International Banking and Money Market 272 International Bond Market 310 International Equity Markets 330 Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 354 International Portfolio Investment 372 F
Trang 1FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Trang 2Principe Solomon Islands
South Pacific Ocean
SOURCE: Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and
Exchange Restrictions, IMF, 2009
North Atlantic Ocean
This map is not to scale
l
North Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Trang 3Principe Solomon Islands
South Pacific Ocean
SOURCE: Annual Report on Exchange Arrangements and
Exchange Restrictions, IMF, 2009
North Atlantic Ocean
This map is not to scale
l
North Pacific Ocean
Indian Ocean
Trang 6The McGraw-HHUlrwin Series in Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
Stephen A Ross
Franco Modigliani Professor of Finance and Economics
Sloan School of Management
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Consulting Editor
MANAGEMENT Financial Markets and Fundamentals of Investment Case Studies in International
Adair
Excel Applications for
Global Economy
First Edition Analysis for Financial Investments: Analysis and
Fourteenth Edition
Third Edition Valuation and Management REAL ESTATE
Brealey, Myers, and Allen
Kester, Ruback, and Tufano Sixth Edition
Real Estate Finance and Investments
Brealey, Myers, and Allen Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe
Portfolio Management
Fourteenth Edition First Edition
Second Edition Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, and Derivatives: Principles and
Real Estate Principles: A Value
Approach
Fundamentals of Corporate Corporate Finance: Core
Allen, Melone, Rosenbloom, and
Rose and Marquis
Ninth Edition Financial Institutions and Altfest
Where Theory Meets Practice Behavioral Corporate Finance:
Third Edition Decisions that Create Value
First Edition Financial Institutions Risk Management and
Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger
Insurance
First Edition Electronic Calculator
Kapoor, Dlabay, and Hughes
Sixth Edition Saunders and Cornett Focus on Personal Finance: An
Third Edition
Trang 7The McGraw-HHUlrwin Series in Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
Stephen A Ross
Franco Modigliani Professor of Finance and Economics
Sloan School of Management
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Consulting Editor
MANAGEMENT Financial Markets and Fundamentals of Investment Case Studies in International
Adair
Excel Applications for
Global Economy
First Edition Analysis for Financial Investments: Analysis and
Fourteenth Edition
Third Edition Valuation and Management REAL ESTATE
Brealey, Myers, and Allen
Kester, Ruback, and Tufano Sixth Edition
Real Estate Finance and Investments
Brealey, Myers, and Allen Ross, Westerfield, and Jaffe
Portfolio Management
Fourteenth Edition First Edition
Second Edition Ross, Westerfield, Jaffe, and Derivatives: Principles and
Real Estate Principles: A Value
Approach
Fundamentals of Corporate Corporate Finance: Core
Allen, Melone, Rosenbloom, and
Rose and Marquis
Ninth Edition Financial Institutions and Altfest
Where Theory Meets Practice Behavioral Corporate Finance:
Third Edition Decisions that Create Value
First Edition Financial Institutions Risk Management and
Cornett, Adair, and Nofsinger
Insurance
First Edition Electronic Calculator
Kapoor, Dlabay, and Hughes
Sixth Edition Saunders and Cornett Focus on Personal Finance: An
Third Edition
Trang 8The McGraw·HiII Companies
_ McGraw-Hili
_Irwin
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, SIXTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-HilllIrwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies,
2004 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States
ISBN 978-0-07-803465-7
MHID 0-07-803465-5
Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon
Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David
Publisher: Douglas Reiner
Executive Editor: Michele Janicek
Editorial Coordinator: Alyssa Otterness
Marketing Manager: Dean Karampelas
Senior Project Manager: Lisa A Bruflodt
Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz
Design Coordinator: Brenda A Rolwes
Cover Design: Studio Montage, St Louis, Missouri
Cover Image: PhotoDisc Imaging/ Getty Images RF
Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman
Compositor: Glyph International
Typeface: 10/12.5 Times Roman
ISBN 978-0-07-803465-7 (alk paper)
1 International finance 2 International business enterprises-Finance
3 Foreign exchange 4 Financial institutions, International
I Resnick, Bruce G II Title
Trang 9The McGraw·HiII Companies
_ McGraw-Hili
_Irwin
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, SIXTH EDITION
Published by McGraw-HilllIrwin, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies,
2004 No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of
The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other
electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to
customers outside the United States
ISBN 978-0-07-803465-7
MHID 0-07-803465-5
Vice President & Editor-in-Chief: Brent Gordon
Vice President EDP/Central Publishing Services: Kimberly Meriwether David
Publisher: Douglas Reiner
Executive Editor: Michele Janicek
Editorial Coordinator: Alyssa Otterness
Marketing Manager: Dean Karampelas
Senior Project Manager: Lisa A Bruflodt
Buyer: Kara Kudronowicz
Design Coordinator: Brenda A Rolwes
Cover Design: Studio Montage, St Louis, Missouri
Cover Image: PhotoDisc Imaging/ Getty Images RF
Media Project Manager: Balaji Sundararaman
Compositor: Glyph International
Typeface: 10/12.5 Times Roman
ISBN 978-0-07-803465-7 (alk paper)
1 International finance 2 International business enterprises-Finance
3 Foreign exchange 4 Financial institutions, International
I Resnick, Bruce G II Title
Trang 10QheQl_S~+E11l1,
Georgia Institute of Technology
Cheol S Eun (Ph.D., NYU, 1981) is the Thomas R
Williams Chair and Professor of Finance at the
Col-lege of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology
Before joining Georgia Tech, he taught at the
Univer-sity of Minnesota and the UniverUniver-sity of Maryland He
also taught at the Wharton School of the University
of Pennsylvania, Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST), Singapolie Management
University, and the Esslingen University of
Technol-ogy (Germany) as a visiting professor He has published
extensively on international finance issues in such
major journals as the Journal of Finance, JFQA,
Jour-nal of Banking and Finance, JourJour-nal of InternatioJour-nal
Money and Finance, Management Science, and Oxford
Economic Papers Also, he has served on the editorial
boards of the Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal
of Financial Research, Journal of International
Busi-ness Studies, and European Financial Management
His research is widely quoted and referenced in various
scholarly articles and textbooks in the United States as
well as abroad
Dr Eun is the founding chair of the Fortis/Georgia
Tech Conference on International Finance The key
objectives of the conference are to promote research on
international finance and provide a forum for interactions
among academics, practitioners, and regulators who are
interested in vital current issues of international finance
Dr Eun has taught a variety of courses at the
under-graduate, under-graduate, and executive levels, and was the
winner of the Krowe Teaching Excellence Award at the
University of Maryland He also has served as a
con-sultant to many national and international organizations,
including the World Bank, Apex Capital, and the Korean
Development Institute, advising on issues relating to
capital market liberalization, global capital raising,
inter-national investment, and exchange risk management In
addition, he has been a frequent speaker at academic and
professional meetings held throughout the world
vi
:About the Authors
6r1l!;eJJ._B_~~ojGl<~
Wake Forest University
Bruce G Resnick is the Joseph M Bryan Jr Professor
of Banking and Finance at the Schools of Business
of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina He has a D.B.A (1979) in finance from Indiana University Additionally, he has an M.B.A
from the University of Colorado and a B.B.A from the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh Prior to coming
to Wake Forest, he taught at Indiana University for ten years, the University of Minnesota for five years, and California State University for two years He has also taught as a visiting professor at Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and at the Helsinki School
of Economics and Business Administration in Finland
Additionally, he served as the Indiana University dent director at the Center for European Studies at the University of Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands
resi-He also served as an external examiner to the Business Administration Department of Singapore Polytechnic and as the faculty advisor on a Wake Forest University study trip to China and Hong Kong
Dr Resnick teaches M.B.A courses at Wake Forest University He specializes in the areas of investments, portfolio management, and international financial man-agement Dr Resnick's research interests include mar-ket efficiency studies of options and financial futures markets and empirical tests of asset pricing models A major interest has been the optimal design of interna-tionally diversified portfolios constructed to control for parameter uncertainty and exchange rate risk In recent years, he has focused on information transmission in the world money markets and yield spread comparisons of domestic and international bonds His research articles have been published in most of the major academic journals in finance His research is widely referenced by other researchers and textbook authors He is an associ-
ate editor for the Emerging Markets Review, Journal of Economics and Business, and the Journal of Multina- tional Financial Management
Preface
Both of us have been teaching international financial management to undergraduates and M.B.A students at Georgia Institute of Technology, Wake Forest University, and
at other universities we have visited for three decades During this time period, we conducted many research studies, published in major finance and statistics journals, concerning the operation of international financial markets As one might imagine, in doing this we put together an extensive set of teaching materials which we used suc-cessfully in the classroom As the years went by, we individually relied more on our own teaching materials and notes and less on anyone of the major existing textbooks
in international finance (most of which we tried at some point)
As you may be aware, the scope and content of international finance have been fast evolving due to deregulation of financial markets, product innovations, and techno-logical advancements As capital markets of the world are becoming more integrated, a solid understanding of international finance has become essential for astute corporate decision making Reflecting the growing importance of international finance as a dis-cipline, we have seen a sharp increase in the demand for experts in the area in both the corporate and academic worlds
In writing International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, our goal was to
pro-vide well-organized, comprehensive, and up-to-date coverage of the topics that take advantage of our many years of teaching and research in this area We hope the text
is challenging to students This does not mean that it lacks readability The text cussion is written so that a self-contained treatment of each subject is presented in a
dis-user-friendly fashion The text is intended for use at both the advanced undergraduate
and M.B.A levels
The Underlying Pbilosophy
Emphasis on the Basics
International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, like the first five editions, is
written based on two tenets: emphasis on the basics and emphasis on a managerial perspective
We believe that any subject is better learned if one first is well grounded in the basics Consequently, we initially devote several chapters to the fundamental concepts of international finance After these are learned, the remaining material flows easily from them We always bring the reader back, as the more advanced topics are developed, to their relationship to the fundamentals By doing this, we believe students will be left with a framework for analysis that will serve them well when they need to apply this material in their careers in the years ahead
vii
Trang 11QheQl_S~+E11l1,
Georgia Institute of Technology
Cheol S Eun (Ph.D., NYU, 1981) is the Thomas R
Williams Chair and Professor of Finance at the
Col-lege of Management, Georgia Institute of Technology
Before joining Georgia Tech, he taught at the
Univer-sity of Minnesota and the UniverUniver-sity of Maryland He
also taught at the Wharton School of the University
of Pennsylvania, Korea Advanced Institute of Science
and Technology (KAIST), Singapolie Management
University, and the Esslingen University of
Technol-ogy (Germany) as a visiting professor He has published
extensively on international finance issues in such
major journals as the Journal of Finance, JFQA,
Jour-nal of Banking and Finance, JourJour-nal of InternatioJour-nal
Money and Finance, Management Science, and Oxford
Economic Papers Also, he has served on the editorial
boards of the Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal
of Financial Research, Journal of International
Busi-ness Studies, and European Financial Management
His research is widely quoted and referenced in various
scholarly articles and textbooks in the United States as
well as abroad
Dr Eun is the founding chair of the Fortis/Georgia
Tech Conference on International Finance The key
objectives of the conference are to promote research on
international finance and provide a forum for interactions
among academics, practitioners, and regulators who are
interested in vital current issues of international finance
Dr Eun has taught a variety of courses at the
under-graduate, under-graduate, and executive levels, and was the
winner of the Krowe Teaching Excellence Award at the
University of Maryland He also has served as a
con-sultant to many national and international organizations,
including the World Bank, Apex Capital, and the Korean
Development Institute, advising on issues relating to
capital market liberalization, global capital raising,
inter-national investment, and exchange risk management In
addition, he has been a frequent speaker at academic and
professional meetings held throughout the world
vi
:About the Authors
6r1l!;eJJ._B_~~ojGl<~
Wake Forest University
Bruce G Resnick is the Joseph M Bryan Jr Professor
of Banking and Finance at the Schools of Business
of Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina He has a D.B.A (1979) in finance from Indiana University Additionally, he has an M.B.A
from the University of Colorado and a B.B.A from the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh Prior to coming
to Wake Forest, he taught at Indiana University for ten years, the University of Minnesota for five years, and California State University for two years He has also taught as a visiting professor at Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, and at the Helsinki School
of Economics and Business Administration in Finland
Additionally, he served as the Indiana University dent director at the Center for European Studies at the
resi-University of Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands
He also served as an external examiner to the Business Administration Department of Singapore Polytechnic and as the faculty advisor on a Wake Forest University
study trip to China and Hong Kong
Dr Resnick teaches M.B.A courses at Wake Forest University He specializes in the areas of investments, portfolio management, and international financial man-
agement Dr Resnick's research interests include ket efficiency studies of options and financial futures
mar-markets and empirical tests of asset pricing models A major interest has been the optimal design of interna-
tionally diversified portfolios constructed to control for parameter uncertainty and exchange rate risk In recent years, he has focused on information transmission in the world money markets and yield spread comparisons of domestic and international bonds His research articles have been published in most of the major academic journals in finance His research is widely referenced by other researchers and textbook authors He is an associ-
ate editor for the Emerging Markets Review, Journal of Economics and Business, and the Journal of Multina-
tional Financial Management
Preface
Both of us have been teaching international financial management to undergraduates and M.B.A students at Georgia Institute of Technology, Wake Forest University, and
at other universities we have visited for three decades During this time period, we conducted many research studies, published in major finance and statistics journals, concerning the operation of international financial markets As one might imagine, in doing this we put together an extensive set of teaching materials which we used suc-cessfully in the classroom As the years went by, we individually relied more on our own teaching materials and notes and less on anyone of the major existing textbooks
in international finance (most of which we tried at some point)
As you may be aware, the scope and content of international finance have been fast evolving due to deregulation of financial markets, product innovations, and techno-logical advancements As capital markets of the world are becoming more integrated, a solid understanding of international finance has become essential for astute corporate decision making Reflecting the growing importance of international finance as a dis-cipline, we have seen a sharp increase in the demand for experts in the area in both the corporate and academic worlds
In writing International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, our goal was to
pro-vide well-organized, comprehensive, and up-to-date coverage of the topics that take advantage of our many years of teaching and research in this area We hope the text
is challenging to students This does not mean that it lacks readability The text cussion is written so that a self-contained treatment of each subject is presented in a
dis-user-friendly fashion The text is intended for use at both the advanced undergraduate
and M.B.A levels
The Underlying Pbilosophy
Emphasis on the Basics
International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, like the first five editions, is
written based on two tenets: emphasis on the basics and emphasis on a managerial perspective
We believe that any subject is better learned if one first is well grounded in the basics Consequently, we initially devote several chapters to the fundamental concepts of international finance After these are learned, the remaining material flows easily from them We always bring the reader back, as the more advanced topics are developed, to their relationship to the fundamentals By doing this, we believe students will be left with a framework for analysis that will serve them well when they need to apply this material in their careers in the years ahead
vii
Trang 12viii PREFACE
Sixtb.EditlQD.OrganlzatiQnl
International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, has been completely updated All
data tables and statistics are the most current available when the text went to press
Additionally, the chapters incorporate several new International Finance in Practice boxes that contain real-world illustrations of chapter topics and concepts In the mar-gins below, we highlight specific changes in the sixth edition
This part lays the macroeconomic foundation
for all the topics to follow
Recent economic developments such as the' global
financial crisis and sovereign debt crisis of Europe
-Updated coverage of monetary developments,
including the euro zone crisis
Updated balance-of-payments statistics
Review of corporate governance systems in
different countries, the Dodd-Frank Act,
and managerial implications
This part describes the market for foreign
exchange and introduces currency
derivatives that can be used to manage
foreign exchange exposure
Fully updated market data and examples
Expanded coverage on forward cross-exchange _
rates to facilitate understanding
Integrated coverage of key parity conditions
and currency carry trade
Fully updated market data and examples New
International Finance in Practice box reading
Improved presentation of graphs Expanded
discussion of binomial options pricing model
to facilitate understanding Excel spreadsheet
example of European options-pricing model
using text software FXOPM.xls
This part describes the various types of foreign
exchange risk and discusses methods
available for risk management
Systematic coverage of foreign currency
transaction exposure management
Conceptual and managerial analysis of
economic exposure to currency risk
Expanded coverage of International
Accounting Standards and FASB 133
1 2
- 3
4
- 5 6
Balance of Payments 64 Corporate Governance around the World 83
The Market for Foreign Exchange 112 International Parity Relationships and Forecasting Foreign
Exchange Rates 139 Futures and Options on Foreign Exchange 172
Management of Transaction Exposure 198
Management of Economic Exposure 231
Management of Translation Exposure 252
The text presentation never loses sight of the fact that it is teaching students how to
make managerial decisions International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, is
founded in the belief that the fundamental job of the financial manager is to maximize shareholder wealth This belief permeates the decision-making process we present from cover to cover To reinforce the managerial perspective, we provide numerous
"real-world" stories whenever appropriate
International Banking and Money Market 272
International Bond Market 310 International Equity Markets 330 Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 354
International Portfolio Investment 372
Foreign Direct Investment and Cross-Border Acquisitions 41 2 International Capital Structure and the Cost of Capital 439 International Capital Budgeting 465 Multinational Cash Management 484
-This part provides a thorough discussion of international _ - financial institutions, assets, and marketplaces
Fully updated market data and statistics New discussion on Basel
III capital adequacy standards New lengthy discussion on the
causes and consequences of the global financial crisis Coverage
of Eurodollar interest rate futures contracts moved to this chapter
to show relationship to forward rate agreements New appendix
on mortgage-backed securities, structured debt obligations, collateralized debt obligations, and credit default swaps
Fully updated market data and examples Expanded coverage of the features, characteristics, and regulations governing dollar denominated foreign bonds, Eurobonds, and global bonds
Fully updated market data and statistics New discussion of listing and security regulation Expanded coverage of American Depository Receipts and global registered shares New section on empirical findings on cross-listings and ADRs
cross-Fully updated market data and statistics New International Finance in Practice box Excel spreadsheet example of a currency swap using text software CURSWAP.xls and associated end-of- chapter problem
Updated statistical analysis of international markets and diversification with small-cap stocks
This part covers topics on financial management practices for the multinational firm
Updated trends in cross-border investment and M&A deals Updated political risk scores for countries
New analysis of home bias and the cost of capital around the world
Fully updated comparative national income tax rate table with updated examples New discussion on branch versus subsidiary organizational structure
Trang 13viii PREFACE
Sixtb.EditlQD.OrganlzatiQnl
International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, has been completely updated All
data tables and statistics are the most current available when the text went to press
Additionally, the chapters incorporate several new International Finance in Practice boxes that contain real-world illustrations of chapter topics and concepts In the mar-
gins below, we highlight specific changes in the sixth edition
This part lays the macroeconomic foundation
for all the topics to follow
Recent economic developments such as the' global
financial crisis and sovereign debt crisis of Europe
-Updated coverage of monetary developments,
including the euro zone crisis
Updated balance-of-payments statistics
Review of corporate governance systems in
different countries, the Dodd-Frank Act,
and managerial implications
This part describes the market for foreign
exchange and introduces currency
derivatives that can be used to manage
foreign exchange exposure
Fully updated market data and examples
Expanded coverage on forward cross-exchange _
rates to facilitate understanding
Integrated coverage of key parity conditions
and currency carry trade
Fully updated market data and examples New
International Finance in Practice box reading
Improved presentation of graphs Expanded
discussion of binomial options pricing model
to facilitate understanding Excel spreadsheet
example of European options-pricing model
using text software FXOPM.xls
This part describes the various types of foreign
exchange risk and discusses methods
available for risk management
Systematic coverage of foreign currency
transaction exposure management
Conceptual and managerial analysis of
economic exposure to currency risk
Expanded coverage of International
Accounting Standards and FASB 133
1 2
- 3
4
- 5 6
Balance of Payments 64 Corporate Governance around
Exchange 172
Management of Transaction Exposure 198
Management of Economic Exposure 231
Management of Translation Exposure 252
The text presentation never loses sight of the fact that it is teaching students how to
make managerial decisions International Financial Management, Sixth Edition, is
founded in the belief that the fundamental job of the financial manager is to maximize shareholder wealth This belief permeates the decision-making process we present from cover to cover To reinforce the managerial perspective, we provide numerous
"real-world" stories whenever appropriate
International Banking and Money Market 272
International Bond Market 310 International Equity Markets 330 Interest Rate and Currency Swaps 354
International Portfolio Investment 372
Foreign Direct Investment and Cross-Border
Acquisitions 41 2 International Capital Structure and the Cost of Capital 439 International Capital Budgeting 465 Multinational Cash Management 484
-This part provides a thorough discussion of international _ - financial institutions, assets, and marketplaces
Fully updated market data and statistics New discussion on Basel
III capital adequacy standards New lengthy discussion on the
causes and consequences of the global financial crisis Coverage
of Eurodollar interest rate futures contracts moved to this chapter
to show relationship to forward rate agreements New appendix
on mortgage-backed securities, structured debt obligations, collateralized debt obligations, and credit default swaps
Fully updated market data and examples Expanded coverage of the features, characteristics, and regulations governing dollar denominated foreign bonds, Eurobonds, and global bonds
Fully updated market data and statistics New discussion of listing and security regulation Expanded coverage of American Depository Receipts and global registered shares New section on empirical findings on cross-listings and ADRs
cross-Fully updated market data and statistics New International Finance in Practice box Excel spreadsheet example of a currency swap using text software CURSWAP.xls and associated end-of- chapter problem
Updated statistical analysis of international markets and diversification with small-cap stocks
This part covers topics on financial management practices for the multinational firm
Updated trends in cross-border investment and M&A deals Updated political risk scores for countries
New analysis of home bias and the cost of capital around the world
Fully updated comparative national income tax rate table with updated examples New discussion on branch versus subsidiary organizational structure
Trang 14Balance-of-Payments Accounting Balance-of-Payments Accounts
The Current Account The Capital Account Statistical Discrepancy Qfficial Reserve Account
The' Balance-of-Payments Identity Balance-of-Payments Trends in Major Countries
Internet Exercises
MINI CASE: Mexico's Balance-of-Payments Problem
References and Suggested Readings
ApPENDIX 3A: The Relationship between Balance
of Payments and National Income Accounting
60 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 'The value of the U S dollar represents the nomInal exchange late Index (2005 = 100) with lVelgilts denved from trade amollg 21 IndustrtallZed countnes
EXAMPLE 11 1.1: Rollover Pricing of a Eurocredit
Teltrex International can borrow $3,000,000 at LlBOR plus a lending margin of
.75 percent per annum on a three-month rollover basis from Barclays in London
Suppose that three-month LlBOR is currently 5' %, percent Further suppose that
over the second three-month interval LlBOR falls to 5% percent How much will
Teltrex pay in interest to Barclays over the six-month period for the Eurodollar loan?
82 percent compared to a year earlier
With a number of indicators at play, like the news of Greece's credit concerns and the continued appetite for the Canadian dollar, the CME saw record volumes and notional values in the euro and Australian and Canadian daily volume of 362,000 contracts with total notional ADV of slightly over $62 billion
Australian dollar futures and options climbed to nearly $119,000 in average"{iaily volume with almost
This is the website of NASDAQ OMX It provides detailed information about the stocks and derivative products, including the NFX World Currency Futures, that trade
on the exchanges
S8 billion in total notional ADV
With foreign currency futures going from strength
to strength, the CME Group recently pUb1ished a white paper outlining the benefits of FX futures
''These contracts provide an ideal tool to manage currency or FX risks in an uncertain world," it said
"Product innovation, liquidity, and financial surety are world-class derivatives market The CME Group provides products based on a wide range of frequently transacted currencies, liquidity offered on the state-of-the-art CME afforded by its centralized dearing system."
Trang 15Balance-of-Payments Accounting Balance-of-Payments Accounts
The Current Account The Capital Account
Statistical Discrepancy Qfficial Reserve Account
The' Balance-of-Payments Identity Balance-of-Payments Trends in Major
Countries
Internet Exercises
MINI CASE: Mexico's Balance-of-Payments Problem
References and Suggested Readings
ApPENDIX 3A: The Relationship between Balance
of Payments and National Income Accounting
60 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06 'The value of the U S dollar represents the nomInal exchange late Index (2005 = 100) with lVelgilts denved from trade amollg 21 IndustrtallZed countnes
EXAMPLE 11 1.1: Rollover Pricing of a Eurocredit
Teltrex International can borrow $3,000,000 at LlBOR plus a lending margin of
.75 percent per annum on a three-month rollover basis from Barclays in London
Suppose that three-month LlBOR is currently 5' %, percent Further suppose that
over the second three-month interval LlBOR falls to 5% percent How much will
Teltrex pay in interest to Barclays over the six-month period for the Eurodollar loan?
82 percent compared to a year earlier
With a number of indicators at play, like the news of Greece's credit concerns and the continued appetite for the Canadian dollar, the CME saw record volumes and notional values in the euro and Australian and Canadian daily volume of 362,000 contracts with total notional ADV of slightly over $62 billion
Australian dollar futures and options climbed to nearly $119,000 in average"{iaily volume with almost
This is the website of NASDAQ OMX It provides detailed information about the stocks and derivative products, including the NFX World Currency Futures, that trade
on the exchanges
S8 billion in total notional ADV
With foreign currency futures going from strength
to strength, the CME Group recently pUb1ished a white paper outlining the benefits of FX futures
''These contracts provide an ideal tool to manage currency or FX risks in an uncertain world," it said
"Product innovation, liquidity, and financial surety are world-class derivatives market The CME Group provides products based on a wide range of frequently transacted currencies, liquidity offered on the state-of-the-art CME afforded by its centralized dearing system."
Trang 16from one currency into another, bank deposits of foreign currency, the extension of credit
denominated in a foreign currency, foreign trude financing, and trading in foreign
cur-rency options and futures contracts This chapter limits the discussion to the spot and
forward markets for foreign exchange The other topics are covered in later chapters
1 The FX market is the largest and most active financial market in the world It is
open somewhere in the world 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
2 The FX market is divided into two tiers: the retail or client market and the
whole-sale or interbank market The retail market is where international banks service
trade in international financial assets The great majority of FX trading takes place
positions or conducting speculative and arbitrage trades
3 The FX market participants include international banks, bank cnstomers, nonbank
FX dealers, FX brokers, and central banks
4 In the spot market for FX, nearly immediate purchase and sale of currencies take
place In the chapter, notation for definingta spot rate quotation was developed
~1::~~~:~1~~~~:~~~~~~e~~; ~:~s;~~~~:n~~s~a::t~~ t~:v~:~~:~~ !~r::~ ~:~:~~ p,-'-:'~':'-,.,-, ~-'-:,.".,.,-;"-,.~-+ -', ',=;,,.,.'
mined from the cross-rate formula or a triangular arbitrage opportunity exists
5 In the forward market, buyers and sellers can transact today at the forward price for
the future purchase and sale of foreign exchange Notation for forward exchange
rate quotations was developed The use of forward poillts as a shorthand method '
for expressing forward quotes from spot rate quotations was presented
Addition-ally the concept of a forward premium was developed
6 Exchange-traded currency funds were discussed as a means for both institutional
and retail traders to easily take positions in nine key currencies
1 How would you define transaction exposure? How is it different from economic
exposure?
2 Discuss and compare hedging transaction exposure using the forward contract
versus money market instruments When do alternative hedging approaches
pro-duce the same result?
3 Discuss and compare the costs of hedging by forward contracts and options
conh·acts
The spreadsheet TRNSEXP.xls may be used in solving parts of problems 2, 3, 4, and 6
1 Cray Research sold a supercomputer to the Max Planck Institute in Germany on
credit and invoiced €10 million payable in six months Currently, the six-month
forward exchange rate is $LlO/€ and the foreign exchange adviser for Cray
Research predicts that the spot rate is likely to be $1.05/€ in six months
a What is the expected gain/loss from a forward hedge?
b
Shrewsbury Herbal Products, located in central England close to the Welsh border, is
an old-line producer of herbal teas, seasonings, and medicines Its products are keted all over the United Kingdom and in many parts of continental Europe as well
mar-Shrewsbury Herbal generally invoices in British pound sterling when it sells to foreign customers in order to guard against adverse exchange rate changes Nev- ertheless, it has just received an order from a large wholesaler in central France for time and the order invoiced in euros
Shrewsbury's controller, Elton Peters, is concerned with whether the pound will ciate versus the euro over the next three months, thus eliminating all or most of the profit when the euro receivable is paid He thinks this an unlikely possibility, but he decides to contact the firm's banker for suggestions about hedging the exchange rate exposure
appre-Mr Peters learns from the banker that the current spot exchange rate in €/£ is
€1.4537; thus the invoice amount should be €465, 184 Mr Peters also learns that are $1.89901£ 1.00 and $1.3154/€1.00, respectively The banker offers to set up
a forward hedge for selling the euro receivable for pound sterling based on the €/£
forward cross·exchange rate implicit in the forward rates against the dollar
What would you do if you were Mr Peters?
Susan J Chaplinsky and Amy S Spurr
In April 1995, Lisa Stone ended a conversation with Benjamin Bisno, the president and chief executive officer of Diva Shoes, Inc., concerning his firm's growing exchange rate exposure Since joining the foreign exchange desk at Merrill Lynch three years ago, Stone had worked with Sisno in executing relatively simple "forex" transac- tions for the company She provided information and advice on the firm's decision to increase purchases of materials from Italian suppliers and to expand into the Cana- dian and Japanese markets Diva Shoes, a U.S.-based company, had first introduced its products in Japan in June 1993, and sales had reached an unexpectedly high level
of (Japanese yen) ¥2.47 billion ($25 million) the following year Although Bisno was pleased with his initial success, he questioned how long this demand-and the strong yen that had accompanied it-WOUld last
Bank for International Settlements Triennial Central Bank Survey, 2010, PreliminQIY Results Basle
Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, September 2010
Cheung, Yin-Wong, and Menzie David Chinn "Currency Traders and Exchange Rate Dynamics: A Survey of the US Market." Journal of International Money and Finance 20 (2001), pp 439-71
Dominguez, Kathryn M "Central Bank Intervention and Exchange Rate Volatility." .Tournal of national Money and Finance 17 (1998), pp 161-90
Inter-Federal Reserve Bank of New York The Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Derivatives Markets: Turnol'er ill the United States New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, April 2007
Grabbe, J Orlin International Financial Markets, 3rd ed Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall
UBS Investment Bank Foreign Ex;change and Money Market Transactions This book can be found
and downloaded at www.ibb.ubs.com/lndividuals/files/brochureibooken.pdf
Trang 17from one currency into another, bank deposits of foreign currency, the extension of credit
denominated in a foreign currency, foreign trude financing, and trading in foreign
cur-rency options and futures contracts This chapter limits the discussion to the spot and
forward markets for foreign exchange The other topics are covered in later chapters
1 The FX market is the largest and most active financial market in the world It is
open somewhere in the world 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
2 The FX market is divided into two tiers: the retail or client market and the
whole-sale or interbank market The retail market is where international banks service
trade in international financial assets The great majority of FX trading takes place
positions or conducting speculative and arbitrage trades
3 The FX market participants include international banks, bank cnstomers, nonbank
FX dealers, FX brokers, and central banks
4 In the spot market for FX, nearly immediate purchase and sale of currencies take
place In the chapter, notation for definingta spot rate quotation was developed
~1::~~~:~1~~~~:~~~~~~e~~; ~:~s;~~~~:n~~s~a::t~~ t~:v~:~~:~~ !~r::~ ~:~:~~ p,-'-:'~':'-,.,-, ~-'-:,.".,.,-;"-,.~-+ -', ',=;,,.,.'
mined from the cross-rate formula or a triangular arbitrage opportunity exists
5 In the forward market, buyers and sellers can transact today at the forward price for
the future purchase and sale of foreign exchange Notation for forward exchange
rate quotations was developed The use of forward poillts as a shorthand method '
for expressing forward quotes from spot rate quotations was presented
Addition-ally the concept of a forward premium was developed
6 Exchange-traded currency funds were discussed as a means for both institutional
and retail traders to easily take positions in nine key currencies
1 How would you define transaction exposure? How is it different from economic
exposure?
2 Discuss and compare hedging transaction exposure using the forward contract
versus money market instruments When do alternative hedging approaches
pro-duce the same result?
3 Discuss and compare the costs of hedging by forward contracts and options
conh·acts
The spreadsheet TRNSEXP.xls may be used in solving parts of problems 2, 3, 4, and 6
1 Cray Research sold a supercomputer to the Max Planck Institute in Germany on
credit and invoiced €10 million payable in six months Currently, the six-month
forward exchange rate is $LlO/€ and the foreign exchange adviser for Cray
Research predicts that the spot rate is likely to be $1.05/€ in six months
a What is the expected gain/loss from a forward hedge?
b
Shrewsbury Herbal Products, located in central England close to the Welsh border, is
an old-line producer of herbal teas, seasonings, and medicines Its products are keted all over the United Kingdom and in many parts of continental Europe as well
mar-Shrewsbury Herbal generally invoices in British pound sterling when it sells to foreign customers in order to guard against adverse exchange rate changes Nev- ertheless, it has just received an order from a large wholesaler in central France for time and the order invoiced in euros
Shrewsbury's controller, Elton Peters, is concerned with whether the pound will ciate versus the euro over the next three months, thus eliminating all or most of the profit when the euro receivable is paid He thinks this an unlikely possibility, but he decides to contact the firm's banker for suggestions about hedging the exchange rate exposure
appre-Mr Peters learns from the banker that the current spot exchange rate in €/£ is
€1.4537; thus the invoice amount should be €465, 184 Mr Peters also learns that are $1.89901£ 1.00 and $1.3154/€1.00, respectively The banker offers to set up
a forward hedge for selling the euro receivable for pound sterling based on the €/£
forward cross·exchange rate implicit in the forward rates against the dollar
What would you do if you were Mr Peters?
Susan J Chaplinsky and Amy S Spurr
In April 1995, Lisa Stone ended a conversation with Benjamin Bisno, the president and chief executive officer of Diva Shoes, Inc., concerning his firm's growing exchange rate exposure Since joining the foreign exchange desk at Merrill Lynch three years ago, Stone had worked with Sisno in executing relatively simple "forex" transac- tions for the company She provided information and advice on the firm's decision to increase purchases of materials from Italian suppliers and to expand into the Cana- dian and Japanese markets Diva Shoes, a U.S.-based company, had first introduced its products in Japan in June 1993, and sales had reached an unexpectedly high level
of (Japanese yen) ¥2.47 billion ($25 million) the following year Although Bisno was pleased with his initial success, he questioned how long this demand-and the strong yen that had accompanied it-WOUld last
Bank for International Settlements Triennial Central Bank Survey, 2010, PreliminQIY Results Basle
Switzerland: Bank for International Settlements, September 2010
Cheung, Yin-Wong, and Menzie David Chinn "Currency Traders and Exchange Rate Dynamics: A Survey of the US Market." Journal of International Money and Finance 20 (2001), pp 439-71
Dominguez, Kathryn M "Central Bank Intervention and Exchange Rate Volatility." .Tournal of national Money and Finance 17 (1998), pp 161-90
Inter-Federal Reserve Bank of New York The Foreign Exchange and Interest Rate Derivatives Markets: Turnol'er ill the United States New York: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, April 2007
Grabbe, J Orlin International Financial Markets, 3rd ed Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall
UBS Investment Bank Foreign Ex;change and Money Market Transactions This book can be found
and downloaded at www.ibb.ubs.com/lndividuals/files/brochureibooken.pdf
Trang 18PowerPoint Presentations-PowerPoint slides for each chapter to use in classroom lecture settings, created by John Stansfield
The site also includes the International Finance Software that can be used with this book This Excel software has four main programs:
A currency options pricing program allows students to price put and call options on foreign exchange
A hedging program allows the student to compare forward, money market instruments, futures, and options for hedging exchange risk
A currency swap program allows students to calculate the cash flows and notional values associated with swapping fixed-rate debt from one currency into another
A portfolio optimization program based on the Markowitz model allows for examining the benefits of international portfolio diversification
The four programs can be used to solve certain end-of-chapter problems (marked with
an Excel icon) or assignments the instructor devises A User's Manual and sample projects are included on the website
AcknQwledgments
We are indebted to the many colleagues who provided insight and guidance throughout the development process Their careful work enabled us to create a text that is current, accurate, and modem in its approach Among all who helped in this endeavor for the sixth edition:
California State University, Long Beach University of Central Florida
Mangshar Monica Hussein
California State University, Northridge
University of Colorado at Boulder
Olgun Fuat Sahin
Minnesota State University Moorhead
California State University, San Bernardino Pace University
Jimmy Yang
Oregon State University
Many people assisted in the production of this textbook At the risk of overlooking some individuals, we would like to acknowledge Wendy Galpin for the outstanding job she did proofreading the manuscript and Yusri Zaro for his hard work checking the accuracy of the solutions manual Rohan-Rao Ganduri, Kristen Seaver, Milind Shrikhande, Jin-Gil Jeong, Sanjiv Sabherwal, Sandy Lai, Jinsoo Lee, Hyung Suk Choi, and Victor Huang provided useful inputs into the text Professor Martin Glaum
of the Giessen University (Germany) also provided valuable comments
We also wish to thank the many professionals at McGraw-HilllIrwin for their time and patience with us Michele Janicek, executive editor, and Alyssa Otterness, editorial coordinator, have done a marvelous job guiding us through this edition, as has Lisa Bruflodt, as project manager
Last, but not least, we would like to thank our families, Christine, James, and Elizabeth Eun and Donna Resnick, for their tireless love and support, without which this book would not have become a reality
We hope that you enjoy using International Financial Management, Sixth Edition
In addition, we welcome your comments for improvement Please let us know either through McGraw-HilllIrwin, c/o Editorial, or at our e-mail addresses provided below
Cheol S Eun cheol.eun@mgt.gatech.edu
Bruce G Resnick bruce.resnick@mba.wfu.edu
Trang 19documents and in computerized EZ Test format
PowerPoint Presentations-PowerPoint slides for each chapter to use in classroom lecture settings, created by John Stansfield
The site also includes the International Finance Software that can be used with this book This Excel software has four main programs:
A currency options pricing program allows students to price put and call options on foreign exchange
A hedging program allows the student to compare forward, money market instruments, futures, and options for hedging exchange risk
A currency swap program allows students to calculate the cash flows and notional values associated with swapping fixed-rate debt from one currency
into another
A portfolio optimization program based on the Markowitz model allows for examining the benefits of international portfolio diversification
The four programs can be used to solve certain end-of-chapter problems (marked with
an Excel icon) or assignments the instructor devises A User's Manual and sample projects are included on the website
AcknQwledgments
We are indebted to the many colleagues who provided insight and guidance throughout the development process Their careful work enabled us to create a text that is current, accurate, and modem in its approach Among all who helped in this endeavor for the
sixth edition:
California State University, Long Beach University of Central Florida
Mangshar Monica Hussein
California State University, Northridge
University of Colorado at Boulder
Olgun Fuat Sahin
Minnesota State University Moorhead
California State University, San Bernardino Pace University
Jimmy Yang
Oregon State University
Many people assisted in the production of this textbook At the risk of overlooking some individuals, we would like to acknowledge Wendy Galpin for the outstanding job she did proofreading the manuscript and Yusri Zaro for his hard work checking the accuracy of the solutions manual Rohan-Rao Ganduri, Kristen Seaver, Milind Shrikhande, Jin-Gil Jeong, Sanjiv Sabherwal, Sandy Lai, Jinsoo Lee, Hyung Suk Choi, and Victor Huang provided useful inputs into the text Professor Martin Glaum
of the Giessen University (Germany) also provided valuable comments
We also wish to thank the many professionals at McGraw-HilllIrwin for their time and patience with us Michele Janicek, executive editor, and Alyssa Otterness, editorial coordinator, have done a marvelous job guiding us through this edition, as has Lisa Bruflodt, as project manager
Last, but not least, we would like to thank our families, Christine, James, and Elizabeth Eun and Donna Resnick, for their tireless love and support, without which this book would not have become a reality
We hope that you enjoy using International Financial Management, Sixth Edition
In addition, we welcome your comments for improvement Please let us know either through McGraw-HilllIrwin, c/o Editorial, or at our e-mail addresses provided below
Cheol S Eun cheol.eun@mgt.gatech.edu
Bruce G Resnick bruce.resnick@mba.wfu.edu
Trang 20Foundations of International Financial
Globalization and the Multinational Firm, 4
The Foreign Exchange Market, Exchange Rate
Exchange Rates, 139
PART FOUR
PART FIVE
World Financial Markets and Institutions
15 International Portfolio Investment, 368
Financial "', "' of the Multinational Firm
Glossary, 525 Index, 533
xvii
Trang 21Foundations of International Financial
Globalization and the Multinational Firm, 4
The Foreign Exchange Market, Exchange Rate
Exchange Rates, 139
PART FOUR
PART FIVE
World Financial Markets and Institutions
15 International Portfolio Investment, 368
Financial "', "' of the Multinational Firm
Glossary, 525 Index, 533
xvii
Trang 22Foundations of International Financial
What's Special about International Finance?, 5
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks, 5 Market Imperfections, 6
Expanded Opportunity Set, 7
Goals for International Financial Management, 8
Globalization of the World Economy:
Major Trends and Developments, 10
Emergence of Globalized Financial
Markets, 10 Emergence of the Euro as a Global
1973-Present, 36 The Current Exchange Rate Arrangements, 38 European Monetary System, 42
The Euro and the European Monetary Union, 45
A Brief History of the Euro, 45 What Are the Benefits of Monetary
Union?, 46
Balance-of-Payments Accounting, 64 Balance-of-Payments Accounts, 66
The Current Account, 66 The Capital Account, 68 Statistical Discrepancy, 70
Europe's Sovereign Debt Crisis of
2010, 12 Trade Liberalization and Economic Integration, 14
Privatization, 16 Global Financial Crisis of
2008-2009, 18
Multinational Corporations, 20
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
Multinationals More Efficient, 21 Summary, 23
MIN I CASE: Nike and Sweatshop Labor, 25
APPENDIX 1 A: Gain from Trade: The Theory
Origins of the Asian Currency Crisis, 54 Lessons from the Asian Currency Crisis, 55
The Argentine Peso Crisis, 57 Fixed versus Flexible Exchange Rate Regimes, 58
Summary, 60
MINI CASE: Will the United Kingdom Join the Euro Club?, 62
Official Reserve Account, 71
The Balance-ot-Payments Identity, 73 Balance-of-Payments Trends in Major Countries, 73
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: The Dollar and the Deficit, 76
CONTENTS
Corporate Governance Around the World, 83
PART TWO
The Market for Foreign Exchange, 112
International Parity Relationships and Forecasting Foreign Exchange Rates, 139
Board of Directors, 87
Incentive Contracts, 88 Concentrated Ownership, 88
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: When Boards Are All in the Family, 89
Accounting Transparency, 90 Debt, 91
Overseas Stock Listings, 91 Market for Corporate Control, 92
Law and Corporate Governance, 93
APPENDIX 3A: The Relationship Between Balance of Payments and National Income Accounting, 82
Consequences of Law, 96
Ownership and Control Pattern, 96 Private Benefits of Control, 100 Capital Markets and Valuation, 100
Corporate Governance Reform, 101
Objectives of Reform, 101
Political Dynamics, 102 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 102
xix
The Cadbury Code of Best Practice, 103
The Dodd-Frank Act, 104 Summary, 105
MIN I CAS E: Parmalat: Europe's Enron, 107
The Foreign Exchange Market, Exchange Rate Determination and Currency Derivatives
Function and Structure of the FX Market, 113
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: The Mouse Takes Over the Floor, 11 4
FX Market Participants, 114 Correspondent Banking Relationships, 116
The Spot Market, 11 7
Spot Rate Quotations, II 7
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Where Money Talks Very Loudly, 118
Cross-Exchange Rate Quotations, 122 Alternative Expressions for the Cross-Exchange Rate, 123 The Bid-Ask Spread, 123 Spot FX Trading, 124
Interest Rate Parity, 139
Covered Interest Arbitrage, 141 Interest Rate Parity and Exchange Rate Determination, 144
Currency Carry Trade, 145 Reasons for Deviations from Interest Rate Parity, 146
Purchasing Power Parity, 148
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
The Forward Market, 129
Forward Rate Quotations, 129 Long and Short Forward Positions, 130 Forward Cross-Exchange Rates, 130 Forward Premium, 131
Efficient Market Approach, 158 Fundamental Approach, 159 Technical Approach, 160 Performance of the Forecasters, 161
Trang 23Foundations of International Financial
What's Special about International Finance?, 5
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks, 5 Market Imperfections, 6
Expanded Opportunity Set, 7
Goals for International Financial Management, 8
Globalization of the World Economy:
Major Trends and Developments, 10
Emergence of Globalized Financial
Markets, 10 Emergence of the Euro as a Global
Interwar Period: 1915-1944, 32 Bretton Woods System: 1945-1972, 33
The Flexible Exchange Rate Regime:
1973-Present, 36 The Current Exchange Rate Arrangements, 38
European Monetary System, 42 The Euro and the European Monetary
The Current Account, 66 The Capital Account, 68 Statistical Discrepancy, 70
Europe's Sovereign Debt Crisis of
2010, 12 Trade Liberalization and Economic
Integration, 14 Privatization, 16
Global Financial Crisis of
2008-2009, 18
Multinational Corporations, 20
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
Multinationals More Efficient, 21 Summary, 23
MIN I CASE: Nike and Sweatshop Labor, 25
APPENDIX 1 A: Gain from Trade: The Theory
MINI CASE: Will the United Kingdom Join the Euro Club?, 62
Official Reserve Account, 71
The Balance-ot-Payments Identity, 73 Balance-of-Payments Trends in Major
PART TWO
The Market for Foreign Exchange, 112
International Parity Relationships and Forecasting Foreign Exchange Rates, 139
Board of Directors, 87
Incentive Contracts, 88 Concentrated Ownership, 88
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: When Boards Are All in the Family, 89
Accounting Transparency, 90 Debt, 91
Overseas Stock Listings, 91 Market for Corporate Control, 92
Law and Corporate Governance, 93
APPENDIX 3A: The Relationship Between Balance of Payments and National Income Accounting, 82
Consequences of Law, 96
Ownership and Control Pattern, 96 Private Benefits of Control, 100 Capital Markets and Valuation, 100
Corporate Governance Reform, 101
Objectives of Reform, 101
Political Dynamics, 102 The Sarbanes-Oxley Act, 102
xix
The Cadbury Code of Best Practice, 103
The Dodd-Frank Act, 104 Summary, 105
MIN I CAS E: Parmalat: Europe's Enron, 107
The Foreign Exchange Market, Exchange Rate Determination and Currency Derivatives
Function and Structure of the FX Market, 113
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: The Mouse Takes Over the Floor, 11 4
FX Market Participants, 114 Correspondent Banking Relationships, 116
The Spot Market, 11 7
Spot Rate Quotations, II 7
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Where Money Talks Very Loudly, 118
Cross-Exchange Rate Quotations, 122 Alternative Expressions for the Cross-Exchange Rate, 123 The Bid-Ask Spread, 123 Spot FX Trading, 124
Interest Rate Parity, 139
Covered Interest Arbitrage, 141 Interest Rate Parity and Exchange Rate Determination, 144
Currency Carry Trade, 145 Reasons for Deviations from Interest Rate Parity, 146
Purchasing Power Parity, 148
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
The Forward Market, 129
Forward Rate Quotations, 129 Long and Short Forward Positions, 130 Forward Cross-Exchange Rates, 130 Forward Premium, 131
Efficient Market Approach, 158 Fundamental Approach, 159 Technical Approach, 160 Performance of the Forecasters, 161
Trang 24Currency Futures Options, 1 81
Basic Option-Pricing Relationships at Expiration, 181
American Option-Pricing Relationships, 184 European Option-Pricing Relationships, 186 Binomial Option-Pricing Model, 188 European Option"Pricing Formula, 190 Empirical Tests of Currency Options, 192 Summary, 192
MIN I CA S E: The Options Speculator, 1 94
Foreign Exchange Exposure and Management
Three Types of Exposure, 1 98 Forward Market Hedge, 200 Money Market Hedge, 202 Options Market Hedge, 203 Hedging Foreign Currency Payables, 205
Forward Contract, 206 Money Market Instruments, 206 Currency Options Contracts, 207
Cross-Hedging Minor Currency Exposure, 208 Hedging Contingent Exposure, 208
Hedging Recurrent Exposure with Swap Contracts, 209
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: U.S Firms Feel the Pain of Peso's Plunge, 229 How to Measure Economic Exposure, 229 Operating Exposure: Definition, 233 Illustration of Operating Exposure, 234 Determinants of Operating Exposure, 236 Managing Operating Exposure, 238
Selecting Low-Cost Production Sites, 239
Flexible Sourcing Policy, 239
Translation Methods, 248
Current/Noncurrent Method, 248 Monetary/Nonmonetary Method, 249 Temporal Method, 249
Current Rate Method, 249
Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement 8, 250
Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement 52, 250
The Mechanics of the FASB 52 Translation
Process, 253 Highly Inflationary Economies, 254
Hedging through Invoice Currency, 210 Hedging via Lead and Lag, 210 Exposure Netting, 211 Should the Firm Hedge?, 211
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: To Hedge
or Not to Hedge, 212 What Risk Management Products Do Firms Use?, 215
Summary,' 216
MINI CASE: Airbus' Dollar Exposure, 219
CASE APPLICATION: Diva Shoes, Inc., 220
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Porsche Powers Profit with Currency Plays, 240
Diversification of the Market, 240 R&D Efforts and Product Differentiation, 240 Financial Hedging, 241
CASE APPLICATION: Exchange Risk Management at Merck, 242 Summary, 244
MINI CASE: Economic Exposure of Albion Computers PLC, 246
International Accounting Standards, 254
CASE APPLICATION: Consolidation of Accounts according to FASB 52: The Centralia Corporation, 254
Management of Translation Exposure, 258
Translation Exposure versus Transaction Exposure, 258
Hedging Translation Exposure, 259 Balance Sheet Hedge, 259 Derivatives Hedge, 260 7ranslation Exposure versus Operating Exposure, 261
CONTENTS
PART FOUR
International Banking and Money
Market, 268
International Bond Market, 306
International Equity Markets, 326
Empirical Analysis of the Change from FASB 8 to FASB 52, 261
Summary, 262
MINI CASE: Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc., 263
xxi
World Financial Markets and Institutions
International Banking Services, 268
The World's Largest Banks, 269
Reasons for International Banking, 270 Types of International Banking Offices, 270
Correspondent Bank, 271 Representative Offices, 271 Foreign Branches, 271 Subsidiary and Affiliate Banks, 272 Edge Act Banks, 272
Offshore Banking Centers, 272 International Banking Facilities, 273
Capital Adequacy Standards, 273 International Money Market, 276
Eurocurrency Market, 276 Eurocredits, 278
Forward Rate Agreements, 279 Euronotes, 281
The World's Bond Markets: A Statistical Perspective, 306
Foreign Bonds and Eurobonds, 306
Bearer Bonds and Registered Bonds, 307
National Security Regulations, 307 Withholding Taxes, 308
Security Regulations that Ease Bond Issuance, 308
Global Bonds, 309
Types of Instruments, 309
Straight Fixed-Rate Issues, 309
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: SOX and Bonds, 310
Euro-Medium- Term Notes, 310 Floating-Rate Notes, 311
Market Structure, Trading Practices, and Costs, 331
Market Consolidations and Mergers, 333
Eurocommercial Paper, 281 Eurodollar Interest Rate Futures Contracts, 281
International Debt Crisis, 283
History, 284 Debt-for-Equity Swaps, 285 The Solution: Brady Bonds, 286
The Asian Crisis, 286 Global Financial Crisis, 287
The Credit Crunch, 287 Impact of the Financial Crisis, 291 Economic Stimulus, 292
The Aftermath, 293
Summary, 295
MIN I CAS E: Detroit Motors' Latin American Expansion, 299
APPENDIX 11 A: Eurocurrency Creation, 301
APPENDIX 11 B: MBS, SIV, CDO, CDS, 304
Equity-Related Bonds, 311 Dual-Currency Bonds, 311
Currency Distribution, Nationality, and Type of Issuer, 31 2
International Bond Market Credit Ratings, 313
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Heineken Refreshes Euromarket with Spectacular Unrated Bonds, 314
Eurobond Market Structure and Practices, 31 5
Primary Market, 315 Secondary Market, 320 Clearing Procedures, 320
International Bond Market Indexes, 321 Summary, 323
MIN I CAS E: Sara Lee Corporation's Eurobonds, 325
Trading in International Equities, 334
Cross-Listing of Shares, 334 Yankee Stock Offerings, 336 American Depository Receipts, 336 Global Registered Shares, 340 Empirical Findings on Cross-Listing and ADRs, 340
International Equity Market Benchmarks, 342 iShares MSCI, 343
Trang 25MIN I CA S E: The Options Speculator, 1 94
Foreign Exchange Exposure and Management
Three Types of Exposure, 1 98 Forward Market Hedge, 200
Money Market Hedge, 202 Options Market Hedge, 203
Hedging Foreign Currency Payables, 205
Forward Contract, 206 Money Market Instruments, 206
Currency Options Contracts, 207
Cross-Hedging Minor Currency Exposure, 208 Hedging Contingent Exposure, 208
Hedging Recurrent Exposure with Swap Contracts, 209
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: U.S Firms Feel the Pain of Peso's Plunge, 229
How to Measure Economic Exposure, 229 Operating Exposure: Definition, 233
Illustration of Operating Exposure, 234 Determinants of Operating Exposure, 236
Managing Operating Exposure, 238
Selecting Low-Cost Production Sites, 239
Flexible Sourcing Policy, 239
Translation Methods, 248
Current/Noncurrent Method, 248 Monetary/Nonmonetary Method, 249
Temporal Method, 249 Current Rate Method, 249
Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement 8, 250
Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement 52, 250
The Mechanics of the FASB 52 Translation
Process, 253 Highly Inflationary Economies, 254
Hedging through Invoice Currency, 210 Hedging via Lead and Lag, 210
Exposure Netting, 211 Should the Firm Hedge?, 211
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: To Hedge
or Not to Hedge, 212 What Risk Management Products Do
Firms Use?, 215 Summary,' 216
MINI CASE: Airbus' Dollar Exposure, 219
CASE APPLICATION: Diva Shoes, Inc., 220
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Porsche Powers Profit with Currency Plays, 240
Diversification of the Market, 240 R&D Efforts and Product Differentiation, 240
International Accounting Standards, 254
CASE APPLICATION: Consolidation of Accounts according to FASB 52: The Centralia
Corporation, 254 Management of Translation Exposure, 258
Translation Exposure versus Transaction Exposure, 258
Hedging Translation Exposure, 259 Balance Sheet Hedge, 259
Derivatives Hedge, 260 7ranslation Exposure versus Operating
Exposure, 261
CONTENTS
PART FOUR
International Banking and Money
Market, 268
International Bond Market, 306
International Equity Markets, 326
Empirical Analysis of the Change from FASB 8 to FASB 52, 261
Summary, 262
MINI CASE: Sundance Sporting Goods, Inc., 263
xxi
World Financial Markets and Institutions
International Banking Services, 268
The World's Largest Banks, 269
Reasons for International Banking, 270 Types of International Banking Offices, 270
Correspondent Bank, 271 Representative Offices, 271 Foreign Branches, 271 Subsidiary and Affiliate Banks, 272 Edge Act Banks, 272
Offshore Banking Centers, 272 International Banking Facilities, 273
Capital Adequacy Standards, 273 International Money Market, 276
Eurocurrency Market, 276 Eurocredits, 278
Forward Rate Agreements, 279 Euronotes, 281
The World's Bond Markets: A Statistical Perspective, 306
Foreign Bonds and Eurobonds, 306
Bearer Bonds and Registered Bonds, 307
National Security Regulations, 307 Withholding Taxes, 308
Security Regulations that Ease Bond Issuance, 308
Global Bonds, 309
Types of Instruments, 309
Straight Fixed-Rate Issues, 309
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: SOX and Bonds, 310
Euro-Medium- Term Notes, 310 Floating-Rate Notes, 311
Market Structure, Trading Practices, and Costs, 331
Market Consolidations and Mergers, 333
Eurocommercial Paper, 281 Eurodollar Interest Rate Futures Contracts, 281
International Debt Crisis, 283
History, 284 Debt-for-Equity Swaps, 285 The Solution: Brady Bonds, 286
The Asian Crisis, 286 Global Financial Crisis, 287
The Credit Crunch, 287 Impact of the Financial Crisis, 291 Economic Stimulus, 292
The Aftermath, 293
Summary, 295
MIN I CAS E: Detroit Motors' Latin American Expansion, 299
APPENDIX 11 A: Eurocurrency Creation, 301
APPENDIX 11 B: MBS, SIV, CDO, CDS, 304
Equity-Related Bonds, 311 Dual-Currency Bonds, 311
Currency Distribution, Nationality, and Type of Issuer, 31 2
International Bond Market Credit Ratings, 313
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Heineken Refreshes Euromarket with Spectacular Unrated Bonds, 314
Eurobond Market Structure and Practices, 31 5
Primary Market, 315 Secondary Market, 320 Clearing Procedures, 320
International Bond Market Indexes, 321 Summary, 323
MIN I CAS E: Sara Lee Corporation's Eurobonds, 325
Trading in International Equities, 334
Cross-Listing of Shares, 334 Yankee Stock Offerings, 336 American Depository Receipts, 336 Global Registered Shares, 340 Empirical Findings on Cross-Listing and ADRs, 340
International Equity Market Benchmarks, 342 iShares MSCI, 343
Trang 26Size of the Swap Market, 351
The Swap Bank, 351
Swap Market Quotations, 351
Interest Rate Swaps, 352
Basic Interest Rate Swap, 352 Pricing the Basic Interest Rate Swap, 355
Basic Currency Swap, 355 Equivalency of Currency Swap Debt Service Obligations, 357
International Correlation Structure and Risk Diversification, 369
Optimal International Portfolio Selection, 371
Effects of Changes in the Exchange Rate, 378
International Bond Investment, 380
International Mutual Funds: A Performance Evaluation, 381
International Diversification through Country Funds, 383
International Diversification with ADRs, 386
International Diversification with Traded Funds (ETFs) 387
Exchange-INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
Stay-at-Home Shareholders, 388
Exchange Rates, 345 Industrial Structure, 345
Summary, 346
MIN I CAS E: San Pico's New Stock Exchange, 348
Pricing the Basic Currency Swap, 358
A Basic Currency Swap Reconsidered, 359
Variations of Basic Interest Rate and Currency Swaps, 360
Risks of Interest Rate and Currency Swaps, 360
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Fallout from Greece's Swap, 361
Is the Swap Market Efficient?, 362
Why Home Bias in Portfolio Holdings?, 390
International Diversification with Small-Cap Stocks, 392
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Linear Sequence in Manufacturing: Singer &
Acquisitions, 41 7 Political Risk and FDI, 422
Summary, 429
MIN I CAS E: Enron versus Bombay Politicians, 431
CASE APPLICATION: Novo Industri, 440
Cross-Border Listings of Stocks, 442
Capital Asset Pricing under Cross-Listings, 447
The Effect of Foreign Equity Ownership Restrictions, 449
1-International Capital Budgeting, 461
Multinational Cash Management, 480
international Trade Finance, 491
International Tax Environment and Transfer Pricing, 802
Pricing-to-Market Phenomenon, 450
CASE APPLICATION: Nestle, 450
Asset Pricing under Foreign Ownership Restrictions, 451
Review of Domestic Capital Budgeting, 462
The Adjusted Present Value Model, 463
Capital Budgeting from the Parent Firm's Perspective, 465
Generality of the APV Model, 467 Estimating the Future Expected Exchange Rate, 468
CASE APPLICATION: The Centralia Corporation, 468
The Management of International Cash Balances, 480
CASE APPLICATION: Teltrex's Cash Management System, 480
Bilateral Netting of Internal and External Net Cash Flows, 485
Reduction in Precautionary Cash Balances, 486
A Typical Foreign Trade Transaction, 491
Forfaiting, 494
Government Assistance in Exporting, 494
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: First Islamic Forfaiting Fund Set Up, 495
The Export-Import Bank and Affiliated Organizations, 495
Countertrade, 496
The Objectives of Taxation, 502
Tax Neutrality, 502 Tax Equity, 503
Types of Taxation, 503
Income Tax, 503 Withholding Tax, 505 Value-Added Tax, 505
National Tax Environments, 507
Worldwide Taxation, 507 Territorial Taxation, 507
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: The TAXING Devil You Know, 508
Foreign Tax Credits, 508
Organizational Structures, 509
Branch and Subsidiary Income, 509 Tax Havens, 510
Glossary, 525 Index, 533
MINI CASE 1: Dorchester, Ltd., 477
MIN I CAS E 2: Strik-it-Rich Gold Mining Company, 478
Cash Management Systems in Practice, 488
Controlled Foreign Corporation, 511
Transfer Pricing and Related Issues, 511
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: On or Off? It's a Matter of Degree, 51 2
CASE APPLICATION: Mintel Products Transfer Pricing Strategy, 512
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Transfer Pricing Is the Most Important International Tax Issue, 516
Miscellaneous Factors, 519 Advance Pricing Agreement, 519
Trang 27Size of the Swap Market, 351
The Swap Bank, 351
Swap Market Quotations, 351
Interest Rate Swaps, 352
Basic Interest Rate Swap, 352 Pricing the Basic Interest Rate Swap, 355
Optimal International Portfolio Selection, 371
Effects of Changes in the Exchange Rate, 378
International Bond Investment, 380
International Mutual Funds: A Performance Evaluation, 381
International Diversification through Country Funds, 383
International Diversification with ADRs, 386
International Diversification with Traded Funds (ETFs) 387
Exchange-INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE:
Stay-at-Home Shareholders, 388
Exchange Rates, 345 Industrial Structure, 345
Summary, 346
MIN I CAS E: San Pico's New Stock Exchange, 348
Pricing the Basic Currency Swap, 358
A Basic Currency Swap Reconsidered, 359
Variations of Basic Interest Rate and Currency Swaps, 360
Risks of Interest Rate and Currency Swaps, 360
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Fallout from Greece's Swap, 361
Is the Swap Market Efficient?, 362
Why Home Bias in Portfolio Holdings?, 390
International Diversification with Small-Cap Stocks, 392
Intangible Assets, 414 Vertical Integration, 415
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Linear Sequence in Manufacturing: Singer &
CASE APPLICATION: Novo Industri, 440
Cross-Border Listings of Stocks, 442
Capital Asset Pricing under Cross-Listings, 447
The Effect of Foreign Equity Ownership Restrictions, 449
1-International Capital Budgeting, 461
Multinational Cash Management, 480
international Trade Finance, 491
International Tax Environment and Transfer Pricing, 802
Pricing-to-Market Phenomenon, 450
CASE APPLICATION: Nestle, 450
Asset Pricing under Foreign Ownership Restrictions, 451
Review of Domestic Capital Budgeting, 462
The Adjusted Present Value Model, 463
Capital Budgeting from the Parent Firm's Perspective, 465
Generality of the APV Model, 467 Estimating the Future Expected Exchange Rate, 468
CASE APPLICATION: The Centralia Corporation, 468
The Management of International Cash Balances, 480
CASE APPLICATION: Teltrex's Cash Management System, 480
Bilateral Netting of Internal and External Net Cash Flows, 485
Reduction in Precautionary Cash Balances, 486
A Typical Foreign Trade Transaction, 491
Forfaiting, 494
Government Assistance in Exporting, 494
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: First Islamic Forfaiting Fund Set Up, 495
The Export-Import Bank and Affiliated Organizations, 495
Countertrade, 496
The Objectives of Taxation, 502
Tax Neutrality, 502 Tax Equity, 503
Types of Taxation, 503
Income Tax, 503 Withholding Tax, 505 Value-Added Tax, 505
National Tax Environments, 507
Worldwide Taxation, 507 Territorial Taxation, 507
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: The TAXING Devil You Know, 508
Foreign Tax Credits, 508
Organizational Structures, 509
Branch and Subsidiary Income, 509 Tax Havens, 510
Glossary, 525 Index, 533
MINI CASE 1: Dorchester, Ltd., 477
MIN I CAS E 2: Strik-it-Rich Gold Mining Company, 478
Cash Management Systems in Practice, 488
Controlled Foreign Corporation, 511
Transfer Pricing and Related Issues, 511
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: On or Off? It's a Matter of Degree, 51 2
CASE APPLICATION: Mintel Products Transfer Pricing Strategy, 512
INTERNATIONAL FINANCE IN PRACTICE: Transfer Pricing Is the Most Important International Tax Issue, 516
Miscellaneous Factors, 519 Advance Pricing Agreement, 519
Trang 30Globalization and the Multinational Firm
International Monetary System
Balance of Payments
Corporate Governance Around the World
distinguishes international finance from domestic finance
CHAPTER 2 introduces the various types of international· monetary systems under which the world economy can function and has functioned
at various times The chapter traces the historical development of the world's international monetary systems from the early 1800s to the present
Additionally, a detailed discussion of the European Monetary Union is presented
CHAPTER 3 presents balance-of-payment concepts and accounting The chapter shows that even a country must keep its "economic house in order"
or else it will experience current account deficits that will undermine the value
of its currency
CHAPTER 4 provides an overview of corporate governance around the world • Corporate governance structure varies greatly across countries, reflecting diverse cultural, economic, political, and legal environments
3
Trang 31Globalization and the Multinational Firm
International Monetary System
Balance of Payments
Corporate Governance Around the World
distinguishes international finance from domestic finance
CHAPTER 2 introduces the various types of international· monetary systems under which the world economy can function and has functioned
at various times The chapter traces the historical development of the world's international monetary systems from the early 1800s to the present
Additionally, a detailed discussion of the European Monetary Union is presented
CHAPTER 3 presents balance-of-payment concepts and accounting The chapter shows that even a country must keep its "economic house in order"
or else it will experience current account deficits that will undermine the value
of its currency
CHAPTER 4 provides an overview of corporate governance around the world • Corporate governance structure varies greatly across countries, reflecting diverse cultural, economic, political, and legal environments
3
Trang 321 Globalization and the -'
Multinational Firm
What's Special about International Finance? AS THE TITLE International Financial Management indicates,
in this book we are concerned with financial management in
an international setting Financial management is mainly
con-cerned with how to optimally make various corporate financial
decisions, such as those pertaining to investment, financi.ng, dividend policy, and working capital management, with a VieW
to achieving a set of given corporate objectives In Ang~o
American countries as well as in many advanced countnes wIth well-developed capital markets, maximizing shareholder we.alth
is generally considered the most important corporate obJectIve
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks
Market Imperfections
Expanded Opportunity Set
Goals for International Financial Manapement
Globalization of the World Economy: Major
Trends and Developments
Emergence of Globalized Financial Markets
Emergence of the Euro as a Global Currency
Europe's Sovereign Debt Crisis of 2010 Why do we need to study "international" financial
manage-ment? The answer to this question is straightforward: We are now living in a highly globalized and integrat~d world econom~
American consumers, for example, routmely purchase 011 imported from Saudi Arabia and Nigeria, TV sets from Ko~ea,
automobiles from Germany and Japan, garments from Chma, shoes from Indonesia, pasta from Italy, and wine from France
Foreigners, in tum, purchase American-made ~craft, ~oftw~e,
movies, jeans, wheat, and other products ContI~ued li~erah~a
tion of international trade is certain to further mternatlOnahze
Trade Liberalization and Economic Integration
References and Suggested Readings
ApPENDIX 1A: Gain from Trade: The Theory of
Like consumption, production of goods and serVIces has become highly globalized To a large extent, this has happened
as a result of multinational corporations' (MNCs) relentless efforts to source inputs and locate production anywhere in the world where costs are lower and profits are higher For exam-ple, personal computers sold in the world market might have
4
Comparative Advantage
been assembled in Malaysia with Taiwanese-made monitors, Korean-made keyboards, U.S.-made chips, and preinstalled software packages that were jointly ~eveloped by U.S and Indian engineers It has often become difficult to clearly aSSOCIate a product
Recently, financial markets have also become highly integrate~ ThIS development
allows investors to diversify their investment portfolios internatI~nally In ~009, for instance, U.S investors collectively invested $549 billion i~ ~ore~gn secuntIes, ~uc~
as stocks and bonds whereas foreigners invested $377 bilhon m U.S secuntIes
In particular, Asian ~d Middle Eastern investors are iI~vesting heavily in U.S and other foreign financial markets in efforts to recycle then enormous trade surpl~s~s
In addition, many major corporations of the world, such as IBM, Toyota, and Bntish Petroleum have their shares cross-listed on foreign stock exchanges, thereby render-ing their shares internationally tradable and gaining acc~ss to foreign capital as ~ell
Consequently, Toyota's venture, say, in China can be fmanced partly by Amencan investors who purchase Toyota shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange
lThis information is from International Financial Statistics June 2010
Undoubtedly, we are now living in a world where all the major economic functions-consumption, production, and investment-are highly globalize ct It is thus essential for financial managers to fully understand vital international dimensions of
financial management This global shift is in marked contrast to a few decades ago,
when the authors of this book were learning finance At that time, most professors customarily (and safely, to some extent) ignored international aspects of finance This attitude has become untenable since then
Whafs Speclal abQutJnternatlonalEinance?
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks
https:llwww.cia.gov/library/
factbook
publications/the-world-Website of The World Factbook
published by the CIA provides background information, such
as geography, government, and economy, of countries around the world
Although we may be convinced of the importance of studying international finance,
we still have to ask ourselves, what's special about international finance? Put another way, how is international finance different from purely domestic finance (if such a thing exists)? Three major dimensions set international finance apart from domestic finance They are:
1 Foreign exchange and political risks
2 Market imperfections
3 Expanded opportunity set
As we will see, these major dimensions of international finance largely stem from the fact that sovereign nations have the right and power to issue currencies, formulate their own economic policies, impose taxes, and regulate movements of people, goods, and capital across their borders Before we move on, let us briefly describe each of the key dimensions of international financial management
Suppose Mexico is a major export market for your company and the Mexican peso ciates drastically against the U.S dollar, as it did in December 1994 This means that your company's products can be priced out of the Mexican market, as the peso price of American imports will rise following the peso's fall If such countries as Indonesia, Thailand, and Korea are major export markets, your company would have faced the salle difficult situ-ation in the wake of the Asian currency crisis of 1997 In integrated financial markets, individuals or households may also be seriously exposed to uncertain exchange rates For example, since the EU accession many Hungarians have borrowed in tenns of the euro or Swiss franc to purchase houses They were initially attracted by the easy availability and low interest rates for foreign currency mortgage loans However, as the Hungarian cur-rency, forint, was falling against the euro and Swiss franc during the recent global financial crisis, the burden of mortgage payments in tenns of forint has increased sharply, forcing many borrowers to default The preceding examples suggest that when finns and indi-viduals are engaged in cross-border transactions, they are potentially exposed to foreign exchange risk that they would not nonnally encounter in purely domestic transactions Currently, the exchange rates among such major currencies as the U.S dollar, Japanese yen, British pound, and euro fluctuate continuously in an unpredictable man-ner This has been the case since the early 1970s, when fixed exchange rates were abandoned As can be seen from Exhibit 1.1, exchange rate volatility has exploded since 1973 Exchange rate uncertainty will have a pervasive influence on all the major economic functions, including consumption, production, and investment
depre-Another risk that finns and individuals may encounter in an international setting is political risk Political risk ranges from unexpected changes in tax rules to outright expropriation of assets held by foreigners Political risk arises from the fact that a sovereign country can change the "rules of the game" and the affected parties may not have effective recourse In 1992, for example, the Enron Development Corpo-ration, a subsidiary of a Houston-based energy company, signed a contract to build India's largest power plant After Enron had spent nearly $300 million, the project was
5
Trang 331 Globalization and the -'
Multinational Firm
What's Special about International Finance? AS THE TITLE International Financial Management indicates,
in this book we are concerned with financial management in
an international setting Financial management is mainly
con-cerned with how to optimally make various corporate financial
decisions, such as those pertaining to investment, financi.ng, dividend policy, and working capital management, with a VieW
to achieving a set of given corporate objectives In Ang~o
American countries as well as in many advanced countnes wIth well-developed capital markets, maximizing shareholder we.alth
is generally considered the most important corporate obJectIve
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks
Market Imperfections
Expanded Opportunity Set
Goals for International Financial Manapement
Globalization of the World Economy: Major
Trends and Developments
Emergence of Globalized Financial Markets
Emergence of the Euro as a Global Currency
Europe's Sovereign Debt Crisis of 2010 Why do we need to study "international" financial
manage-ment? The answer to this question is straightforward: We are now living in a highly globalized and integrat~d world econom~
American consumers, for example, routmely purchase 011 imported from Saudi Arabia and Nigeria, TV sets from Ko~ea,
automobiles from Germany and Japan, garments from Chma, shoes from Indonesia, pasta from Italy, and wine from France
Foreigners, in tum, purchase American-made ~craft, ~oftw~e,
movies, jeans, wheat, and other products ContI~ued li~erah~a
tion of international trade is certain to further mternatlOnahze
Trade Liberalization and Economic Integration
References and Suggested Readings
ApPENDIX 1A: Gain from Trade: The Theory of
Like consumption, production of goods and serVIces has become highly globalized To a large extent, this has happened
as a result of multinational corporations' (MNCs) relentless efforts to source inputs and locate production anywhere in the world where costs are lower and profits are higher For exam-
ple, personal computers sold in the world market might have
4
Comparative Advantage
been assembled in Malaysia with Taiwanese-made monitors, Korean-made keyboards, U.S.-made chips, and preinstalled software packages that were jointly ~eveloped by U.S and Indian engineers It has often become difficult to clearly aSSOCIate a product
Recently, financial markets have also become highly integrate~ ThIS development
allows investors to diversify their investment portfolios internatI~nally In ~009, for instance, U.S investors collectively invested $549 billion i~ ~ore~gn secuntIes, ~uc~
as stocks and bonds whereas foreigners invested $377 bilhon m U.S secuntIes
In particular, Asian ~d Middle Eastern investors are iI~vesting heavily in U.S and other foreign financial markets in efforts to recycle then enormous trade surpl~s~s
In addition, many major corporations of the world, such as IBM, Toyota, and Bntish Petroleum have their shares cross-listed on foreign stock exchanges, thereby render-
ing their shares internationally tradable and gaining acc~ss to foreign capital as ~ell
Consequently, Toyota's venture, say, in China can be fmanced partly by Amencan investors who purchase Toyota shares traded on the New York Stock Exchange
lThis information is from International Financial Statistics June 2010
Undoubtedly, we are now living in a world where all the major economic functions-consumption, production, and investment-are highly globalize ct It is thus essential for financial managers to fully understand vital international dimensions of
financial management This global shift is in marked contrast to a few decades ago,
when the authors of this book were learning finance At that time, most professors customarily (and safely, to some extent) ignored international aspects of finance This attitude has become untenable since then
Whafs Speclal abQutJnternatlonalEinance?
Foreign Exchange and Political Risks
https:llwww.cia.gov/library/
factbook
publications/the-world-Website of The World Factbook
published by the CIA provides background information, such
as geography, government, and economy, of countries around the world
Although we may be convinced of the importance of studying international finance,
we still have to ask ourselves, what's special about international finance? Put another way, how is international finance different from purely domestic finance (if such a thing exists)? Three major dimensions set international finance apart from domestic finance They are:
1 Foreign exchange and political risks
2 Market imperfections
3 Expanded opportunity set
As we will see, these major dimensions of international finance largely stem from the fact that sovereign nations have the right and power to issue currencies, formulate their own economic policies, impose taxes, and regulate movements of people, goods, and capital across their borders Before we move on, let us briefly describe each of the key dimensions of international financial management
Suppose Mexico is a major export market for your company and the Mexican peso ciates drastically against the U.S dollar, as it did in December 1994 This means that your company's products can be priced out of the Mexican market, as the peso price of American imports will rise following the peso's fall If such countries as Indonesia, Thailand, and Korea are major export markets, your company would have faced the salle difficult situ-ation in the wake of the Asian currency crisis of 1997 In integrated financial markets, individuals or households may also be seriously exposed to uncertain exchange rates For example, since the EU accession many Hungarians have borrowed in tenns of the euro or Swiss franc to purchase houses They were initially attracted by the easy availability and low interest rates for foreign currency mortgage loans However, as the Hungarian cur-rency, forint, was falling against the euro and Swiss franc during the recent global financial crisis, the burden of mortgage payments in tenns of forint has increased sharply, forcing many borrowers to default The preceding examples suggest that when finns and indi-viduals are engaged in cross-border transactions, they are potentially exposed to foreign exchange risk that they would not nonnally encounter in purely domestic transactions Currently, the exchange rates among such major currencies as the U.S dollar, Japanese yen, British pound, and euro fluctuate continuously in an unpredictable man-ner This has been the case since the early 1970s, when fixed exchange rates were abandoned As can be seen from Exhibit 1.1, exchange rate volatility has exploded since 1973 Exchange rate uncertainty will have a pervasive influence on all the major economic functions, including consumption, production, and investment
depre-Another risk that finns and individuals may encounter in an international setting is political risk Political risk ranges from unexpected changes in tax rules to outright expropriation of assets held by foreigners Political risk arises from the fact that a sovereign country can change the "rules of the game" and the affected parties may not have effective recourse In 1992, for example, the Enron Development Corpo-ration, a subsidiary of a Houston-based energy company, signed a contract to build India's largest power plant After Enron had spent nearly $300 million, the project was
5
Trang 346 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Source: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, various issues
canceled in 1995 by nationalist politicians in the Maharashtra state who argued India didn't need the power plant The Enron episode illustrates the difficulty of enforcing contracts in foreign countries.2
Multinational fIrms and investors should be particularly aware of political risk when they invest in those countries without a tradition of the rule of law The meltd~wn of Yukos, the largest Russian oil company, provides a compelling example Followmg the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the majority owner and a critic of the government, on fraud and tax evasion charges, the Russian authorities forced Yukos into bankruptcy The authorities sued the company for more than $20 billion in back taxes and auctioned off its assets to cover the alleged tax arrears This government action against Yukos, widely viewed as politically motivated, inflicted serious damage on international shareholders ofYukos, whose investment values were wiped out It is important to understand that the property rights of shareholders and investors are not universally respected
Although the world economy is much more integrated today than was the case 10 or
20 years ago, a variety of barriers still hamper free movements of people, goods, vices, and capital across national boundaries These barriers include legal rest~cti?n~,
ser-excessive transaction and transportation costs, information asymmetry, and natory taxation The world markets are thus highly imperfect As ,:"e.will disc~ss lat~r
dlscnilll-in this book, market imperfections, which represent various fnctlOns and ments preventing markets from functioning perfectly, play an important ~ole in moti-vating MNCs to locate production overseas Honda, a Japan~se aut?mOblle.company,
ImpedI-for instance, decided to establish production facilities in OhIO, mamly to ClIcumvent trade barriers One might even say that MNCs are a gift of market imperfections
Imperfections in the world fInancial markets tend to restrict the extent to which tors can diversify their portfolios An interesting example is provided by the Nestle Corporation, a well-known Swiss MNC Nestle used to issue two different classes of common stock, bearer shares and registered shares, and foreigners were allowed to hold only bearer shares As Exhibit 1.2 shows, bearer ~hares used to trade f~r abo~t twic~
inves-the price of registered shares, which were exclUSiVely reserved for SWISS reSIdents
2Since then, Enron has renegotiated the deal with the Maharashtra state
3It is noted that bearer and registered shares of Nestle had the same claims on dividends but differential voting rights Chapter 17 provides a detailed discussion of the Nestle case
CHAPTER 1
Daily Prices of Nestle's Bearer and Registered Shares
Expanded Opportunity Set
GLOBALIZATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM
Nestle voting bearer stock price
Nestle registered stock price
~ource: R~printed"from Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 37, Issue 3, Claudio Loderer and Andreas Jacobs, The Nestle Crash, pp 315-339, 1995, with kind permission from Elsevier Science SA, P.O Box 564 1001
foreign-As Exhlblt 1.2 shows, the pnce of bearer shares declined sharply, whereas that of
reglstere~ shares rose sharply This implies that there was a major transfer of wealth from foreIgn shareholders to domestic shareholders Foreigners holding Nestle bearer shares were exposed to political risk in a country that is widely viewed as a haven from
~uch nsk The N.estle e~isode illustrates both the importance of considering market ImperfectIOns m mternatlOnal fInance and the peril of political risk
When firms venture into the arena of global markets, they can benefit from an expanded opport":nity set As previously mentioned, firms can locate production in
~ny count~y or regIOn of the world to maximize their performance and raise funds
m any capItal market where the cost of capital is the lowest In addition, fIrms can gain from greater ec~noillles of scale when their tangible and intangible assets are deployed
on ~ glo~al baSIS A real-:V0rld ~xample showing the gains from a global approach
to fmanclal management IS proVIded by the following excerpt from The Wall Street Journal (April 9, 1996):
Another factor binding bond markets ever closer is large companies' flexibility to issue bonds
deal for GE By reusmg the money in francs and swapping into dollars instantly, GE will save
adds Mr VanderGnend And they don't care much how they get there."
~dividual investors can also benefIt greatly if they invest internationally rather than
domes-t1c~ly Suppos~ you have a given amount of money to invest in stocks You may invest the entrre amount m U.S (domestic) stocks Alternatively, you may allocate the funds across
Trang 356 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Source: International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics, various issues
canceled in 1995 by nationalist politicians in the Maharashtra state who argued India didn't need the power plant The Enron episode illustrates the difficulty of enforcing
contracts in foreign countries.2 Multinational fIrms and investors should be particularly aware of political risk when
they invest in those countries without a tradition of the rule of law The meltd~wn of Yukos, the largest Russian oil company, provides a compelling example Followmg the arrest of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, the majority owner and a critic of the government, on fraud and tax evasion charges, the Russian authorities forced Yukos into bankruptcy The authorities sued the company for more than $20 billion in back taxes and auctioned off its assets to cover the alleged tax arrears This government action against Yukos, widely viewed as politically motivated, inflicted serious damage on international shareholders ofYukos, whose investment values were wiped out It is important to understand that the
property rights of shareholders and investors are not universally respected
Although the world economy is much more integrated today than was the case 10 or
20 years ago, a variety of barriers still hamper free movements of people, goods, vices, and capital across national boundaries These barriers include legal rest~cti?n~,
ser-excessive transaction and transportation costs, information asymmetry, and natory taxation The world markets are thus highly imperfect As ,:"e.will disc~ss lat~r
dlscnilll-in this book, market imperfections, which represent various fnctlOns and ments preventing markets from functioning perfectly, play an important ~ole in moti-vating MNCs to locate production overseas Honda, a Japan~se aut?mOblle.company,
ImpedI-for instance, decided to establish production facilities in OhIO, mamly to ClIcumvent trade barriers One might even say that MNCs are a gift of market imperfections
Imperfections in the world fInancial markets tend to restrict the extent to which tors can diversify their portfolios An interesting example is provided by the Nestle
inves-Corporation, a well-known Swiss MNC Nestle used to issue two different classes of common stock, bearer shares and registered shares, and foreigners were allowed to hold only bearer shares As Exhibit 1.2 shows, bearer ~hares used to trade f~r abo~t twic~
the price of registered shares, which were exclUSiVely reserved for SWISS reSIdents
2Since then, Enron has renegotiated the deal with the Maharashtra state
3It is noted that bearer and registered shares of Nestle had the same claims on dividends but differential voting rights Chapter 17 provides a detailed discussion of the Nestle case
CHAPTER 1
Daily Prices of Nestle's Bearer and Registered Shares
Expanded Opportunity Set
GLOBALIZATION AND THE MULTINATIONAL FIRM
Nestle voting bearer stock price
Nestle registered stock price
~ource: R~printed"from Journal of Financial Economics, Volume 37, Issue 3, Claudio Loderer and Andreas Jacobs, The Nestle Crash, pp 315-339, 1995, with kind permission from Elsevier Science SA, P.O Box 564 1001
foreign-As Exhlblt 1.2 shows, the pnce of bearer shares declined sharply, whereas that of
reglstere~ shares rose sharply This implies that there was a major transfer of wealth from foreIgn shareholders to domestic shareholders Foreigners holding Nestle bearer shares were exposed to political risk in a country that is widely viewed as a haven from
~uch nsk The N.estle e~isode illustrates both the importance of considering market ImperfectIOns m mternatlOnal fInance and the peril of political risk
When firms venture into the arena of global markets, they can benefit from an expanded opport":nity set As previously mentioned, firms can locate production in
~ny count~y or regIOn of the world to maximize their performance and raise funds
m any capItal market where the cost of capital is the lowest In addition, fIrms can gain from greater ec~noillles of scale when their tangible and intangible assets are deployed
on ~ glo~al baSIS A real-:V0rld ~xample showing the gains from a global approach
to fmanclal management IS proVIded by the following excerpt from The Wall Street Journal (April 9, 1996):
Another factor binding bond markets ever closer is large companies' flexibility to issue bonds
deal for GE By reusmg the money in francs and swapping into dollars instantly, GE will save
adds Mr VanderGnend And they don't care much how they get there."
~dividual investors can also benefIt greatly if they invest internationally rather than
domes-t1c~ly Suppos~ you have a given amount of money to invest in stocks You may invest the entrre amount m U.S (domestic) stocks Alternatively, you may allocate the funds across
Trang 368 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
domestic and foreign stocks If you diversify internationally, the resulting international portfolio may have a lower risk or a higher return (or both) than a purely domestic portfo-lio This can happen mainly because stock returns tend to covary less across countries than within a given country Once you are aware of overseas investment opportunities and are willing to diversify internationally, you face a much expanded opportunity set and you can benefit from it.tt just doesn't make sense to play in only one comer of the sandbox Thus,
an important "normative" theme we will study throughout this book is: how to maximize the benefits from the global opportunity set, while judiciously controlling currency and political risks and managing various market imperfections
.GQalsJQ[Jnterna!iQD.al EiuanclalManagement
The foregoing discussion implies that understanding and managing foreign exchange and political risks and coping with market imperfections have become important parts
of the financial manager's job International Financial Management is designed to
provide today's financial managers with an understanding of the fundamental cepts and the tools necessary to be effective global managers Throughout, the text emphasizes how to deal with exchange risk and market imperfections, using the vari-ous instruments and tools that are available, while at the same time maximizing the benefits from an expanded global opportunity set
con-Effective financial management, however, is more than the application of the est business techniques or operating more efficiently There must be an underlying goal International Financial Management is written from the perspective that the
new-fundamental goal of sound financial management is shareholder wealth tion Shareholder wealth maximization means that the firm makes all business
maximiza-decisions and investments with an eye toward making the owners of the firm-the shareholders-better off financially, or more wealthy, than they were before
Whereas shareholder wealth maximization is generally accepted as the ultimate goal of financial management in "Anglo-Saxon" countries, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and especially the United States, it is not as widely embraced
a goal in other parts of the world In countries like France and Germany, for ple, shareholders are generally viewed as one of the "stakeholders" of the firm, oth-ers being employees, customers, suppliers, banks, and so forth European managers tend to consider the promotion of the firm's stakeholders' overall welfare as the most important corporate goal In Japan, on the other hand, many companies form a small number of interlocking business groups called keiretsu, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui,
exam-and Sumitomo, which arose from consolidation of family-owned business empires
Although keiretsu have weakened in recent years, Japanese managers still tend to
regard the prosperity and growth of their keiretsu as the critical goal; for instance, they
tend to strive to maximize market share, rather than shareholder wealth
It is pointed out, however, that as capital markets are becoming more liberalized and internationally integrated in recent years, even managers in France, Germany, Japan and other non-Anglo-Saxon countries are beginning to pay serious attention to shareholder wealth maximization In Germany, for example, companies are now allowed to repur-chase stocks, if necessary, for the benefit of shareholders In accepting an unprecedented
$203 billion takeover offer by Vodafone AirTouch, a leading British wireless phone pany, Klaus Esser, CEO of Mannesmann of Germany, cited shareholder interests: "The shareholders clearly think that this company, Mannesmann, a great company, would be better together with Vodafone AirTouch The final decision belongs to shareholders."4 Obviously, the firm could pursue other goals This does not mean, however, that the goal of shareholder wealth maximization is merely an alternative, or that the firm
com-4The source for this information is The New York Times, February 4,2000, p e9
should enter into a debate as to its appropriate fundamental goal Quite the contrary
If the fIrm seeks to maximize shareholder wealth, it will most likely simultaneously
be accomplishing other legitimate goals that are perceived as worthwhile Shareholder wealth maximization is a long-run goal A firm cannot stay in business to maximize shareholder wealth if it treats employees poorly, produces shoddy merchandise, wastes raw materials and natural resources, operates inefficiently, or fails to satisfy custom-ers Only a well-managed business firm that profitably produces what is demanded in
an efficient manner can expect to stay in business in the long run and thereby provide employment opportunities
While managers are hired to run the company for the interests of shareholders there
is no guarantee that they will actually do so As shown by a series of recent co~orate
scandals at companies like Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing, managers may sue t?eir own private interests at the expense of shareholders when they are not closely momto:-ed This so-called agency problem is a major wealmess of the public corporation ExtenSIve corporate malfeasance and accounting manipulations at these companies even-tually drove them into financial distress and bankruptcy, devastating shareholders and
pur-~mployees alike Lamentably, some senior managers enriched themselves enormously
m the process Clearly, the boards of directors, the ultimate guardians of the interests of
sharehold~r~, failed to perform their duties at these companies In the wake of these rate calamItIes that have undermined the credibility of the free market system, the society has painfully learned the importance of corporate governance, that is, the fmancial and
corpo-~egal framework for regulating the relationship between a company's management and ItS shareholders Needless to say, the corporate governance problem is not confined to the United States In fact, it can be a much more serious problem in many other parts of the world, especially emerging and transition economies, such as Indonesia, Korea, China, and Russia, where legal protection of shareholders is weak or virtually nonexistent
As we will discuss in Chapter 4 in detail, corporate governance structure varies
gre~tly across co~ntries, reflecting different cultural, legal, economic, and political enVIronments m dIfferent countries In many countries where shareholders do not have strong legal rights, corporate ownership tends to be concentrated The concentrated ownership of the fIrm, in tum, may give rise to the conflicts of interest between domi-nant shareholders (often the founding family) and small outside shareholders The col-lapse of Par~alat, a family-controlled Italian company, after decades of accounting frauds, proVIdes an example of corporate governance risk The company allegedly hid debts, "invented" assets, and diverted funds to bailout failing ventures of the family members Because only the Tanzi (founding) family and close associates knew how the company was run, it was possible to hide the questionable practices for decades Outside shareholders who collectively control a 49 percent stake did not know how Parmalat was operating Franco Ferrarotti, professor of sociology at the University
of Rome, was quoted as saying, "The government is weak, there is no sense of state public services are bad and social services are weak The family is so strong because i~
is the only institution that doesn't let you down."5 Shareholders are the owners of the business; it is their capital that is at risk It is only equitable that they receive a fair return on their investment Private capital may not have been forthcoming for the business firm if it had intended to accomplish any other objective As we will discuss shortly, the massive privatization that has been taking place in developing and formerly socialist countries, which will eventually enhance the standard of living of these countries' citizens, depends on private invest-ment It is thus vitally important to strengthen corporate governance so that sharehold-ers receive fair returns on their investments In what follows, we are going to discuss in detail: (1) the globalization of the world economy, and (2) the growing role of MNCs
in the world economy
5USA Today, February 4, 2004, p 2B
Trang 378 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
domestic and foreign stocks If you diversify internationally, the resulting international portfolio may have a lower risk or a higher return (or both) than a purely domestic portfo-
lio This can happen mainly because stock returns tend to covary less across countries than within a given country Once you are aware of overseas investment opportunities and are willing to diversify internationally, you face a much expanded opportunity set and you can benefit from it.tt just doesn't make sense to play in only one comer of the sandbox Thus,
an important "normative" theme we will study throughout this book is: how to maximize the benefits from the global opportunity set, while judiciously controlling currency and
political risks and managing various market imperfections
.GQalsJQ[Jnterna!iQD.al EiuanclalManagement
The foregoing discussion implies that understanding and managing foreign exchange and political risks and coping with market imperfections have become important parts
of the financial manager's job International Financial Management is designed to
provide today's financial managers with an understanding of the fundamental cepts and the tools necessary to be effective global managers Throughout, the text
con-emphasizes how to deal with exchange risk and market imperfections, using the ous instruments and tools that are available, while at the same time maximizing the
vari-benefits from an expanded global opportunity set
Effective financial management, however, is more than the application of the est business techniques or operating more efficiently There must be an underlying
new-goal International Financial Management is written from the perspective that the
fundamental goal of sound financial management is shareholder wealth tion Shareholder wealth maximization means that the firm makes all business
maximiza-decisions and investments with an eye toward making the owners of the firm-the shareholders-better off financially, or more wealthy, than they were before
Whereas shareholder wealth maximization is generally accepted as the ultimate goal of financial management in "Anglo-Saxon" countries, such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and especially the United States, it is not as widely embraced
a goal in other parts of the world In countries like France and Germany, for ple, shareholders are generally viewed as one of the "stakeholders" of the firm, oth-ers being employees, customers, suppliers, banks, and so forth European managers
exam-tend to consider the promotion of the firm's stakeholders' overall welfare as the most important corporate goal In Japan, on the other hand, many companies form a small number of interlocking business groups called keiretsu, such as Mitsubishi, Mitsui,
and Sumitomo, which arose from consolidation of family-owned business empires
Although keiretsu have weakened in recent years, Japanese managers still tend to
regard the prosperity and growth of their keiretsu as the critical goal; for instance, they
tend to strive to maximize market share, rather than shareholder wealth
It is pointed out, however, that as capital markets are becoming more liberalized and internationally integrated in recent years, even managers in France, Germany, Japan and other non-Anglo-Saxon countries are beginning to pay serious attention to shareholder wealth maximization In Germany, for example, companies are now allowed to repur-
chase stocks, if necessary, for the benefit of shareholders In accepting an unprecedented
$203 billion takeover offer by Vodafone AirTouch, a leading British wireless phone pany, Klaus Esser, CEO of Mannesmann of Germany, cited shareholder interests: "The
com-shareholders clearly think that this company, Mannesmann, a great company, would be better together with Vodafone AirTouch The final decision belongs to shareholders."4 Obviously, the firm could pursue other goals This does not mean, however, that the goal of shareholder wealth maximization is merely an alternative, or that the firm
4The source for this information is The New York Times, February 4,2000, p e9
should enter into a debate as to its appropriate fundamental goal Quite the contrary
If the fIrm seeks to maximize shareholder wealth, it will most likely simultaneously
be accomplishing other legitimate goals that are perceived as worthwhile Shareholder wealth maximization is a long-run goal A firm cannot stay in business to maximize shareholder wealth if it treats employees poorly, produces shoddy merchandise, wastes raw materials and natural resources, operates inefficiently, or fails to satisfy custom-ers Only a well-managed business firm that profitably produces what is demanded in
an efficient manner can expect to stay in business in the long run and thereby provide employment opportunities
While managers are hired to run the company for the interests of shareholders there
is no guarantee that they will actually do so As shown by a series of recent co~orate
scandals at companies like Enron, WorldCom, and Global Crossing, managers may sue t?eir own private interests at the expense of shareholders when they are not closely momto:-ed This so-called agency problem is a major wealmess of the public corporation ExtenSIve corporate malfeasance and accounting manipulations at these companies even-tually drove them into financial distress and bankruptcy, devastating shareholders and
pur-~mployees alike Lamentably, some senior managers enriched themselves enormously
m the process Clearly, the boards of directors, the ultimate guardians of the interests of
sharehold~r~, failed to perform their duties at these companies In the wake of these rate calamItIes that have undermined the credibility of the free market system, the society has painfully learned the importance of corporate governance, that is, the fmancial and
corpo-~egal framework for regulating the relationship between a company's management and ItS shareholders Needless to say, the corporate governance problem is not confined to the United States In fact, it can be a much more serious problem in many other parts of the world, especially emerging and transition economies, such as Indonesia, Korea, China, and Russia, where legal protection of shareholders is weak or virtually nonexistent
As we will discuss in Chapter 4 in detail, corporate governance structure varies
gre~tly across co~ntries, reflecting different cultural, legal, economic, and political enVIronments m dIfferent countries In many countries where shareholders do not have strong legal rights, corporate ownership tends to be concentrated The concentrated ownership of the fIrm, in tum, may give rise to the conflicts of interest between domi-nant shareholders (often the founding family) and small outside shareholders The col-lapse of Par~alat, a family-controlled Italian company, after decades of accounting frauds, proVIdes an example of corporate governance risk The company allegedly hid debts, "invented" assets, and diverted funds to bailout failing ventures of the family members Because only the Tanzi (founding) family and close associates knew how the company was run, it was possible to hide the questionable practices for decades Outside shareholders who collectively control a 49 percent stake did not know how Parmalat was operating Franco Ferrarotti, professor of sociology at the University
of Rome, was quoted as saying, "The government is weak, there is no sense of state public services are bad and social services are weak The family is so strong because i~
is the only institution that doesn't let you down."5 Shareholders are the owners of the business; it is their capital that is at risk It is only equitable that they receive a fair return on their investment Private capital may not have been forthcoming for the business firm if it had intended to accomplish any other objective As we will discuss shortly, the massive privatization that has been taking place in developing and formerly socialist countries, which will eventually enhance the standard of living of these countries' citizens, depends on private invest-ment It is thus vitally important to strengthen corporate governance so that sharehold-ers receive fair returns on their investments In what follows, we are going to discuss in detail: (1) the globalization of the world economy, and (2) the growing role of MNCs
in the world economy
5USA Today, February 4, 2004, p 2B
Trang 3810 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Globalization of the World Economy: Major Trends
~andDevelQpments ·
The term "globalization" became a popular buzzword for describing business tices in the last few decades, and it appears as if it will continue to be a key word for describing business management throughout the current century In this section, we review several key trends and developments of the world economy: (i) the emergence
prac-of globalized financial markets, (ii) the emergence prac-of the euro as a global currency, (iii) Europe's sovereign debt crisis of 2010, (iv) continued trade liberalization and eco-nomic integration, (v) large-scale privatization of state-owned enterprises, and (vi) the
global financial crisis of 2008-2009
The 1980s and 90s saw a rapid integration of international capital and financial kets The impetus for globalized financial markets initially came from the govern-ments of major countries that had begun to deregulate their foreign exchange and capital markets For example, in 1980 Japan deregulated its foreign exchange market, and in 1985 the Tokyo Stock Exchange admitted as members a limited number of f~r-
mar-eign brokerage firms Additionally, the London Stock Exchange (LSE) began ting foreign firms as full members in February 1986
adrmt-Perhaps the most celebrated deregulation, however, occurred III London on October 27, 1986, and is known as the "Big Bang." On that date, as on "May Day"
in 1975 in the United States, the London Stock Exchange eliminated fixed brokerage commissions Additionally, the regulation separating the order-taking function from the market-making function was eliminated In Europe, financial institutions are allowed
to perform both investment-banking and commercial-banking functions H~nce, the London affiliates of foreign commercial banks were eligible for membershIp on the LSE These changes were designed to give London the most open and competitive capi-tal markets in the world It has worked, and today the competition in London is espe-cially fierce among the world's major financial centers The United States repealed the Glass-Steagall Act, which restricted commercial banks from investment banking activi-ties (such as underwriting corporate securities), further promoting competition among financial institutions Even developing countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Korea began to liberalize by allowing foreigners to directly invest in their financial markets
Deregulated financial markets and heightened competition in financial services vided a natural environment for financial innovations that resulted in the introduction
pro-of various instruments Examples pro-of these innovative instruments include currency futures and options, multicurrency bonds, international mutual funds, country funds, exchange traded funds (ETFs), and foreign stock index futures and options Corpora-tions also played an active role in integrating the world financial markets by listing their shares across borders Such well-known non-U.S companies as BHP Billiton, Petro-bras, China Mobile, Nokia, Wipro, Honda Motor, Telmex, lNG, BP, Korea Telecom, and UBS are directly listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange At the same time, U.S firms such as IBM and GE are listed on the Frankfurt, London, and Paris stock exchanges Such cross-border listings of stocks allow investors to buy and sell foreign shares as if they were domestic shares, facilitating international investments.6 Last but not least, advances in computer and telecommunications technology con-tributed in no small measure to the emergence of global financial markets These tech-nological advancements, especially Internet-based information technol?gies, g~ve
investors around the world immediate access to the most recent news and lllformatlOn
6Various studies indicate that the liberalization of capital markets tends to lower the cost of capital See, for example, Peter Henry, "Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reform, and Emerging Market Equity Prices,"
Journal Finance (2000), pp 529-64
Emergence of the Eura as a Global Currency
affecting their investments, sharply reducing information costs Also, computerized order-processing and settlement procedures have reduced the costs of international transactions Based on the U.S Department of Commerce computer price deflator, the relative cost index of computing power declined from a level of 100 in 1960 to 15.6
in 1970,2.9 in 1980, and only 0.5 in 1999 As a result ofthese technological ments and the liberalization of financial markets, cross-border financial transactions have exploded in recent years
develop-The advent of the euro at the start of 1999 represents a momentous event in the tory of the world financial system that has profound ramifications for the world econ-omy Currently, more than 300 million Europeans in 17 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal,$lovakia, Slovenia, and Spain) are using the com-
his-~on currency on a daily basis No single currency has circulated so widely in Europe Slllce the days of the Roman Empire Considering that many new members of the EU including the Czech Republic, Hungary, Baltic states, and Poland, would like to adop~
the euro eventually, the transactions domain of the euro may become larger than that
of the U.S dollar in the near future
Once a country adopts the common currency, it obviously cannot have its own etary policy The common monetary policy for the euro zone is now formulated by
mon-the European Central Bank (ECB) that is located in Frankfurt and closely modeled
after the Bundesbank, the German central bank ECB is legally mandated to achieve price stability for the euro zone Considering the sheer size of the euro zone in terms
of p?~ul~tion, economic output, and world trade share and the prospect of monetary
s~abl.hty III Europe, the euro has a potential for becoming another global currency nvah.ng .t~e U.S dollar for dominance in international trade and finance Reflecting the slgmflcance of the euro's introduction, Professor Robert Mundell, who is often referred to as the intellectual father of the euro, recently stated: "The creation of the euro area will eventually, but inevitably, lead to competition with the dollar area, both from the standpoint of excellence in monetary policy, and in the enlistment of other currencies."7 If the euro maintains its credibility, the world faces the prospect of a bipolar international monetary system
Since its inception in 1999, the euro has already brought about revolutionary changes in European finance For instance, by redenominating corporate and govern-ment bonds and stocks from many different currencies into the common currency, the euro has precipitated the emergence of continentwide capital markets in Europe that are comparable to U.S markets in depth and liquidity Companies all over the world can benefit from this development as they can raise capital more easily on favorable terms in Europe In addition, the recent surge in European M&A activities, cross-border alliances among financial exchanges, and lessening dependence on the banking sectors for capital raising are all manifestations of the profound effects of the euro The International Finance in Practice box, "Why We Believe in the Euro," presents an upbeat view of the euro expressed by Jiirgen Schrempp, former CEO of Daimler Since the end of World War I, the U.S dollar has played the role of the dominant global currency, displacing the British pound As a result, foreign exchange rates
of currencies are quoted against the dollar, and the lion's share of currency trading involves the dollar on either the buy or sell side Similarly, international trade in pri-mary commodities, such as petroleum, coffee, wheat, and gold, is conducted using the U.S dollar as the invoice currency Reflecting the dominant position of the dollar
in the world economy, central banks of the world hold a major portion of their nal reserves in dollars The ascendance of the dollar reflects several key factors such
exter-7Source: Robert Muudell, 2000, "Currency Area, Volatility and Intervention," Journal of Policy Modeling 22 (3),
281-99
Trang 3910 PAR TON E FOUNDATIONS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Globalization of the World Economy: Major Trends
global financial crisis of 2008-2009
The 1980s and 90s saw a rapid integration of international capital and financial kets The impetus for globalized financial markets initially came from the govern-ments of major countries that had begun to deregulate their foreign exchange and
mar-capital markets For example, in 1980 Japan deregulated its foreign exchange market, and in 1985 the Tokyo Stock Exchange admitted as members a limited number of f~r-
eign brokerage firms Additionally, the London Stock Exchange (LSE) began ting foreign firms as full members in February 1986
adrmt-Perhaps the most celebrated deregulation, however, occurred III London on October 27, 1986, and is known as the "Big Bang." On that date, as on "May Day"
in 1975 in the United States, the London Stock Exchange eliminated fixed brokerage commissions Additionally, the regulation separating the order-taking function from the market-making function was eliminated In Europe, financial institutions are allowed
to perform both investment-banking and commercial-banking functions H~nce, the London affiliates of foreign commercial banks were eligible for membershIp on the LSE These changes were designed to give London the most open and competitive capi-
tal markets in the world It has worked, and today the competition in London is cially fierce among the world's major financial centers The United States repealed the
espe-Glass-Steagall Act, which restricted commercial banks from investment banking ties (such as underwriting corporate securities), further promoting competition among
activi-financial institutions Even developing countries such as Chile, Mexico, and Korea began to liberalize by allowing foreigners to directly invest in their financial markets
Deregulated financial markets and heightened competition in financial services vided a natural environment for financial innovations that resulted in the introduction
pro-of various instruments Examples pro-of these innovative instruments include currency futures and options, multicurrency bonds, international mutual funds, country funds, exchange traded funds (ETFs), and foreign stock index futures and options Corpora-tions also played an active role in integrating the world financial markets by listing their
shares across borders Such well-known non-U.S companies as BHP Billiton, bras, China Mobile, Nokia, Wipro, Honda Motor, Telmex, lNG, BP, Korea Telecom,
Petro-and UBS are directly listed Petro-and traded on the New York Stock Exchange At the same time, U.S firms such as IBM and GE are listed on the Frankfurt, London, and Paris stock exchanges Such cross-border listings of stocks allow investors to buy and sell foreign shares as if they were domestic shares, facilitating international investments.6
Last but not least, advances in computer and telecommunications technology tributed in no small measure to the emergence of global financial markets These tech-nological advancements, especially Internet-based information technol?gies, g~ve
con-investors around the world immediate access to the most recent news and lllformatlOn
6Various studies indicate that the liberalization of capital markets tends to lower the cost of capital See, for example, Peter Henry, "Stock Market Liberalization, Economic Reform, and Emerging Market Equity Prices,"
Journal Finance (2000), pp 529-64
Emergence of the Eura as a Global Currency
affecting their investments, sharply reducing information costs Also, computerized order-processing and settlement procedures have reduced the costs of international transactions Based on the U.S Department of Commerce computer price deflator, the relative cost index of computing power declined from a level of 100 in 1960 to 15.6
in 1970,2.9 in 1980, and only 0.5 in 1999 As a result ofthese technological ments and the liberalization of financial markets, cross-border financial transactions have exploded in recent years
develop-The advent of the euro at the start of 1999 represents a momentous event in the tory of the world financial system that has profound ramifications for the world econ-omy Currently, more than 300 million Europeans in 17 countries (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal,$lovakia, Slovenia, and Spain) are using the com-
his-~on currency on a daily basis No single currency has circulated so widely in Europe Slllce the days of the Roman Empire Considering that many new members of the EU including the Czech Republic, Hungary, Baltic states, and Poland, would like to adop~
the euro eventually, the transactions domain of the euro may become larger than that
of the U.S dollar in the near future
Once a country adopts the common currency, it obviously cannot have its own etary policy The common monetary policy for the euro zone is now formulated by
mon-the European Central Bank (ECB) that is located in Frankfurt and closely modeled
after the Bundesbank, the German central bank ECB is legally mandated to achieve price stability for the euro zone Considering the sheer size of the euro zone in terms
of p?~ul~tion, economic output, and world trade share and the prospect of monetary
s~abl.hty III Europe, the euro has a potential for becoming another global currency nvah.ng .t~e U.S dollar for dominance in international trade and finance Reflecting the slgmflcance of the euro's introduction, Professor Robert Mundell, who is often referred to as the intellectual father of the euro, recently stated: "The creation of the euro area will eventually, but inevitably, lead to competition with the dollar area, both from the standpoint of excellence in monetary policy, and in the enlistment of other currencies."7 If the euro maintains its credibility, the world faces the prospect of a bipolar international monetary system
Since its inception in 1999, the euro has already brought about revolutionary changes in European finance For instance, by redenominating corporate and govern-ment bonds and stocks from many different currencies into the common currency, the euro has precipitated the emergence of continentwide capital markets in Europe that are comparable to U.S markets in depth and liquidity Companies all over the world can benefit from this development as they can raise capital more easily on favorable terms in Europe In addition, the recent surge in European M&A activities, cross-border alliances among financial exchanges, and lessening dependence on the banking sectors for capital raising are all manifestations of the profound effects of the euro The International Finance in Practice box, "Why We Believe in the Euro," presents an upbeat view of the euro expressed by Jiirgen Schrempp, former CEO of Daimler Since the end of World War I, the U.S dollar has played the role of the dominant global currency, displacing the British pound As a result, foreign exchange rates
of currencies are quoted against the dollar, and the lion's share of currency trading involves the dollar on either the buy or sell side Similarly, international trade in pri-mary commodities, such as petroleum, coffee, wheat, and gold, is conducted using the U.S dollar as the invoice currency Reflecting the dominant position of the dollar
in the world economy, central banks of the world hold a major portion of their nal reserves in dollars The ascendance of the dollar reflects several key factors such
exter-7Source: Robert Muudell, 2000, "Currency Area, Volatility and Intervention," Journal of Policy Modeling 22 (3),
281-99
Trang 40hy eBeUeve in the Euro
In our company, we don't mean to waste ever) a day in
putting the euro to work On Jan 1, 1999-day one for
the new currency-our company will switch over
com-pletely to the euro as the internal and external unit of
account We expect to be one of the first German-based
companies-perhaps the first-to make such a
com-plete change We'll also encourage our suppliers within
Euroland to invoice us in euros from the very beginning
Our Euroland customers, of course, will have the option
of paying in either euros or their domestic currency
until 2001
Nearly all major European companies are in favor
of the single currency But having rece'ntly agreed on a
historic, transatlantic merger with Chrysler Corp of the
United States, we feel especially attuned to the forces of
global competition that make the euro so essential For
our new company, DaimlerChrysler AG, and for Germany
and Europe as a whole, economic and monetary union
will bring substantial and lasting benefits as we take our
place in the interdependent world of the 21 st century
Those benefits will take shape-indeed, are already
occurring-in several realms at once First and most
fun-damental is the political The single currency will push
the countries of Europe into cooperating more and more
in seeking solutions to common economic problems
As they do so, they'll grow increasingly intertwined
politically
By JUrgen Schrempp,· CEO of Daimler
At the same time, the euro will unleash powerful ket forces certain to transform the way Europeans live and work The years ahead will bring increased efficiency, greater productivity, higher overall living standards and lower unemployment For businesses, a common currency will reduce transaction costs-eliminating, among other things, the unnecessary waste of resources involved in dealing with several European currencies At present, doing business across borders means having
mar-to buy and sell foreign currencies-and taking the risk that sudden changes in their relative value could upend
an otherwise sound business strategy The risks can be hedged, of course, but only at a cost that must ultimately
be borne by customers
The market forces unleashed by the euro will be felt not just by corporate managers but also by politi-cal leaders Business executives are already working to rationalize their companies, enhancing productivity and improving labor flexibility Elected officials, facing com-petition as they try to attract the investments that cre-ate jobs, will eventually lower corporate tax rates and streamline regulation In so doing, governments will give corporations a boost, like the reduction in the cost of capital that came about as countries tightened their fiscal and monetary policies in preparation for EMU
These changes are mutually reinforcing And as they take hold, Euroland companies will grow more confident
as the dominant size of the U.S economy, mature and open capital markets, price stability, and the political and military power of the United States It is noted that the dominant global currency status of the dollar confers upon the United S.tates many special privileges, such as the ability to run trade deficits without havIllg to hold much in foreign exchange reserves, that is, "deficits without tears," and to conduct
a large portion of international transactions in dollars, without bearing exchange risks However, once economic agents start to use the euro in earnest as an invoice, vehicle, and reserve currency, the dollar may have to share the aforementioned privi-
Europe's Sovereign
Debt Crisis of 2010
12
leges with the euro
Recently, however, the euro's emergence as a global currency was dealt ~ serious
set-back in the midst of Europe's sovereign debt crisis The crisis started III December
2009 when the new Greek government revealed that its budget deficit for the year would be 12.7 percent of GDP, not the 3.7 percent previously forecast The previous government had falsified the national account data Unbeknownst to the outside world, Greece was in a serious violation of Europe's stability pact, which limits the annual budget deficit of a euro-zone country to a maximum of 3 percent of GDP This news surprised financial markets and prompted investors, who became w?rried ab.out s~v
ereign default, to sell off Greek government bonds The Greek predIcament IS utable to excessive borrowing and spending, with wages and prices rising faster than productivity With the adoption of the euro, Greece no longer can use the traditional means of restoring competitiveness, i.e., depreciation of the national currency
attnb-about committing resources to long-term projects A look
at the level of corporate mergers in recent years shows that managers have already stepped up their strategic decision making Europe saw 237 such deals last year, worth $250 billion, of which 25 percent were European cross-border transactions In 1995, by contrast, there were just 100 deals, worth $168 billion-and only
1 7 percent were European cross-border transactions
Euroland will be a strong base for companies striving
to compete globally In 1997 its combined population numbered 290 million, compared with 268 million for the United States and 126 million for Japan Its com-bined GDP was $6.3 trillion, versus $7.8 trillion for the United States and $4.2 trillion for Japan Euroland already trades with the rest of the world as much as the United States does, and the picture will change in favor
of Europe as soon as the United Kingdom, and others who have stayed out of the first wave, join the currency union Such a development-the sooner the better-is something we would very much welcome
Launching the new euro is one thing; successfully managing the EMU process in the years ahead is quite another Implementation poses major challenges Some will be technical; others will have to do with maintaining
a unity of purpose among a diverse group of nations, regions, peoples and cultures I believe, however, that Europe possesses the unshakable political will and finan-cial expertise needed to keep this endeavor on track
It will help that-as we at DaimlerChrysler well know-some of the payoffs are immediate and obvious
Currently, one third of our group's revenues are earned in Deutsche marks, but nearly three quarters of our costs are incurred in that currency That makes plan-ning harder and running the company more complex But with the coming of the euro, the disparity between our DM costs and DM revenues will diminish As of January, 50 percent of our revenues will be in euros, with
80 percent of our costs incurred in the same currency How will the euro affect our ability to compete in the United States, our main export market outside the EU?
In a word, positively Higher productivity and a stable
"home" currency will allow us to maintain a competitive pricing structure Such long-term consistency in our busi-ness practices is something our U.S customers have come to appreciate
One final point Thanks to the single market and the pending introduction of a single currency, Europe has matured both politically and economically As a major transatlantic player, DaimlerChrysler is now in a position
to communicate an important message to its business partners in that other great single-currency market, the United States Working through the World Trade Organi-zation and other groups, the globe has made great prog-ress toward free and fair trade over the years Now let
us together examine opportunities for removing some of the remaining obstacles to trade between Europe and the United States The beneficiaries will be consumers
on both sides of the Atlantic
Source: Newsweek, Special Issue Winter 1998, p 38 Reprinted with permission
The panic spread to other weak European economies, especially Ireland, Portugal, and Spain In the spring of 2010, both Standard & Poor's and Moody's, credit rating agencies, downgraded the government bonds of the affected countries, making bor-rowing and refinancing more costly In particular, the Greek government bond was downgraded to "junk," ineligible for institutional investment The unfolding "Greek drama" is illustrated in Exhibit 1.3, which plots the two-year government bond yields for Greece and Germany, as well as the dollar-euro exchange rate As can be seen from the exhibit, Greece paid a minimal or practically nonexistent premium above the Gennan interest rate until December 2009 This was possible owing to Greece's mem-bership in the euro club However, the Greek interest rate began to rise sharply there-after, reaching 18.3 percent on May 7, 2010, before it fell following the announcement
of the bailout package on May 9 Also, the specter of chaotic sovereign defaults led to
a sharp fall of the euro's exchange value in currency markets
The sovereign debt crisis in Greece, which accounts for only about 2.5 percent of euro-zone GDP, quickly escalated to a Europe-wide debt crisis, threatening the nascent recovery of the world economy from the severe global financial crisis of 2008-2009 Facing the spreading crisis, the European Union (EU) countries, led by France and Germany, jointly with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), put together a mas-sive €750 billion package to bailout Greece and other weak economies It is noted that Europe's lack of political union and fragmented decisionmaking structure made it slow and contentious for EU countries to reach agreement on the bailout plan, making the rescue more expensive than it may otherwise have been
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