Vocabulary spelling british tradition g12

Br TradiTioniv Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC Unit 6: Word Usage Lesson 18: Common Acronyms.. Word of the Week LEssON 4 Anglo-saxon Word Origins Und

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British Tradition

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Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling, British Tradition

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Contents

Introduction .v

Unit 1: Word Study Skills and Word Origins Lesson 1: Word Study Notebook 1

Lesson 2: Word Study Skills 3

Lesson 3: PAVE—Predict Associate, Verify, Evaluate 5

Lesson 4: Anglo-Saxon Word Origins 7

Lesson 5: Old English 9

Time Out for Test Practice: Words of Anglo-Saxon Origin 11

Unit 2: Word Origins Lesson 6: Middle English 12

Lesson 7: Greek and Latin Root Words 14

Lesson 8: British English vs American English 16

Time Out for Test Practice: Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin 18

Unit 3: Word Parts and Spelling Lesson 9: Word Parts 20

Lesson 10: High-Frequency Spelling Rules 21

Lesson 11: Pronunciation and Spelling 24

Time Out for Test Practice: Recognizing Word Parts and Spelling Patterns 26

Unit 4: Context Clues and Syntax Lesson 12: Inferential Context Clues 28

Lesson 13: Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing 30

Lesson 14: Syntax 32

Time Out for Test Practice: Context Clues 34

Unit 5: Evolution of Language Lesson 15: Current Events Words 36

Lesson 16: Compound Words 38

Lesson 17: Allusions and Eponyms 39

Time Out for Test Practice: Compound Words and Eponyms 42

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iv Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC

Unit 6: Word Usage

Lesson 18: Common Acronyms 43

Lesson 19: Clichés 45

Lesson 20: Contractions 47

Time Out for Test Practice: Vocabulary Practice 49

Unit 7: Determining Meaning Lesson 21: Homophones 50

Lesson 22: Synonyms and Antonyms 52

Lesson 23: Connotation and Denotation 54

Lesson 24: Literal versus Figurative Language 55

Time Out for Test Practice: Idioms, Colloquialisms, and Hyperbolic Expressions 57

Unit 8: Classifying Words and Semantic Families Lesson 25: Classifying Words 59

Lesson 26: Civics Connection—Economic Terms 60

Lesson 27: Political and Historical Terms 63

Lesson 28: Civics Connection—Legal Terms 64

Time Out for Test Practice: Economic, Political, and Legal Words 66

Unit 9: Semantic Families and Expanding Word Knowledge Lesson 29: Math and Science Words 68

Lesson 30: Technology Terms 70

Lesson 31: Weird Words 72

Lesson 32: Expanding Word Knowledge 74

Time Out for Test Practice: Math, Science, and Technology Words and Using Context Clues to Unlock Weird Words 75

Answer Key 77

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Vocabulary & Spelling presents thirty-two lessons, designed to be used weekly, that cover a broad

range of topics from etymology to context clues to spelling patterns These lessons are aligned with

the units of the Mirrors & Windows: Connecting with Literature program and may be used alone or as supplements to the Vocabulary & Spelling workshops in the Student Edition Each lesson incorporates

words from selections in the corresponding unit of the textbook By using these lessons in conjunction with the literature program, you will help your students become better readers, writers, speakers, and spellers

Each lesson in Vocabulary & Spelling includes the following components:

• A Word of the Week, selected from the corresponding textbook unit, highlights a word that

students may find particularly meaningful or interesting

• Grammar instruction on one or more topics is followed by a Try It Yourself section that allows

students to practice what they are learning

• Just For Fun activities encourage students to play with words, reminding them that language can be

fun and interesting

• Tip boxes in the margin throughout the lesson clarify definitions, offer additional information, and

give helpful suggestions

• A Time Out for Test Practice at the end of each unit provides students with the opportunity to

assess what they have learned and to practice test-taking skills by answering sample standardized test questions in a multiple-choice format

It is essential that vocabulary instructions include a variety of strategies to develop students’

word-study skills Lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide many different ways of exploring and

studying words, word parts, semantic families, and spelling patterns and rules Activating students’

prior knowledge of words and of essential concepts related to words helps students make associations between new terms and words they already know

The activities in Vocabulary & Spelling will help you actively engage students in working with

words As their curiosity about word exploration grows, your students will become increasingly confident in their ability to attack, learn, and experiment with new words

Related Program Resources

For more vocabulary and spelling instruction, including charts of common prefixes, suffixes, and

word roots, refer to the Mirrors & Windows Student Edition Language Arts Handbook, Section 2:

Vocabulary & Spelling Additional vocabulary development activities integrated with the literature selections are included in the Meeting the Standards unit resource books and in Differentiated Instruction for English Language Learners

Teaching Tips

Word study encompasses not only vocabulary and spelling, but also the strategies language users employ to unlock meanings and internalize spellings Effective instruction in word study gives students tools for learning new vocabulary and spelling independently in the long term The following teaching

tips can help you ensure that your students get the most from the lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling.

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vi Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC

Teach Word Attack Strategies

There are a number of strategies good readers employ when they are confronted with an unfamiliar

word These strategies include:

For many of us, these strategies have become second nature, and we are hardly conscious of using

them To students, however, they are not so obvious; strategic word decoding takes place mostly

internally and silently, word attack strategies are largely invisible, and uninitiated students may never

witness them in action Research suggests that students need explicit instruction in these strategies to

become proficient readers and effective writers The lessons in Vocabulary & Spelling provide such

explicit instruction

Create a Word-Rich Environment

The essential backdrop to an effective word study program is a classroom where words are clearly

valued The following are some ideas for creating such a classroom

• Word Wall Post a variety of vocabulary words and/or words of the week in your classroom to

provide students with repetition and recycling of the terms you want them to internalize Use it

as the basis of word games such as bingo, Jeopardy, and twenty questions, as well as collaborative

storytelling

• Class Dictionary Have students keep a class dictionary by taking turns entering words studied in

class, providing definitions, illustrating terms, writing contextual sentences, and searching for

real-world uses of the words

• Classroom Library Provide a broad range of reading materials, giving students time for sustained

silent reading, and modeling avid reading yourself, to build students’ vocabularies

• Word Processing Language Tools Encourage students to make use of language features built into

word processing programs, such as dictionaries and thesauruses

• Online Word Games Schedule time for your students to learn new vocabulary with online word

games and other technology tools

• Language Mentor Share your own interest in words by drawing students’ attention to interesting

words in the news or in pop culture and by modeling how you approach words that are new to you

Foster Curiosity

The key to incorporating meaningful word study into your language arts classroom is to encourage

dialogue with your students about how words create meaning Your own curiosity about language

is infectious and will encourage your students to become inquisitive “word detectives” motivated to

solve the mystery of word meanings

About Spelling “Rules”

Some students benefit from memorizing what are sometimes called spelling rules; others are

frustrated by the number of exceptions to each rule To reflect the prevalence of exceptions, the term

spelling pattern has been used instead of spelling rule in this resource In addition to introducing

students to spelling patterns, you can help them become stronger spellers by following the same

teaching tips mentioned above: modeling the use of strategies, creating a word-rich classroom, and

fostering curiosity

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Synonyms for implore include beg, beseech, plead, entreat, demand, and press The word implore is derived from the Latin

word implorare, which means “to

weep.” Note that when adding the suffix -ing to implore, the silent e

is dropped

Word of the Week

LEssON 1

Word study Notebook

Understand the Concept

With more than a million words—and more added every day—English has the largest vocabulary of any language in the world Most of us know only a small percentage of those words and use even fewer of them in our daily life, so, no matter how literate you are, you are bound

to run into unfamiliar words from time to time Keeping track of these words and their definitions can help you enrich your vocabulary and therefore become a better reader, speaker, and writer

A good way to collect new words is to keep a word study notebook

In it, you can record each new word with its definition, pronunciation, and origins, along with an example sentence or drawing to help you remember it

Here is a sample page from a word study notebook

A word study notebook helps you actively increase the words you use in your daily writing and speech, making your communication more precise and effective Why say something smelled bad when you could say

it was rank, stinking, rancid, foul, fetid, reeking, or rotten? Why call a shoe a shoe when you could call

it a sneaker, loafer, pump, running shoe, mule, sandal, ballet slipper,

or hightop?

Tip

Word: penurious Pronunciation: \p@ ny1> r7 @s\

Origins: from penury, meaning poverty or extreme

frugality; derived from Latin penuria or paenuria, meaning “want”

Definition: 1) marked by or suffering from penury, or

severe poverty 2) given to extreme frugality: stingy

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Try It Yourself

Fill in this sample page of a word study notebook

Skim the newspaper until you find a word you don’t know On your own paper, create a word study notebook entry like the one shown above Use a dictionary to find the correct pronunciation and definition If there is more than one definition, use context clues to decide which definition makes the most sense in the article where it is used You might also include another definition if there is one and write

a contextual sentence using the second meaning

Just for Fun

Do you know what a flibbertigibbet is? What does it mean to bloviate?

What is the weirdest word you know? You can add strange or unusual words to your word study notebook, too In your word study notebook, create an entry for the following words:

flibbertigibbetbloviategurningmudlarkpettifogging

word: vacuousPronunciation:

Origins:

Definition:

Sentence using the word:

Drawing:

Draw a picture or make

up a catchy saying to help

you remember the meaning of a

word

Tip

The origins of a word

are known as its

etymology Many words in

English come from Latin and

Greek In a good dictionary, you

will find the etymology of each

word along with its meaning and

pronunciation.

Tip

To write the pronunciation

of a word, you need to use

special phonetic symbols such as

\1\ (as in foot) and

\ @\ (as in extra and civil)

You can find these and many

other symbols in a dictionary or

glossary.

Tip

Books, newspapers, and

magazines are an obvious

starting point to find new words,

but don’t stop there! Look for new

words on signs, in directions, and

on packaging materials You may

hear unfamiliar words in songs,

on the radio, in speeches, or on

television Wherever you find

them, add them to your word

study notebook.

Tip

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Name: Date:

secular (se‘ kye l@r) adj., not

bound by religious guidelines or influence

Although the lawsuit involved two religious groups, the judge insisted that her decision would involve a secular interpretation of the law.

Secular describes actions or ideas

that are free of the influence of religion For example, in some countries laws must conform to the principles and ideals of the dominant religion In a secular

country, however, laws may

be passed even if they are not consistent with the beliefs of the dominant religion A secular

person is a nonreligious person.

Word of the Week

LEssON 2

Word study skills

Part of the beauty of literature is the wide variety and richness of language writers can use When reading, you will often encounter words that are new to you These unfamiliar words should not stop you from understanding and enjoying what you read Use the following strategies to figure out the meaning of unknown words

Use Context Clues

Context clues are other words or information in the passage that hint

at the meaning of the word Look at the following passage:

The criminal adumbrated his plans in a videotaped report and sent it to the police He taunted them to figure out what he was going to do in time to stop him The detectives followed up on every clue they could pick up from his hints

You may not know the word adumbrated, but, by looking at some of

the clues in the passage, you can figure out what the word means The

word adumbrated is a verb that describes what the criminal did with

his plans Later in the passage, you learn that the criminal wanted the police to figure out what he was going to do, so you know he did not state his plans outright The next sentence refers to the man’s hints

From these clues, you can guess that adumbrated means “hinted” or

“partially described.”

Try It Yourself

E x E r C I s E A

Look at the following passage Use context clues to figure out the

meaning of the word chimerical

Mayor Loretti denounced her opponent’s chimerical plans, saying, “The programs Mr Lassiter mentions are lovely daydreams, but my office must deal with the realities of the budget We’ll never see these programs functioning.”

1 What word other than chimerical describes the plans? What else

do you learn about the plans?

Try these strategies to attack new words:

• Context clues

• Text support

• Word parts

• Dictionary

• Teacher, adult, or friend

If one strategy doesn’t work, try a different one.

Tip

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2 What do you think chimerical means?

Ask for Help

Try the preceding strategies first Then, if you are still unsure of a word’s meaning, ask someone for help Your teacher, a parent, a librarian, or another knowledgeable person may be able to help you

When you discover the meaning of the word, write it in your word study notebook

Record unfamiliar words

from these lessons in your

word study notebook.

Tip

Many words appear in the

dictionary as main entries

more than once Often these

entries represent different parts of

speech, such as break, the noun,

and break, the verb Other times,

entries have completely unrelated

meanings Use context clues to

determine which meaning makes

the most sense.

Tip

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he believed that the day he was accepted to college was the literal best day of his life.

Literal is derived from the Latin

word litteralis, which means “of

a letter.” It is most commonly used to indicate that something means exactly what it describes

Literally is frequently confused

with figuratively, which means

“metaphorically.” For example, if Joe says “I busted a gut laughing,”

he is speaking figuratively If he

said this phrase literally, however,

it would mean that his stomach and intestines actually exploded from laughing!

Word of the Week

LEssON 3

PAVE—Predict, Associate, Verify, Evaluate

PAVE is a good way to help yourself remember the meaning of a new

word PAVE stands for Predict, Associate, Verify, and Evaluate When

you encounter a new word, try the following process:

Predict Try to predict the meaning of the word based on context

and on your prior knowledge of the word or its parts

Associate Then, write a sentence using the word

Verify Next, check the meaning of the word by using a dictionary

or glossary If you find more than one definition, write down the most appropriate definition

Evaluate Finally, assess the sentence you wrote using the word If

necessary, rewrite the sentence to reflect the meaning you found

Try It Yourself

Use PAVE to learn the underlined words in the sentences below

1 Michela took umbrage with Trevor’s suggestion that her ideas were unoriginal

Predict Associate

Verify Evaluate

2 The sun had a soporific effect on Raoul, and he soon found himself dozing

Predict Associate

Verify Evaluate

Use this process to remember new words:

Predict Associate Verify EvaluateTip

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3 “Grow up!” Olu shouted, sick of Ren’s puerile behavior

Predict Associate

Verify Evaluate

4 Many of Luke’s statements are fallacious, although they sound true

Predict Associate

Verify Evaluate

5 “You’ve got me I’m flummoxed,” Carl said, looking puzzled

Predict Associate

Verify Evaluate

Just for Fun

What is the weirdest word you know? Write a sentence using the word

Switch sentences with a partner and try PAVE on your partner’s word

Use context clues or your

knowledge of word parts

to predict the meaning of the

word Context clues are words

and phrases in the surrounding

text that hint at the meaning

of a word Comparison clues

help show the meaning of the

word through restatement,

apposition (the use of a noun

or noun phrase to rename the

noun that comes just before it),

and examples Contrast clues

help show the meaning of a

word through giving its opposite,

or antonym (Hint: Question 4

contains a contrast clue.)

Tip

Use your knowledge

of word parts to predict

the meaning of the word

(Hint: fallac is a word root

from the Latin fallere, meaning

“deceitful.”)

Tip

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is, he produces a timeline

Temporal is derived from the Latin

word for time—tempus Synonyms

of temporal include chronological

and sequential Temporal also

means “of or related to earthly life,” as opposed to “life after death.” Also, the parts of the skull just above the ears are called the

temporal bones, and the parts of

the brain under these bones are called the temporal lobes.

Word of the Week

LEssON 4

Anglo-saxon Word Origins

Many different languages and cultures have influenced English, but most English words come from Anglo-Saxon, a Germanic language, and Norman French, a Latinate language

The Anglo-Saxon period in Britain lasted from roughly 449, when a Germanic people that spoke Anglo-Saxon invaded England and dominated the Celts living there, to 1066 In 1066, the Normans invaded England, overtaking the Anglo-Saxons so thoroughly that, until the mid-1200s, the aristocratic class spoke French almost exclusively

The Anglo-Saxon impact on the English language has lasted much longer Many of the most frequently used words in English come from Anglo-Saxon, or Old English, origins

Words with Anglo-Saxon Origins

blackbodybonecowdogdoordrinkeyefishfoot

floorflygogoodhave helphillhomelandlive

lovemealmoonseesunwhitewood year

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After William the Conqueror, a French duke, invaded England in

1066 in what became known as the Norman Conquest, Norman French became the official language of government, business, and the aristocracy Old English, or Anglo-Saxon, remained as the everyday language of the common people In time, the languages melded into Middle English and became further influenced by Latin and Latin-influenced languages, such as Italian, which were prized during the Renaissance

Look at the following comparison of words from Anglo-Saxon, French, and Latin These word groups are similar in meaning, although you may notice some slight variations In many cases, the Anglo-Saxon word is simpler or less formal than the French or Latin word

Old English

ask gutshappinessholykinglyrise

French

questioncourage–sacredroyalmount

Latin

interrogatevalorfelicityconsecratedregalascend

Try It Yourself

E x E r C I s E B

Write a contextual sentence using two of the word sets from the chart

Keep in mind the connotations, or emotional associations, of each word

The word diction, when

applied to writing, refers

to word choice Choosing words

of either Latinate or Anglo-Saxon

origin still contributes to high

or low diction today Latinate

words connote a more refined,

intellectual world, indicating status

and education, while Anglo-Saxon

words reflect the physical, basic,

common world.

Tip

Use Anglo-Saxon

words when you want

your writing to be plain, direct,

and effective Using many Latinate

words together may sound

sophisticated, but it will make your

writing more complex and less

powerful.

Use Latinate words to convey

subtle shades of meaning For

example, the Latinates confer,

discuss, and converse have more

specific meanings than the

Anglo-Saxon talk.

Tip

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Blithe is an Old English word that

is probably of Anglo-Saxon origin

It is used in a positive sense to describe people who are happy, merry, and don’t have a care in the world It can also be used negatively to describe those who, while happy, are selfish, heedless,

or careless as to how their actions affect others.

Word of the Week

LEssON 5

Old English

The Old English that the Anglo-Saxons used over a thousand years ago barely resembles today’s English In fact, Old English used a different alphabet from ours If you look closely at Old English, you can see some words that look familiar because they have been borrowed and adapted

in Modern English, but they now have a different meaning Looking for familiar words is one way, however, to see how the English language has evolved

The chart below shows some examples of Old English words and the Modern English words derived from them

Old English

earmcumandaedearefolchaligcyninglufumonnmyndseonsittanweorchwaet

Modern English

armcomedeedear folkholykinglovemanmindseesitworkwhat

Try It Yourself

Look at each of the following Old English words For each word, write what you think the modern English equivalent is Look up the word you guessed in a dictionary and see if the Old English word is part of its etymology

Scandinavians can still understand each other’s languages, but English has become largely unrecognizable to them.

Tip

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10 Exceeding the Standards: Vocabulary & Spelling © EMC Publishing, LLC

4 ondswardrede

5 eower

Many words in Old English use prefixes and suffixes For example,

the word ingang adds the prefix “in” to the base word gang, which

means “go” to create a word meaning “go in.” Compound words are

also common A compound word is created by combining two words

to make a new word The word aeftergengness is a compound word meaning “succession.” You can see the word after and the word geng,

which you know means “go.”

The word domdæg or domesdæg is a compound word meaning

“judgment day.” The word dom means “judgment” and the word dæg means “day.” It is also interesting to note that domesdæg sounds like the

modern English word “doomsday.”

Figurative compounds called kennings are common in Old English

literature The word banhus means bone-house This kenning refers

figuratively to the human body A large number of kennings found in

Old English literature deal with the sea Some examples are seolbaep meaning “seal bath,” hronrad meaning “whale road,” and waeterflod

meaning “water flood.”

Try It Yourself

1 Make a list of ten Modern English compound words

2 Write a Modern English kenning that could be used figuratively to

mean sea

A kenning is a figurative

compound word, such

as swan-road for ocean or

battle-flame for sword In the epic poem

Beowulf, the hero’s name itself is

a kenning: bee-wolf is a kenning

for bear

Tip

Make three kennings using the

Old English words in the lesson

Explain what each compound

means.

Just for Fun

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Time Out for Test Practice

Words of Anglo-saxon Origin

Use your knowledge of words to select the correct definition for the following English words that have roots in the Anglo-Saxon language

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Mark was mortified when Vicki

publicly rejected his invitation to

the dance; after she walked away

he could barely move or speak.

Mortify is derived from the Latin

word mort, which means death

Although mortify has several

meanings, it is most commonly

used to express extreme

embarrassment, as demonstrated

in the sample sentence above

When a person is mortified, he or

she can temporarily lose the ability

to function

Word of the Week

LEssON 6

Middle English

From 1066, the time of the Norman Conquest, to the mid-1200s, French was the main language of the ruling class of England, while Anglo-Saxon remained the everyday language of the common people

This was followed by a period when many aristocrats were bilingual, speaking both French and English, until the late 1300s During this later period, English speakers borrowed heavily from French vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar Because of this, many English words have French origins

Words Borrowed from French

accountaccuseallegianceapparelarrestassaultassemblyassetsattireattorneyauthoritybalcony banquetbargainbudgetcathedralconquerconscienceconvict

costumecouncilcourteouscrimecrowncustomerdangerousdefendantdignityestateevangelistevidencefashionfeatfelonyfrankgarmentgovernmentgracious

harmonyheirinnocentjudgmentjuryjusticelegalleisurelieutenantnobleobeyoppressornamentpalacepastrypeaceperjuryplaintiffpleasure

propertyransomreceiptreignsiegesovereignsummonstaxtournamentturrettyrantvalorvaluevanquishverdictvicevillagevirtue

Try It Yourself

Circle any words in the list above that you do not know, or choose five you would like to know better Write a definition and a contextual sentence for each word Use a dictionary if needed to determine the meaning

1

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Old English Origins

begincalffreedomhappinesshelphidemealoxstenchtheft

French Origins

commenceveallibertyfelicityaidconcealrepastbeefaromaburglary

since native English people, not the aristocrats in that society, tended them Words describing prepared meats (veal, beef) are

French, since the French-speaking Normans were wealthy enough to eat prepared meat.

Tip

Based on what you learned about word pairs, try to guess a word with a French origin that would pair with deer, sheep, and pig

Check your guesses by checking the etymology for each guess in the dictionary.

Just for Fun

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Name: Date:

prevarication (pri ver‘ @ k6<

sh@n) n., bending the truth; a lie

When the baseball player was

asked if he had ever taken illegal

performance-enhancing drugs,

his response was a classic case of

prevarication.

Prevarication is derived from the

Latin word praevaricatus, which

means “to walk a crooked line.” It

is an example of a word that has

changed little in the two thousand

years since its creation Its

synonyms include equivocation,

fabrication, distortion, and

deception.

Word of the Week

LEssON 7

Greek and Latin Word roots

Many common words in English owe their origins to ancient Greek

or Latin These words were used in Greece or the Roman Empire two thousand years ago By becoming familiar with as many of these word roots as possible, you’ll be able to better recognize and remember new words

Common Greek Word roots

Many English words were

derived from ancient

Greek or Roman words.

Tip

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Common Latin Word roots

aud sound/hearing auditorium, audible

cept to take, seize intercept, receptive

in everyday English One example

is status quo, which means “the

existing state of affairs.”

Tip

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Name: Date:

abominably (@ b5‘ m@ n@ bl7)

adv., detestably; hatefully

She thought he acted abominably

at the party—he grabbed food

with his bare hands, pushed into

people without apologizing, and

yelled at the waiters.

Abominable, an adjective, is used

to describe something that is

both disgusting and loathsome

Abominably, an adverb, is used

to describe repugnant behavior

The noun, abomination, is used

to reference something that is

disgraceful or scandalous.

Word of the Week

LEssON 8

British English vs American English

Language is constantly evolving, differing not only from age to age but also from place to place There are many variations of English around the world Distinct differences exist, for example, between British English and American English—differences in pronunciation, spelling, and word meaning These differences can sometimes be confusing, but they also provide fascinating insight into two cultures across the

“pond”—the Atlantic Ocean—from each other

Pronunciation

If you are listening to British English, you may notice some variations

in pronunciation These differences may include a difference in vowel pronunciation or a difference in stressed syllables Generally these differences will not hinder your ability to understand If you learn words from listening to a British source, you may wish to check the American pronunciation

spelling

From spelling alone, you may be able to tell if a document is written

in British or American English Look at the following chart for some examples of differences in British and American spelling

Words that occur in both

British and American

English can differ in pronunciation,

spelling, and even meaning.

Tip

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5 Morgan made a pretence of getting ready to speak to the gaoller

Watch a British film or television show and make a list of words used in British English that are not commonly used in American English.

Just for Fun

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Name: Date:

Words of French, Latin, and Greek Origin

Use your knowledge of words to select the correct definition for the following

English words that have roots in French, Greek, or Latin

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Many words consist of a central part, called either a word root or a base word, and a prefix or a suffix (or both a prefix and a suffix) If you are

familiar with common roots, prefixes, and suffixes, it will be much easier to figure out the meaning of words that are new to you

The word root or base word is a group of letters to which a prefix

or suffix is attached A prefix is a letter or group of letters added to the beginning of a word root or base word, whereas a suffix is a letter

or group of letters added to the end Adding a prefix or suffix almost always changes the meaning of a word

Try It Yourself

Use a dictionary to identify the prefixes, roots, and suffixes in each of the following words Note that all words do not have both a prefix and a suffix, and some words have more than one prefix or suffix

a formal relinquishing of power

The abdication of England’s King

Edward VIII in 1936 occurred

because he insisted on marrying

a woman who was not of royal

blood

The word abdication comes

from the Latin root dicare, “to

proclaim,” the prefix ab-, “away

from,” and -tion, “the result of.”

Although abdication is generally

used in reference to a monarch or

someone who has formal power,

it can also be used informally

For example, a person might

abdicate his or her responsibility

in organizing a birthday party or

round of golf.

Word of the Week

Most English words

consist of a word root or

base word and a prefix, suffix, or

both a prefix and a suffix

Tip

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Name: Date:

21

righteousness (r8‘ ch@s n@s) n.,

the state of being morally right

Outraged at the skimpy new outfits the school’s cheerleaders wore, members of the church group marched into the principal’s office with a sense of righteousness.

The adjective righteous, the

adverb righteously, and the noun righteousness imply thought or

action based on higher morality, perhaps derived from divine law These words all present difficulties

in spelling In the first syllable, the

gh is silent In the second syllable,

the t does not make a t sound;

rather it combines with eou to

produce a ch sound

Word of the Week

LEssON 10

High-Frequency spelling rules

Spelling and vocabulary are closely connected To use new words

in your writing, you need to know how to spell them Learning the following spelling patterns will help you improve your spelling and your ability to proofread for spelling errors

Adding Affixes

Adding affixes, or prefixes and suffixes, often causes spelling errors

When adding a prefix, do not change the spelling of the word itself

examples un- + natural = unnatural

re- + act = react

The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly is added

examples abate + -ment = abatement

sudden + -ness = suddenness sullen + -ly = sullenly

If you are adding a suffix to a word that ends with y, and that y follows

a vowel, you should usually leave the y in place If the y follows a consonant, you should change the y to i.

examples coy + -ly = coyly

giddy + -ness = giddiness

If you are adding a suffix that begins with a vowel to a word that ends

with a silent e, you should usually drop the e If you are adding a suffix that begins with a consonant to a word that ends with a silent e, you should usually leave the e in place.

examples emote + -ive = emotive

trite + -ly = tritely

Try It Yourself

Rewrite each sentence, correcting any spelling errors

1 Igor sighed morosly

2 Taya’s remarks went unoticed by the rest of the class

Do not change the spelling of the word itself when you add a prefix.

Tip

The spelling of most words is not changed when the suffix -ment, -ness, or -ly

is added

Tip

Every rule has exceptions, but knowing the rules will help you spell most words

correctly

Tip

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3 I sincerly hope you’ll ask for help if you need it

4 Malesha was heavyly favored to win

5 Our ideas were summaryly dismissed

More spelling Patterns

“I Before E”

When a word is spelled with the letters i and e and has the long e sound,

it is spelled ie except after the letter c

examples chief, achieve, field

receive, deceit, ceilingUnfortunately, there are many exceptions to this rule A few of them

are the words seize, either, neither, weird, and height However, the rule does hold true for most words that have the long e sound, as in shriek and ceiling.

“seed” Words

Supersede is the only word in the English language that ends in -sede

Three words end in -ceed: exceed, proceed, and succeed Every other word that ends with the “seed” sound is spelled -cede.

Try It Yourself

Correct any spelling errors in the sentences below

1 The tide comes in and receeds

2 You exceded my expectations

3 Put down your sheild and admit defeat

4 A short ceremony will presede the party

5 What a releif!

The following rhyme may

help you remember when

to spell words ei and when to

spell them ie.

“Write I before E

Except after C

Or when it sounds like an A as in

neighbor and weigh.”

Tip

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Common Errors

Below is a list of some words that high school students often misspell

Studying these words can help you avoid common errors

Commonly Misspelled Words

absenceacademicallyaccessibleaccidentallyacknowledgmentanonymousanswerbeautifulbeginningbusinesscalendarcatastrophechangeable committeeconscientious disastrousdisciplineefficiencyembarrass

environmentfascinatingfinallyhypocriteindependentinfluentialirrelevantirresistiblejudgmentleisurelicensemanageablemediocremillenniummischievousmisspellnaive (also nạve)necessity

noticeable

nuisanceoccasionallyoccurrenceparallelpastimepersistent privilegereceiptreferredrelievescheduleseparatesucceedtomorrowundoubtedlyvengeancewithhold

There are probably some words that you commonly misspell Keep a list of these words in your word study notebook Practice these words until you know how to spell them correctly You may also wish to make

up devices to help you remember correct spellings For example, say

“Page the ant—it’s time for the pageant” to help you remember how to

on your own paper if necessary

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The track coach explained that

unlike a pole vaulter, who runs

directly at the pit, a high jumper

approaches the bar obliquely—

that is, at an intermediate angle.

In a geometric or spatial sense,

oblique refers to the relationship

between two items that are

neither parallel nor perpendicular

to one another For example,

ocean waves almost always

approach a shoreline obliquely

In everyday speech, an indirect,

secretive, or underhanded action

by a person can be called oblique

Word of the Week

LEssON 11

Pronunciation and spelling

As you learn new words, you will want to know their meaning, their spelling, and also their pronunciation If you pick up new words from listening to television, lectures, or other sources, you will know the pronunciation right away If you learn new words from reading, you will want to make sure you check the pronunciation before you add the word to your speaking vocabulary Use the following system to determine the pronunciation of a new word

Use Pronunciation rules

First, use rules of pronunciation to come up with a reasonable guess about how to pronounce the word Sound out the word using what you know about letter sounds Remember there are exceptions to every rule, so some words may not be pronounced the way they look Keep in mind the following trouble spots

gh

The letters gh are often silent, as in sigh and fraught

Sometimes this combination has an f sound, as in cough

ough

Words that contain the Anglo-Saxon combination ough are tricky In each of the following examples, the ough combination is pronounced

differently

You can see that in some of the words the gh is silent, while in others

it has the f sound The ou can have several different sounds

Other words may vary in pronunciation, including which syllable is stressed, based on how the word is being used

For effective

communication, the

words of a language need to be

pronounced consistently Early

in the Medieval Period, Middle

English was spoken with many

different dialects, making it hard

for people in different regions to

understand each other Toward

the end of the Medieval Period,

a London dialect became widely

used while other regional dialects

were seen as inferior, reflecting a

lack of education and social status

Tip

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Use a Dictionary

After you have estimated the pronunciation, use a dictionary to verify

it Use the pronunciation key in the dictionary and pay attention to which syllables are stressed Here is a sample pronunciation key

Some words will have more than one pronunciation Check to see

if the pronunciation varies based on usage If not, use the preferred pronunciation Recognize that some pronunciations vary by region

Ask for Help

If you are still unsure about how to pronounce a word, ask somebody to say the word for you

Try it Yourself

Write a phonetic spelling to show how each of the following words

is pronounced Check your answer using a dictionary Then practice pronouncing the words with a partner

pronounced in Chaucer’s day as /n5 m@/ became, in Modern English, /n6m/ The word bete,

pronounced /b7 t@/, became / b7t/ The sound that used to

be pronounced like the long e in beet became a long i like in sign

The long i sound combines two

sounds: /5/ and /7/ Thus, blind,

which once rhymed with cleaned,

is now /bl8nd/ The word mus,

once pronounced /m99s/, became mouse, pronounced /

mous/ The vowel sound in

mouse combines /5 /with /99/ Notice that in both name and bete, as in many other words,

the final –e was pronounced in

Middle English but became silent

or was dropped altogether in Modern English.

Tip

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Name: Date:

recognizing Word Parts

Use your knowledge of word parts to choose the word that best completes each sentence

1 The city of Blaine is celebrating its

, or one hundred and fiftieth anniversary

A centennial

B bicentennial

C sesquicentennial

D semicentennial

2 Myrna is usually outgoing, but lately

she has been

5 Fang is a for the dog, who

simply wags his tail and licks anyone who enters the house

A renomer

B misnomer

C multinomer

D prenomer

6 The tied up a few loose ends

and explained what happened to all the characters in the future

A prelude

B introduction

C postlude

D interlude

7 The school has recently been

evaluated, and it met the standards for

11 The results were ; they didn’t

fall into the usual range

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1 Do not information; tell us

everything you know

Trang 34

Mrs Jones knew that Samantha’s

ability to easily solve the first

question on the calculus exam

was a harbinger of a good test

performance

Harbinger can be traced to the

Middle English word herbergere,

which means “host.” Originally,

harbinger referred to someone

who was sent ahead to establish

lodgings with a host Other

synonyms of harbinger include

forerunner, omen, indication,

portent, and herald

Word of the Week

LEssON 12

Inferential Context Clues

If you come across an unfamiliar word in your reading, you can often

use context clues to figure out the meaning of the word Context clues

provide hints about unfamiliar words

Some context clues are quite direct They simply restate the word

in different terms Using restatement or apposition, the author may

tell you the meaning of the word you do not know—either in the same sentence or in the following sentence

examples The three revelers died because of their cupidity, or greed

Stop that sniggering! You are laughing at me!

Other times you will have to infer the meaning of a word from the surrounding text Sometimes you will not get an exact definition, but you will know enough about the meaning of the word to continue reading You may infer the meaning from examples or from other

information in the text When you do this, you are using inferential context clues.

Examples used in a sentence can help illustrate a term you do not

know

example Pouting or throwing a tantrum to get your way is

puerile behavior

What kind of behavior is pouting or throwing a tantrum? It’s childish

behavior From the examples, you can infer that puerile means

If you did not know the word rancor, what would you learn about it

from this paragraph? You can tell it is a negative feeling It is related

to a “bitter feud” and to “hatred,” and it has the power to “poison”

happiness From these clues, you could infer that rancor means

something like “bitterness” or “ill will.”

Context clues often

compare or contrast the

word you do not know to other

words you do know.

Tip

First look for context clues

in the sentence in which

the word appears Then consider

clues in the surrounding text.

Tip

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When you are reading, you don’t always need to know the exact dictionary definition of a word It is often enough to get a general sense

of the meaning Of course, if the word seems crucial to the passage, you might want to check your inferences by looking the word up in a dictionary

Try It Yourself

The following passage contains a number of words that you probably don’t know Read the passage, and see if you can answer the questions that follow

Jorgen used to have some self-respect, but since the movie company came to town, he’s turned into a spineless sycophant

At first, his interest seemed innocuous I mean, a lot of people are starstruck, right? Then he met the director and became her lackey He agrees with and praises everything she says If she asks for something, he runs to get it His only interest is in the movie Everything he has to do off the set is done perfunctorily

When I complain that he’s not paying attention to our life, he says I’m just jealous, but really I just want him to go back to being himself instead of the obsequious toady he’s become

1 How had Jorgen changed?

2 How does he behave on the set? Off the set?

3 How does the narrator feel about the changes in Jorgen?

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When Jennifer noticed that

several of her books had been

moved off her desk, she surmised

that her little brother had been

poking around in her room again.

Surmise refers to drawing

conclusions that are not based on

direct observation or an abundance

of facts Surmise can also be a

noun that means “conjecture,” as

in “His surmise turned out to be

wrong.” Surmise is derived from

a conjugation of the Old French

verb surmettre, which comes from

sur, meaning “upon,” and mettre,

meaning “to put.”

Word of the Week

LEssON 13

Using Context Clues in Your Own Writing

As you know, a context clue is information in a text that tells you

something about an unknown word You use context clues when you write contextual sentences in your word study notebook—something

in your sentence hints at the meaning of the word You can use similar clues in other writing to help your reader understand your meaning

Context clues allow you to compare or contrast an unfamiliar word

to something familiar Comparison clues help show similarities between

things Three types of comparison clues are restatement, apposition, and examples Contrast clues show differences between things See if

you can guess the meaning of each of the underlined words below

examples

restatement The tension in the room was palpable You could

feel it in every corner

apposition I’m in the mood for a weekend jaunt, a trip that is

both quick and fun

and other pernicious behaviors

contrast At first glance, the argument seemed logical, but it

turned out to be specious

Another type of context clues involve cause and effect.

exampleBecause Denise’s behavior was so incorrigible, the teacher could not deal with her in class and sent her to the principal’s office

Why should you use context clues in your writing? Context clues help your audience understand your meaning When you use a recently coined word, a piece of jargon, or another term you think may be unclear, context clues are especially important

Try It Yourself

Write a sentence using context clues for each of the following words

Use a dictionary if necessary to understand the meaning of the word

1 factitious

Restatement,

apposition, examples,

contrast, and cause and effect

are five common types of context

as volume, pitch, pace, and

tone, and elements of nonverbal

communication, such as gestures

and facial expressions, to help

convey your meaning.

Tip

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Name: Date:

palpable (pal‘ p@ b@l) adj.,

capable of being felt

This was the first family function

since the divorce and the tension

in the room was palpable

Palpable is derived from the Latin

word palpare, which means “to

stroke or caress.” Palpable refers

to something that is capable

of being felt, either literally or

figuratively For example, if you fall

and scrape your knee, your pain

is palpable In contrast, emotions

can be figuratively palpable, as

with the tension in the sample

sentence above.

Word of the Week

LEssON 14

syntax

Syntax refers to the order of words in sentences The English language

has rules regarding the correct or preferred syntax When words are not presented in the right order, the resulting sentences can be awkward

or ambiguous It is important to understand the rules of syntax so that your writing will be as clear and concise as possible

In general, English sentences use the pattern subject-verb-object In other words, the sentences first explain who the subject is and then tell what that subject is doing.

The lion (subject) is chasing (verb) the young zebra (object).

George Washington (subject) crossed (verb) the Delaware River

1 The climber walked up the mountain

2 When the pot was placed over the fire, the water began to boil

3 The flood filled the basement of the house

Sometimes writers use

strange, awkward, or

unclear syntax on purpose This is

common in poetry, where it may

be used to maintain rhythm or

create a rhyme.

Tip

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4 The three dogs barked loudly as the jogger ran past them

5 We set the table after we finished cooking the chicken

Avoiding Ambiguities

Sometimes, rearranging the syntax of a sentence can make its meaning clearer Compare the following sentences:

Leave a note if you want to play volleyball in my mailbox.

If you want to play volleyball, leave a note in my mailbox.

You can probably figure out that the speaker in both of the sentences above is attempting to tell those interested in playing volleyball to leave

a note in his or her mailbox However, because of the syntax of the first sentence, it seems to suggest the possibility of playing volleyball within the confines of a mailbox! The syntax of the second sentence makes its meaning much clearer

Try It Yourself

In each of the following pairs of sentences, one sentence has a clear meaning and the other is ambiguous Choose the clear sentence and write the corresponding letter on the line provided

1 A He gave her cat food

B He gave food to her cat

2 A She hit the man carrying the umbrella

B She hit the man with the umbrella

3 A I think that kids make nutritious snacks

B I think that kids prepare nutritious snacks

4 A After the accident, I was found in a ditch by some stray

cows

B After the accident, I was found in a ditch near some stray cows

5 A I said I would have dinner with you on Tuesday

B I said on Tuesday that I would have dinner with you

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Name: Date:

Context Clues

Use context clues to determine the best synonym for the underlined word

Write the letter of the correct answer on the line provided

1 The different factions slowly

coalesced into a cohesive group

A fought

B united

C struggled

D worked

2 Thomas followed the instructions

carefully, while Ivan took a desultory approach

A detailed

B unsatisfactory

C haphazard

D systematic

3 No matter what life throws at

Sheila, she remains sanguine and unperturbed

A bloody

B clever

C worried

D optimistic

4 The mouse helped extricate the lion

from the net

7 Ever timorous, Yves barely raised his

voice above a whisper when he had to speak in public

A loud

B hardy

C polite

D timid

8 The voluble speaker had no trouble

engaging the audience and filling

in gaps in the program with witty anecdotes

A loud

B annoying

C expressive

D glib

9 Climbing Mt Everest is an arduous

and impressive feat

A worthless

B enjoyable

C difficult

D amazing

10 Jorge had a reputation for parsimony;

nobody knew he gave thousands of dollars to charity each year

A generosity

B heartlessness

C stinginess

D kindness

11 I don’t think Ben is capable of

pulling off a scheme of this degree;

I’ve always found him to be rather ingenuous

A clever

B deceptive

C nạve

D malicious

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