert H Perry (fourth to sixtheditions), Cecil H Chilton (fourth and fifth editions), and Sidney D Kirkpatrick (fourth edition).Ray Genereaux (DuPont) contributed to each of the first six editions, and Shelby Miller (ArgonneNational Lab) worked on the second through the seventh The current editors directed both thesixth and seventh editions Advances in the technology of chemical engineering have continued as

acknowl-we have moved toward the tacknowl-wenty-first century, and this edition will carry us into that century

The Handbook has been reorganized The first group of sections focuses on chemical and

physi-cal property data and the fundamentals of chemiphysi-cal engineering The second and largest group ofsections deals with processes, generally divided as heat transfer operations, distillation, kinetics, liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, and so on The last group treats auxiliary information such as materials ofconstruction, process machinery drives, waste management, and process safety All sections havebeen revised and updated, and several sections are entirely new or have been extensively revised.Examples of these sections are mathematics, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, process control, trans-port and storage of fluids, alternative separation processes, heat-transfer equipment, chemical reac-tions, liquid-solid operations and equipment, process safety, and analysis of plant performance.Significant new information has also been included in the physical and chemical data sections.Several section editors and contributors worked on this seventh edition, and these persons andtheir affiliations are listed as a part of the front material Approximately one-half of the section edi-tors are fellows of the AIChE In addition, the following chemical engineering students at the Uni-versity of Kansas assisted in the preparation of the index: Jason Canter, Pau Ying Chong, Mei LingChuah, Li Phoon Hor, Siew Pouy Ng, Francis J Orzulak, Scott C Renze, Page B Surbaugh, andStephen F Weller Shari L Gladman and Sarah Smith provided extensive secretarial assistance.Much of Bob Perry’s work carries over into this edition and his influence is both recognized and

Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook

CONVERSION FACTORS

Fig 1-1 Graphic Relationships of SI Units with Names 1-2

Table 1-1 SI Base and Supplementary Quantities and Units 1-3

Table 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names 1-3

Table 1-2b Additional Common Derived Units of SI 1-3

Table 1-3 SI Prefixes 1-3

Table 1-4 Conversion Factors: U.S Customary and Commonly

Used Units to SI Units 1-4

Table 1-5 Metric Conversion Factors as Exact Numerical

Multiples of SI Units 1-13

Table 1-6 Alphabetical Listing of Common Conversions 1-15

Table 1-7 Common Units and Conversion Factors 1-18

Table 1-8 Kinematic-Viscosity Conversion Formulas 1-18

Table 1-9 Values of the Gas-Law Constant 1-18

Table 1-10 United States Customary System of Weights

and Measures 1-19 Table 1-11 Temperature Conversion 1-19 Table 1-12 Specific Gravity, Degrees Baumé, Degrees API, Degrees

Twaddell, Pounds per Gallon, Pounds per Cubic Foot 1-20 Table 1-13 Wire and Sheet-Metal Gauges 1-21 Table 1-14 Fundamental Physical Constants 1-22

CONVERSION OF VALUES FROM U.S CUSTOMARY

UNITS TO SI UNITS MATHEMATICAL SYMBOLS

Table 1-15 Mathematical Signs, Symbols, and Abbreviations 1-24 Table 1-16 Greek Alphabet 1-24

Conversion Factors and Mathematical Symbols*

James O Maloney, Ph.D., P.E., Emeritus Professor of Chemical Engineering,

Univer-sity of Kansas; Fellow, American Institute of Chemical Engineering; Fellow, American

Associa-tion for the Advancement of Science; Member, American Chemical Society, American Society for

Engineering Education

* Much of the material was taken from Sec 1 of the fifth edition The contribution of Cecil H Chilton in developing that material is acknowledged.

SI unit symbol (“abbreviation”);

Use roman Quantity or “dimension” SI unit (upright) type

Base quantity or “dimension”

thermodynamic temperature kelvin K

Supplementary quantity or “dimension”

*When the mole is used, the elementary entities must be specified; they may

be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, other particles, or specified groups of such

particles.

TABLE 1-2a Derived Units of SI that Have Special Names

frequency (of a periodic phenomenon) hertz Hz l/s

energy, work, quantity of heat joule J N ⋅ m

quantity of electricity, electric charge coulomb C A ⋅ s

electric potential, potential difference, volt V W/A

electromotive force

activity (of radionuclides) becquerel Bq l/s

acceleration meter per second squared m/s 2 angular acceleration radian per second squared rad/s 2 angular velocity radian per second rad/s

concentration (of amount of mole per cubic meter mol/m 3 substance)

current density ampere per square meter A/m 2 density, mass kilogram per cubic meter kg/m 3 electric-charge density coulomb per cubic meter C/m 3 electric-field strength volt per meter V/m electric-flux density coulomb per square meter C/m 2 energy density joule per cubic meter J/m 3

heat-flux density, watt per square meter W/m 2 irradiance

luminance candela per square meter cd/m 2 magnetic-field strength ampere per meter A/m

molar entropy joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol ⋅ K) molar-heat capacity joule per mole-kelvin J/(mol ⋅ K)

radiance watt per square-meter- W/(m 2 ⋅ sr)

steradian radiant intensity watt per steradian W/sr specific-heat capacity joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg ⋅ K) specific energy joule per kilogram J/kg specific entropy joule per kilogram-kelvin J/(kg ⋅ K) specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m 3 /kg surface tension newton per meter N/m thermal conductivity watt per meter-kelvin W/(m ⋅ K)

viscosity, dynamic pascal-second Pa ⋅ s viscosity, kinematic square meter per second m 2 /s

0.000 000 001 = 10−9 nano n 0.000 000 000 001 = 10 − 12 pico p 0.000 000 000 000 001 = 10 − 15 femto f 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 = 10−18 atto a

*Generally to be avoided.

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Mass, amount of substance

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Enthalpy, calorific value, heat, entropy, heat capacity

Temperature, pressure, vacuum

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Density, specific volume, concentration, dosage

std ft 3 (60 ° F, 1 atm)/bbl kmol/m 3 7.518 21 E − 03 Concentration (volume/mole) U.S gal/1000 std ft 3 (60 ° F/60 ° F) dm 3 /kmol L/kmol 3.166 91 E + 00

bbl/million std ft 3 (60 ° F/60 ° F) dm 3 /kmol L/kmol 1.330 10 E − 01 Facility throughput, capacity

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Flow rate/area (volume basis) ft 3 /(s ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 3.048* E − 01

ft 3 /(min ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 5.08* E − 03 U.K gal/(h ⋅ in 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 1.957 349 E − 03 U.S gal/(h ⋅ in 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 1.629 833 E − 03 U.K gal/(min ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 8.155 621 E − 04 U.S gal/(min ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 6.790 972 E − 04 U.K gal/(h ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 1.359 270 E − 05 U.S gal/(h ⋅ ft 2 ) m/s m 3 /(s ⋅ m 2 ) 1.131 829 E − 05

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Energy, work, power

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

(Btu ⋅ ft)/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅° F) W/(m ⋅ K) 1.730 735 E + 00

(kJ ⋅ m)/(h ⋅ m 2 ⋅ K) 6.230 646 E + 00 (kcal ⋅ m)/(h ⋅ m 2 ⋅° C) W/(m ⋅ K) 1.162 222 E + 00 (Btu ⋅ in)/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅° F) W/(m ⋅ K) 1.442 279 E − 01 (cal ⋅ cm)/(h ⋅ cm 2 ⋅° C) W/(m ⋅ K) 1.162 222 E − 01

Btu/(s ⋅ ft 2 ⋅° F) kW/(m 2 ⋅ K) 2.044 175 E + 01 cal/(h ⋅ cm 2 ⋅° C) kW/(m 2 ⋅ K) 1.162 222 E − 02 Btu/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅° F) kW/(m 2 ⋅ K) 5.678 263 E − 03

kJ/(h ⋅ m 2 ⋅ K) 2.044 175 E + 01 Btu/(h ⋅ ft 2 ⋅° R) kW/(m 2 ⋅ K) 5.678 263 E − 03 kcal/(h ⋅ m 2 ⋅° C) kW/(m 2 ⋅ K) 1.162 222 E − 03

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

(lbf ⋅ s)/ft 2 Pa ⋅ s (N ⋅ s)/m 2 4.788 026 E + 01 (kgf ⋅ s)/m 2 Pa ⋅ s (N ⋅ s)/m 2 9.806 650* E + 00 lbm/(ft ⋅ s) Pa ⋅ s (N ⋅ s)/m 2 1.488 164 E + 00

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

Acoustics, light, radiation

Conversion factor; multiply Customary or commonly Alternate customary unit by factor to

*An asterisk indicates that the conversion factor is exact.

†Conversion factors for length, area, and volume are based on the international foot The international foot is longer by 2 parts in 1 million than the U.S Survey foot (land-measurement use).

NOTE : The following unit symbols are used in the table:

To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by

ampere (international of ampere − 01 9.998 35 gallon (U.K liquid) meter 3 − 03 4.546 087

barrel (petroleum 42 gal) meter 3 − 01 1.589 873 grad degree (angular) − 01 9.00

British thermal unit (mean) joule + 03 1.055 87 henry (international of 1948) henry + 00 1.000 495 British thermal unit joule + 03 1.054 350 hogshead (U.S.) meter 3 − 01 2.384 809

British thermal unit (39 ° F) joule + 03 1.059 67 horsepower (boiler) watt + 03 9.809 50 British thermal unit (60 ° F) joule + 03 1.054 68 horsepower (electric) watt + 02 7.46

calorie (International Steam joule + 00 4.1868 hour (mean solar) second (mean solar) + 03 3.60

calorie (thermochemical) joule + 00 4.184 hundredweight (short) kilogram + 01 4.535 923

calorie (20 ° C) joule + 00 4.181 90 inch of mercury (32 ° F) newton/meter 2 + 03 3.386 389 calorie (kilogram, joule + 03 4.186 8 inch of mercury (60 ° F) newton/meter 2 + 03 3.376 85 International Steam Table) inch of water (39.2 ° F) newton/meter 2 + 02 2.490 82 calorie (kilogram, mean) joule + 03 4.190 02 inch of water (60 ° F) newton/meter 2 + 02 2.4884 calorie (kilogram, joule + 03 4.184 joule (international of 1948) joule + 00 1.000 165

carat (metric) kilogram − 04 2.00 kilocalorie (International joule + 03 4.186 74 Celsius (temperature) kelvin t K=t c+ 273.15 Steam Table)

centimeter of mercury (0 ° C) newton/meter 2 + 03 1.333 22 kilocalorie (mean) joule + 03 4.190 02 centimeter of water (4 ° C) newton/meter 2 + 01 9.806 38 kilocalorie (thermochemical) joule + 03 4.184

chain (surveyor’s or meter + 01 2.011 68 kilogram-force (kgf) newton + 00 9.806 65

coulomb (international of coulomb − 01 9.998 35 lambert candela/meter 2 + 04 1/ π

curie disintegration/second + 10 3.70 avoirdupois)

day (mean solar) second (mean solar) + 04 8.64 lbm (pound-mass, kilogram − 01 4.535 923 day (sidereal) second (mean solar) + 04 8.616 409 avoirdupois)

degree (angle) radian − 02 1.745 329 league (British nautical) meter + 03 5.559 552 denier (international) kilogram/meter − 07 1.111 111 league (international meter + 03 5.556 dram (avoirdupois) kilogram − 03 1.771 845 nautical)

dram (troy or apothecary) kilogram − 03 3.887 934 league (statute) meter + 03 4.828 032

electron volt joule − 19 1.602 10 link (surveyor’s or Gunter’s) meter − 01 2.011 68

Fahrenheit (temperature) Celsius t c=(5/9)(t F− meter wavelengths Kr 86 + 06 1.650 763

faraday (based on carbon coulomb + 04 9.648 70 mile (U.S statute) meter + 03 1.609 344

faraday (chemical) coulomb + 04 9.649 57 mile (international nautical) meter + 03 1.852 faraday (physical) coulomb + 04 9.652 19 mile (U.S nautical) meter + 03 1.852

fermi (femtometer) meter − 15 1.00 millimeter of mercury (0 ° C) newton/meter 2 + 02 1.333 224

The first two digits of each numerical entry represent a power of 10 For example, the entry “ − 02 2.54” expresses the fact that 1 in = 2.54 × 10

minute (mean solar) second (mean solar) + 01 6.00 second (mean solar) second (ephemeris) Consult

nautical mile (U.K.) meter + 03 1.853 184 second (sidereal) second (mean solar) − 01 9.972 695

ohm (international of 1948) ohm + 00 1.000 495 scruple (apothecary) kilogram − 03 1.295 978

ounce-mass (troy or apothecary) kilogram − 02 3.110 347 slug kilogram + 01 1.459 390

pound-mass (troy or kilogram − 01 3.732 417 ton (register) meter 3 + 00 2.831 684

quart (U.S dry) meter 3 − 03 1.101 220 torr (0 ° C) newton/meter 2 + 02 1.333 22

Rankine (temperature) kelvin t K=(5/9)tR watt (international of 1948) watt + 00 1.000 165

rhe meter 2 /(newton- + 01 1.00 year (sidereal) second (mean solar) + 07 3.155 815

rod meter + 00 5.0292 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day second (ephemeris) + 07 3.155 692 roentgen coulomb/kilogram − 04 2.579 76 0, hour 12

rutherford disintegration/second + 06 1.00 year 1900, tropical, Jan., day second + 07 3.155 692

To convert from To Multiply by To convert from To Multiply by

Atmospheres Millimeters of mercury at 32°F 760 Calories, gram, per gram per degree C Joules per kilogram per degree Kelvin 4186.8

1-15

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Copyright © 1999 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Use of this product is subject to the terms of its license agreement Click here to view