5 5 turning points in the fight for freedom

Events of the American Revolution 1775 The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill 1777 The Battle of Saratoga 1779 John Paul Jones wins a naval battle.. Waltha

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction • Time Line

• Maps

• Sidebars

ISBN 0-328-17540-4

ì<(sk$m)=bhfeag< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• After Dr Joseph Warren died, Paul Revere identified him

by the two artificial teeth Revere had made for him

• In January 1777, Mary Goddard, probably the first

woman postmaster in the United States, issued the

first copy of the Declaration of Independence to include

the signers’ names

• During the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776, Margaret

Corbin took the place of her husband when he was killed

She continued firing his cannon until she was wounded

Scott Foresman Social Studies

Nonfi ction • Time Line

• Maps

• Sidebars

ISBN 0-328-17540-4

ì<(sk$m)=bhfeag< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

• After Dr Joseph Warren died, Paul Revere identified him

by the two artificial teeth Revere had made for him

• In January 1777, Mary Goddard, probably the first

woman postmaster in the United States, issued the

first copy of the Declaration of Independence to include

the signers’ names

• During the Battle of Fort Washington in 1776, Margaret

Corbin took the place of her husband when he was killed

She continued firing his cannon until she was wounded

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activist minutemen retreat morale negotiate turning point campaign siege

Write to It!

Select one of the battles mentioned in this book; then using an encyclopedia or the Internet, research more facts about the battle Write a two- or three-paragraph magazine article about the battle you have chosen

Write your article on a separate sheet of paper

ISBN: 0-328-17540-4

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

In this book you will read about the American Revolution

and some of the major battles the colonists fought to gain

their independence You will see how the war was fought

from its beginning to its end and discover some of the

important people in the American Revolution

Maps

MapQuest, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©The Granger Collection, NY

3 ©The Granger Collection, New York

7 ©The Granger Collection, NY

8 ©Bettmann/Corbis

9 ©Corbis

12 ©SuperStock

14 ©Chateau de Blerancourt / Dagli Orti/The Art Archive

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona

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The American Revolution did not begin as a war for

independence The American colonists wanted to be

treated as British citizens, with the same rights that people

in Britain had

When Parliament, Britain’s lawmaking body, began

taxing the colonies directly, the colonists rebelled The

colonists felt that it was unfair for Parliament to tax

them when the colonists could not vote for members of

Parliament “Taxation without representation is tyranny”

became their cry

In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act The Stamp

Act required colonists to buy stamps and place them on

important papers including letters, deeds, newspapers,

and even playing cards Many colonists refused to buy

the stamps

Parliament believed the taxes were fair, because it had

sent British soldiers to protect the colonists during the

French and Indian War and believed that the colonists

should pay for the war’s costs Parliament also passed

more acts that taxed the colonists

Events of the American Revolution

1775

The Battles of Lexington and Concord and the Battle of Bunker Hill

1777

The Battle of Saratoga

1779

John Paul Jones wins

a naval battle.

1776

The Declaration of Independence is signed.

The Battle of Trenton

1775

3

The Boston Tea Party Parliament finally canceled all the taxes except the tax on tea The colonists still were not happy In 1773 Britain sent three ships full of tea to Boston Harbor, but the Bostonians would not allow it to be unloaded When Britain refused to take the tea back, a number of Patriots dressed as Mohawks boarded the ships They threw 342 chests of tea overboard

in what became known as the Boston Tea Party No one knows who participated, but many were probably members

of the Sons of Liberty, a group of Patriot activists Britain closed the port of Boston to punish the Patriots

Patriots dressed as Mohawks threw chests of tea into Boston Harbor

1780

The British take Charleston.

1781

Cornwallis surrenders after the Battle

of Yorktown

1783

The Treaty of Paris is signed by the United States and Britain.

1784 1782

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Revere captured.

Prescott continues.

British retreat

Dawes turns back.

orth

idge

il 19

Lexington April 19

Old North Church

Roxbury Brookline

Medford

Charlestown Cambridge

Concord

Lexington

Boston Neck

Char les R.

Mys tic R.

Co nc

o

R iv

Boston Harbor

R.

Waltham

C W Weston

Revere’s route Dawes’s route Prescott’s route British advance

British retreat Road Bridge Battle

MASSACHUSETTS

N

The Battles of Lexington and Concord

On the night of April 18, 1775, eight hundred British

troops marched from Boston to the village of Lexington

When the troops reached Lexington, they found about fifty

militiamen They called themselves minutemen because

they were ready to fight at a minute’s notice

The British were on their way to Concord to seize the

colonists’ ammunition stored there The night before, three

men on horseback had tried to alert the people of both

towns that the British were coming

In Lexington Major John Pitcairn, second-in-command

of the British soldiers, yelled, “Disperse [Move away], ye

rebels, disperse!” A moment later a shot rang out Nobody

knows which side it came from, but the British returned fire

without waiting for orders Eight minutemen were killed and

ten others were wounded

The Battles of Lexington and Concord, April 1775

5

The British troops then went on to Concord, where they removed the ammunition in the arsenal They then searched nearby houses and farms for the rest of the hidden ammunition, but it had been taken to other towns

At the Old North Bridge near Concord, another battle took place between the British and the Americans In the two battles, 49 Americans were killed and 39 were wounded About 73 British were killed and 174 were wounded The British then returned to Boston When the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia heard of the battles, it elected George Washington as commander-in-chief of the new army

Spreading the Alarm

Three men had ridden horses through the Massachusetts countryside late into the night of April 18,

1775, to warn people about a British attack Paul Revere was made famous by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem, but William Dawes and Dr Samuel Prescott were just as important

All three men were captured by British soldiers that night, but Prescott escaped and made it to Concord

As Revere was surrounded and taken prisoner, Dawes got away

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Breed’s Hill

Moulton’s Hill Bunker

Hill

Charlestown

Neck

Boston Charlestown

M

y stic

R iver

Ch arl

e s R i

v e r

Boston Harbor

Causeway

Rail Fence

American fort Other American positions Route of British attack

Route of American retreat British

cannon fire British ship Hill

N

Boston Charlestown

Boston Harbor

.

6

The Battle of Bunker Hill

The next major battle was the Battle of Bunker Hill,

which was fought on nearby Breed’s Hill British ships were

in Boston Harbor, and the Americans heard the British were

planning an attack

During the night of June 16, 1775, the Americans took

ammunition and guns to the top of Breed’s Hill They built

a redoubt, a kind of temporary fort made by piling up dirt

It measured 160 feet long

When the British awoke the next morning, they were

amazed to see the redoubt and began firing from the

ships The fort was out of range

Two thousand British troops started up Breed’s Hill

Each soldier carried a sixty-pound pack and found it hard

Because they were low on ammunition, the Americans held their fire until the British were close Supposedly Colonel William Prescott ordered his men, “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes.”

Finally, shots rang out and dozens of British soldiers fell

Twice the troops were forced to retreat, but on the third try, the British were able to take the hill The Americans had run out of ammunition, but they continued to fight with bayonets

The first American officer to lose his life in the war was

Dr Joseph Warren, a great Patriot and leader He was an officer but he chose to fight with his troops

It was a British victory, but the Americans had proved they could hold their own in battle More than 1,000 British were killed or wounded, while the Americans lost about 145 men British General George Clinton said it was

“a dear bought [costly] victory Another such would have ruined us.”

Dr Joseph Warren was a physician and

an American officer

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During the next year and a half, several battles were

fought The Americans established a Continental navy and

looked for help from other countries France began giving

aid to the colonies The Continental Congress wrote and

signed the Declaration of Independence, declaring that the

Thirteen Colonies were a free country

The British took over New York City in the summer of

1776, and Washington’s troops were forced to evacuate

The British won several victories in a row and Washington’s

troops retreated across the Delaware River into

Pennsylvania in December 1776

The Battle of Trenton

On Christmas Day, the British army was camped in

Trenton, New Jersey The army was made up mostly of

Hessians, German soldiers paid to fight for the British

Washington knew they would celebrate Christmas late into

the night with dancing and singing, so he decided the next

morning would be the perfect time for a surprise attack

During the night, 2,400 American soldiers crossed the

river Their boats dodged large chunks of floating ice, and

wind and sleet made their journey miserable

George Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware River

9

The British army was taken completely by surprise

Washington’s army did not suffer a single loss of life, and only four of his men were wounded About twenty-two British soldiers were killed and ninety-twenty-two were wounded The Americans captured the remaining men

One of Washington’s officers wrote in his diary, “We have taken nearly 1000 prisoners, six cannon, more than 1000 muskets, twelve drums ”

The Battle of Trenton provided badly-needed supplies and ammunition and boosted the soldiers’ morale A few days later, the Americans defeated the British at Princeton In July

1777, the British captured Fort Ticonderoga in New York

Thomas Paine Inspires the Army

The morale, or spirits, of the

American soldiers was low before the Battle of Trenton The soldiers had been losing battles, and the American forces were poorly trained and

dressed in rags

Thomas Paine’s pamphlet, Common Sense, had convinced many colonists

that independence was the only way

to be free from Britain’s rule Now he wrote the first of

the Crisis Papers, designed to keep up the morale of the

Americans On Christmas evening, Washington ordered that the booklet be read to his troops Many think Paine’s inspirational words gave the soldiers the inspiration to continue fighting

Thomas Paine

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Lake Champlain

Lake George

St L aw

re n ce

Ri ve r

iv e

Albany

Montréal

Saratoga

New York City

Fort Ticonderoga

NEW HAMPSHIRE

NEW YORK

MASSACHUSETTS

RHODE ISLAND CONNECTICUT

PENNSYLVANIA

MARYLAND

DELAWARE

NEW JERSEY

MAINE (PART OF MASSACHUSETTS)

C A N A D A

N

Burgoyne’s route Battle site

13 Colonies

Marquis de Lafayette, a Frenchman, volunteered and

became Washington’s trusted aide That summer, the British

defeated the Americans in Brandywine Creek in Pennsylvania,

and British forces occupied Philadelphia in September

The Battle of Saratoga

British General John Burgoyne planned to send three

armies into New York State The armies would meet in

Albany and New England would then be separated from the

rest of the colonies At first the plan seemed to work

The Battle of Saratoga, 1777

11

The Americans held the British off during the first Battle

of Saratoga on September 19, 1777 General Burgoyne was forced to retreat, halting the British advance into New York

Three weeks later, the Americans beat the British at Bemis Heights in the second Battle of Saratoga This was

an important victory Major General Horatio Gates and Major General Benedict Arnold led the American army The two sides negotiated, and on October 17, 1777, Burgoyne surrendered his entire army of five thousand men

This was the turning point of the war, when things began

to change The world now believed the Americans could win the war, and European countries gave their support to the Americans

Benedict Arnold: Hero and Traitor

If Benedict Arnold had died from the leg wound he received at Saratoga, he would

be remembered as a great American hero For three years

he served the American army as

a daring and imaginative leader

In 1780, however, he sold the British information that could lead to the capture of West Point He was in debt and thought that he should have been promoted more quickly Arnold’s plan did not work, because his contact, British Major John Andre, was captured with the plans Arnold had provided

Benedict Arnold

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In the winter of 1777, Washington’s army set up

quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania The army’s morale

was low for three months because of cold, hunger, disease,

and lack of supplies

In June 1778 Washington’s army fought General Henry

Clinton’s troops to a standoff in the Battle of Monmouth

in New Jersey In July France declared war on Britain and

the British could not concentrate all their resources on

fighting the Americans In December 1778 the British

began a campaign in the South, capturing Savannah

and Augusta, Georgia

13

In 1779 the British asked American Indians to attack frontier settlements That September, John Paul Jones,

who commanded the ship Bonhomme Richard, fought

a battle with the British ship Serapis off the coast of

England The British called for Jones’s surrender, but he replied, “I have not yet begun to fight!” Jones managed to capture the British ship as his ship sank

The next spring the British captured Fort Moultrie in Charleston, South Carolina This was the worst American defeat in the war, and the Americans lost their entire Southern Army of 5,400 men along with four ships

British troops led by General Charles Cornwallis defeated the Americans in battles in South Carolina

Cornwallis planned to invade North Carolina, but he changed his plans after the Americans won the Battle of Kings Mountain

General Nathanael Greene was named commander

of the Southern Army Greene’s army spent the next six months chasing Cornwallis through the backwoods of the Carolinas and Virginia The British were short on supplies In March 1781 Cornwallis suffered heavy losses

in the Battle of Guilford Courthouse in North Carolina He retreated into Virginia and made Yorktown his base

Washington observed his troops

at Valley Forge

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14 15

The Battle of Yorktown

In a brilliant move, Washington decided to attack the British on the Yorktown peninsula French Admiral de Grasse headed for Chesapeake Bay near Yorktown His fleet included twenty-nine ships and three thousand soldiers

De Grasse’s fleet fought a major battle with the British fleet The defeated British fleet retreated to New York, and

de Grasse kept Cornwallis from leaving the peninsula by sea

More French ships arrived, and de Grasse sent some of them up Chesapeake Bay to transport Washington’s army

to Yorktown Here the American troops, with seventeen thousand men, began a siege of Yorktown British supplies were running low, and the French fleet fired cannons at the British day and night The American army surrounded them, making it impossible for the British to retreat by land

On October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrendered his troops

at Yorktown This was the last major battle of the war

Parliament voted in February not to continue the war The next month, peace negotiations began

The untrained, poorly outfitted group of patriots had defeated the highly trained and well-supplied British army and navy The United States of America was free at last

Washington meets with his generals

at Yorktown

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Glossary

activist a person who believes in or takes part

in a cause campaign a series of military operations

minutemen colonial militia groups that could be ready

to fight at a minute’s notice morale the state of a person’s or a group’s spirits

negotiate to talk about something in order to come to

an agreement retreat to pull back a military force that is in danger

from an enemy attack siege the surrounding of an army or a town to try to

make it surrender turning point the point at which a very important

change takes place

Vocabulary

activist minutemen retreat morale negotiate turning point campaign siege

Write to It!

Select one of the battles mentioned in this book; then using an encyclopedia or the Internet, research more facts about the battle Write a two- or three-paragraph magazine article about the battle you have chosen

Write your article on a separate sheet of paper

ISBN: 0-328-17540-4

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

In this book you will read about the American Revolution

and some of the major battles the colonists fought to gain

their independence You will see how the war was fought

from its beginning to its end and discover some of the

important people in the American Revolution

Maps

MapQuest, Inc.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©The Granger Collection, NY

9 ©Corbis

12 ©SuperStock

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