Weapons of War To defeat their enemies in World War II, the United States and its allies had to fight on the same side as the Soviet Union.. Normally, the United States would not have wa
Trang 1Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Cause and Effect • Sidebars
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14916-0
Fascinating Facts
• Two dogs, Belka and Strelka, were aboard the Soviets’
Sputnik 5 in 1960 They returned unharmed after a day in
orbit Strelka later gave birth to six healthy puppies One
puppy was given as a gift to President Kennedy
• Depending on where you are on Earth, where the
spacecraft is, and the time of day, you can see the
International Space Station without a telescope
• Much of the Internet began as a Cold War project to
create a communication system that could survive a
nuclear attack
Rockets
and
Satellites
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Cause and Effect • Sidebars
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14916-0
Fascinating Facts
• Two dogs, Belka and Strelka, were aboard the Soviets’
Sputnik 5 in 1960 They returned unharmed after a day in
orbit Strelka later gave birth to six healthy puppies One
puppy was given as a gift to President Kennedy
• Depending on where you are on Earth, where the
spacecraft is, and the time of day, you can see the
International Space Station without a telescope
• Much of the Internet began as a Cold War project to
create a communication system that could survive a
nuclear attack
Rockets
and
Satellites
Trang 2communism ideology propaganda arms race satellite space race
Write to It!
In some ways the arms race led to the space race Do you think the results were worth it? In one paragraph describe the benefits and challenges of the space race
In another paragraph, state your opinion about the effects of the space race
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper
ISBN: 0-328-14916-0
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
In this book you will read about how two countries with
different political beliefs competed in a race to be not
only the most powerful country in the world but to be
the most powerful country in space The space race
is over now, but the interest in space and how it can
help people continues even today
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Mark Wade, Corbis
2 ©Getty Images
3 ©Corbis
4 ©Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
5 ©Peter Turnley/Corbis
6 ©Mark Wade
7 ©Mark Wade
9 ©Bettmann/Corbis
10 ©Novosti/Photo Researchers, Inc.
11 ©Corbis
13 ©NASA Human Space Flight Gallery
14 (B) ©Bob Winsett/Index Stock Imagery, (T) ©Royalty-Free/Corbis, (C) ©Stephen Marks/Getty Images
15 (L, R) ©Getty Images
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona
by Maureen Blaney Flietner
Rockets
and Satellites
Trang 3Weapons of War
To defeat their enemies in World War II, the United States
and its allies had to fight on the same side as the Soviet Union
Normally, the United States would not have wanted to be on the
same side as the Soviet Union The Soviet Union had a harsh
leader named Joseph Stalin and operated under a form of
government called communism Under that system, people have
little freedom The government owns all the businesses and all
the land That ideology is very different from what Americans
believe Americans believe in many freedoms
New kinds of weapons had been used in World War II, and the
Germans had made some powerful weapons When the war ended,
the Americans and Soviets wanted to learn about Germany’s
weapons They were very interested in two of them—the V-1 and
V-2 missiles
They learned that the V-1, or “buzz bomb,” was the world’s first
cruise missile The V-1 was called a buzz bomb because it made
a buzzing sound while it flew A cruise missile is like a flying
bomb with wings and an engine It could guide itself to a target
The V-1 was the world’s first cruise missile
3
The V-2 missile also was a new weapon called a ballistic missile
As a ballistic missile it was powered for a short time by its own engine and then fell because of gravity It was so powerful that it could send one ton of explosives more than
150 miles in five minutes
A captured V-2 missile was tested in the United States after World War II
Can a rocket be a missile?
A rocket is a type of engine that can move How does
it work? The engine has fuel that burns The burning fuel makes exhaust gases that push out in one direction When the gases push out, they push the rocket in the other direction Here is another way to picture it When you blow
up a balloon and let it go, it shoots forward as the air comes out the back
A rocket is a missile when it carries a weapon
A missile is ballistic when it first uses its engine to shoot
up into the sky After it reaches the sky and flies its flight path, its engine turns off Then, because of gravity, it falls until it reaches its target
A rocket is a launch vehicle when it carries something like a spacecraft into space
Trang 4When World War II ended, the United States wanted to help
both its allies and its former enemies rebuild The United States
wanted all countries to become free and strong However, the
Soviet Union did not want that It worried about being attacked
It thought that if Germany and other countries became strong,
they might attack it The Soviet Union’s leader, Stalin, decided to force the countries
it controlled to accept communism The people in those countries lost their freedom
Stalin also tried to take over the western par t of Berlin, the par t that the United States and its allies controlled after the war Stalin set up a blockade so that no one could get in or out on the roads or
by train Stalin thought this blockade would let him take control of the whole city and bring it under communism
Instead, the Americans and their allies began an airlift to fly food and supplies into West Berlin Finally, Stalin ended the
blockade It had not worked, and West Berlin stayed free
The United States did not like the blockade and it did not like how
the Soviet Union was spreading communism The United States
and its allies decided to set up a group called the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) The members of this organization
agreed to help each other if the Soviet Union attacked any of them
Americans and their allies began
an airlift to fly food and supplies
into West Berlin.
When World War II ended, the Cold War had started On one side was the United States, and on the other side was the Soviet Union They were the two most powerful countries in the world, and now they were enemies The war was called a “cold” war because it was not a time of actual fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union Instead, it was a time when fights between the two different beliefs about freedom took place in other parts of the world
It also was a time of propaganda People in communist countries knew only what their leaders told them The Soviets told their people that the United States was poor and that the American system did not work The Soviets held big parades with tanks and weapons to show the world how powerful they were
The Americans used radio programs to let the people in the communist countries know that the free world still remembered them The radio shows told them that the American way of life was good and that there was hope
The Soviets held big parades to show the world how powerful they were
Trang 5The R-5 missile could travel up to 750 miles
Weapons and More Weapons
In the United States, scientists learned more about rockets and missiles They had help from
a former German scientist named Wernher von Braun The Americans made a powerful rocket called Viking The Soviets were learning too One missile they built was called the R-5 It could travel up to 750 miles
Each side was busy making weapons, or arms
It had become an arms race Each side wanted
to have powerful weapons, and more weapons, than the other
The Cold War was dividing the world Countries like the Soviet Union were trying to spread communism throughout the world The United States had to help other countries stop the communists
While the Cold War did not lead to fighting between the United States and the Soviet Union,
it did lead to war in places such as Korea and Vietnam In those countries the United States helped those who wanted to be free, and the Soviets helped those who wanted to spread communism
7
The Race into Space
In 1952 scientists called on countries to develop satellites, or objects that could orbit, or circle, Earth The scientists wanted to use the satellites to get information to make a map of Earth The United States said it would build a satellite It began a program called Vanguard
In August 1957 the Soviets surprised the world They tested a missile called an R-7 The R-7 was the first ballistic missile that could go between continents—a very long distance It was called
an intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM
The Soviet missile was powerful enough to send a nuclear bomb all the way to the United States or carry a spacecraft into orbit
A few months later, the Soviet Union surprised the world again and launched the world’s first satellite into space It was called
Sputnik 1 Sputnik 1 was only about the size of a basketball,
but at 183 pounds, it weighed much more than the 3½ pound Vanguard satellite the United States had planned to launch The space race had begun
The Soviets built the R-7 missile, which was the first ICBM.
Trang 6The United States had been surprised, but now it was worried
The Soviet Union had achieved a lot of firsts It had an ICBM and
the world’s first satellite People wondered if the Soviet Union was
more powerful than the United States
A new age had begun People started saying that it was the
space age
It was not long before the Soviet Union shocked the world again
On November 3, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 2 This
spacecraft weighed much more than Sputnik 1 It also carried a
passenger, a little dog named Laika
The United States had trouble getting its Vanguard satellite to
work It started another satellite program called Explorer, which
was a success The United States launched its first satellite, called
Explorer I The satellite even had scientific tools on board Finally,
on its fourth try, Vanguard 1 was launched The United States had
caught up to the Soviet Union in the space race
The United States decided to do more and created the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958
NASA would lead the American space exploration programs
The Soviets and Americans continued their work Missiles
became more powerful and could carry more weapons In the
United States, military space programs were secret, but civilian
space activities were open for all to see In the Soviet Union
all space programs were a secret Only when the Soviets had a
success did anyone learn about it
9
Dog in Orbit
Laika was a small Russian stray dog that ended
up being the world’s first space traveler She was put
aboard Sputnik 2 so Soviet scientists could study a living
being in orbit Laika proved that a living passenger could survive being launched into space Her trip made her one of the most famous dogs in the world
Her picture has been on postage stamps in different countries, and songs have been written about her
Laika was the first living being in space.
Trang 7The Soviet Union kept achieving firsts In 1959 the Soviet Union
sent the first spacecraft around the Moon The spacecraft took
pictures of the far side of the Moon and sent them back to Earth
On April 12, 1961, the Soviets gave the world a very big surprise
by sending the first person into space Yuri Gagarin traveled on a
Soviet spacecraft around Earth and back The Soviets called their
space travelers cosmonauts
A month later, Alan Shepard became the first American to journey
into space His spacecraft was called Freedom 7 Americans called
their space travelers astronauts Several months later, astronaut
John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth
Yuri Gagarin was the first person sent into space
10
The Space Race Changes
The space race continued, but where was the finish line? On May 25, 1961, President John F Kennedy announced America’s goal in the space race The goal was to land a man on the Moon
by the end of the 1960s The space race was now a race to the Moon
More study was done, and ideas were tested In the United States, the Project Mercury program studied how humans could live in space The Project Gemini program found out how two astronauts could work together in one spacecraft
Next came the Project Apollo program With the Apollo program, the United States studied how to land people on the Moon and then bring them safely back to Earth
Alan Shepard became the first American to journey into space
11
Trang 8Finally, the finish line of the space race was near The
United States sent Apollo 11 to the Moon.
On July 20, 1969, astronaut Neil Armstrong stepped off the landing craft and onto the surface of the Moon His
famous words were: “That’s one small step for man, one
giant leap for mankind.”
Soon astronaut Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin joined him on the Moon’s surface The two men collected moon rocks
to bring back to Earth for study They then returned to
the spacecraft Columbia, piloted by Michael Collins, and
headed back to Earth
The Americans had won the race by putting a man on the Moon before the Soviets
The space race was over, so the Soviets started to work
on other space projects They launched the world’s first
space station, called Salyut, into orbit Later, Salyut was
replaced by another space station named Mir.
The United States made its last trip to the Moon in 1972
Then it, too, worked on other space projects NASA built
a reusable space vehicle called the space shuttle It
launched a space station called Skylab Skylab showed
Americans that people could live and work in space for
months at a time
When the Soviet Union collapsed in the 1990s, the Cold War ended The United States now started working
with Russia, the country that had been the largest in the
Soviet Union, on space projects The former enemies now
worked together
12
Astronaut Neil Armstrong took this photo of Edwin
“Buzz” Aldrin on the Moon.
13
Trang 9Space Lessons
Working on projects for space was different than working on
projects here on Earth Scientists had to learn new ways to do
things They had to make new tools and new materials Those
new products now help people in their everyday lives Here are
just a few examples
television satellite dish
Tools NASA made to correct errors from spacecraft signals now clear up pictures or sound in television signals from satellites
smoke detector
Technology used to detect poisonous gases in Skylab now lets people know if there are fires in buildings and homes.
firefighter suits
Fabric used in space suits to protect the astronauts now protects firefighters.
14
Many benefits have come from the space race and today’s space projects Even more benefits could be ahead Today, the largest international science project in history is taking place in space The United States is working together with many other countries on the International Space Station
With the International Space Station, there will be many chances for ideas to be tested People will look for new and better ways to
do things Scientists can watch for changes in the planet we all share
NASA continues its space work for the United States It sends out spacecraft to explore our solar system The United States also has plans for more human space exploration NASA plans
to send humans back to the Moon someday It may even send humans to Mars and beyond
computer joystick
The stick you may use to run your computer games comes from technology scientists developed when they looked for ways to control robots exploring the Moon’s surface.
ear thermometer
The ear thermometer was created from technology scientists developed when they were trying to detect new stars.
15
Trang 10arms race a race to build more and better weapons than the
enemy has
communism a political and economic system in which the
government owns all businesses and land
ideology a set of beliefs
propaganda a systematic effort to spread opinions or beliefs
satellite an object that is sent into space and orbits Earth
space race a race between the United States and the Soviet
Union to explore outer space during the Cold War
16
Vocabulary
communism ideology propaganda arms race satellite space race
Write to It!
In some ways the arms race led to the space race Do you think the results were worth it? In one paragraph describe the benefits and challenges of the space race
In another paragraph, state your opinion about the effects of the space race
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper
ISBN: 0-328-14916-0
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
In this book you will read about how two countries with
different political beliefs competed in a race to be not
only the most powerful country in the world but to be
the most powerful country in space The space race
is over now, but the interest in space and how it can
help people continues even today
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R), Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Mark Wade, Corbis
2 ©Getty Images
3 ©Corbis
4 ©Time Life Pictures/Getty Images
5 ©Peter Turnley/Corbis
6 ©Mark Wade
7 ©Mark Wade
9 ©Bettmann/Corbis
10 ©Novosti/Photo Researchers, Inc.
11 ©Corbis
13 ©NASA Human Space Flight Gallery
14 (B) ©Bob Winsett/Index Stock Imagery, (T) ©Royalty-Free/Corbis, (C) ©Stephen Marks/Getty Images
15 (L, R) ©Getty Images