CIMA verb hierarchy – Strategic level exams Chapter learning objectives CIMA VERB HIERARCHY CIMA place great importance on the choice of verbs in exam question requirements.. Enterpr
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CIMA
Paper P3
Performance Strategy
Study Notes
*SNP3M10*SNP3M10
CIMA Study Notes P3 M10
Trang 2Wokingham Berkshire RG41 2QZ
ISBN 9781847109279
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Page Chapter 1 CIMA verb hierarchy – Strategic level exams 1
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v
chapter
Intro
Trang 6The sections on the study guide, the syllabus objectives, the examination and study skills should all be read before you commence your studies. They are designed to familiarise you with the nature and content of the
examination and give you tips on how to best to approach your learning
The complete text or essential text comprises the main learning materials and gives guidance as to the importance of topics and where other related resources can be found. Each chapter includes:
(1) Detailed study guide and syllabus objectives(2) Description of the examination
(3) Study skills and revision guidance(4) Complete text or essential text(5) Question practice
• The learning objectives contained in each chapter are taken directly from CIMA's own syllabus learning objectives. You should use these to check you have a clear understanding of all the topics on which you might be assessed in the examination
• The chapter diagram provides a visual reference for the content in the chapter, giving an overview of the topics and how they link together
• The content for each topic area commences with a brief explanation or definition to put the topic into context before covering the topic in detail. You should follow your studying of the content with a review of the illustration/s. These are worked examples which will help you to understand better how to apply the content for the topic
• Test your understanding sections provide an opportunity to assess your understanding of the key topics by applying what you have learned
to short questions. Answers can be found at the back of each chapter
• Summary diagrams complete each chapter to show the important links between topics and the overall content of the paper. These diagrams should be used to check that you have covered and understood the core topics before moving on
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Aim of paperCore areas of syllabusThe syllabus in detailFormat of paperAssessment strategyPaperbased examination tips Study skills and revision guidancePreparing to study
Effective studyingRevision
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1 PV
1 PV
−
=
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Area under the normal curve
This table gives the area under the normal curve between the mean and a point Z standard deviations above
the mean The corresponding area for deviations below the mean can be found by symmetry
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Present value table
Present value of £1 i.e (1 + r) −n where r = interest rate, n = number of periods until payment or receipt
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Cumulative present value of 1.00 unit of currency per annum
Receivable or payable at the end of each year for n years
r
r) (1
Trang 13CIMA verb hierarchy – Strategic level exams
Chapter learning objectives
CIMA VERB HIERARCHY
CIMA place great importance on the choice of verbs in exam question requirements. It is thus critical that you answer the question according to the definition of the verb used
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Trang 141 CIMA verb hierarchy strategic level
In strategic level exams you will mainly meet verbs from levels 3, 4 and 5. Examiners have commented on many occasions that they ask a level 5 verb and get a level 2 response. It is vital that the higher level verbs are
understood and responded to. Very occasionally you will also see level 1 and 2 verbs but these should not account for more than 510% of the marks
in total
Level 3 APPLICATION How you are expected to apply your knowledge
ApplyCalculateDemonstrate
PrepareReconcileSolveTabulate
Put to practical use
Ascertain or reckon mathematically
Prove with certainty or exhibit by practical means.Make or get ready for use
Trang 162 Further guidance on strategic level verbs that cause confusion
Verbs that cause students most confusion at this level are as follows:
Level 3 verbs
Given that all level 3 verbs involve application, the verb "apply" is rare
in the real exam. Instead one of the the other more specific verbs is used instead.
This is a numerical requirement and usually involves starting with one of the figures, adjusting it and ending up with the other
For example, in a bank reconciliation you start with the recorded cash
at bank figure, adjust it for unpresented cheques, etc, and (hopefully!) end up with the stated balance in the cash "T account".
The verb "to demonstrate" can be used in two main ways
Firstly it could mean to prove that a given statement is true or consistent with circumstances given. For example, the Finance Director may have stated in the question that the company will not exceed its overdraft limit
in the next six months. The requirement then asks you to demonstrate that the Director is wrong. You could do this by preparing a cash flow forecast for the next six months.
Secondly you could be asked to demonstrate how a stated model, framework, technique or theory could be used in the particular scenario to achieve a specific result for example, how a probability matrix could be used to make a production decision. Ensure in such questions that you do not merely describe the model but use it to generate the desired outcome
• The verb "to apply"
• The verb "to reconcile"
• The verb "to demonstrate"
CIMA verb hierarchy – Strategic level exams
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(e.g. why has the operating margin fallen?)(4) Start considering the bigger picture are the ratios presenting a
consistent message or do they contradict each other? Can you identify common causes?
(5) Finally you would then seek to pull all this information together and
interpret it to make some higher level comments about overall performance
• The verb "to discuss"
chapter 1
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The main mistake students make is that they fail to justify their prioritisation why is this the most important issue?
Level 5 verbs
To evaluate something is to assess it with a view to placing a value on
it. In many respects "evaluate" should be seen as a higher level version
of "analyse" and "discuss" and could include qualitative and quantitative factors within your criteria. Your resulting arguments will need to be prioritised and weighed against each other to form a conclusion.
For example, suppose you are asked to evaluate a proposed strategy
in paper E3. At its simplest your answer could contain a series of arguments for and against the strategy. Each argument should be discussed to assess its importance. The arguments can then be weighed up against each other to form a conclusion. You are thus evaluating the factors within each argument and then evaluating the arguments against each other
With such questions many students struggle to generate enough points
or arguments. Part of the solution is to produce mental checklists when studying the paper concerned. These give criteria to use for valuing the matter at hand. With the above example on strategy evaluation, crietria could include any of the following:
• The verb "to prioritise"
• The verb "to evaluate"
– Are there any useful calculations e.g. NPV, impact on profit?
– Does the strategy resolve any major threats faced by the firm?
– Does the strategy capitalise on the firm's strengths or do weaknesses need resolving first?
– Does the strategy enhance the firm's competitive strategy?
– Does the strategy lead to a better "fit" with the environment?
– What are the risks and are they acceptable?
– What are the implications for different stakeholders and would it be acceptable to them?
– What are the resource implications how feasible if the strategy?
CIMA verb hierarchy – Strategic level exams
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Chapter learning objectives
control and risk management for an organisation
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Trang 22In a report produced by CIMA and IFAC (International Federation of
Accountants) enterprise governance was described as covering the entire accountability framework of an organisation in two dimensions:
conformance, or ‘corporate governance’, and performance, or ‘business governance’.
Trang 23nonexecutive directors (NEDs))
Understanding risk appetite and drivers of performance
Board committees (audit,
remuneration and nominations)
Identifying critical points for strategic decision making
Objectives of the scorecard
Further detail on conformance and performance
Trang 24As already discussed, the management of risk should have a strategic dimension. Risks facing an organisation are those that affect the achievement of its overall objectives, which should be reflected in its strategic aims. Risk should be managed and there should be strategies for dealing with risk
This chapter will look at the types and sources of risk for business organisations. The next chapter will then move onto looking at the process
of risk management
• Risk in business is the chance that future events or results may not be
as expected
• Risk is often thought of as purely bad (pure or 'downside' risk), but it must be considered that risk can also be good – the results may be better than expected as well as worse (speculative or 'upside' risk)
• Businesses must be able to identify the principal sources of risk if they are to be able to assess and measure the risks that the organisation faces
Enterprise governance and risk
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Trang 26This risk can be broken up into different types:
Political risk Risk due to political instability. Generally considered
to be external to the business
Legal/litigation risk
Risk that litigation will be brought against the business
Regulatory risk Risk of changes in regulation affecting the business.Compliance risk Risk of noncompliance with the law resulting in
fines/penalties, etc
Enterprise governance and risk
More on political, legal and regulatory risks
Trang 27Credit risk Risk of nonpayment by customers.
Political risk Risk arising from actions taken by a government that affect
Trang 28Interest rate risk
Technology risk
Technology risk is the risk that technology changes will occur that either present new opportunities to businesses, or on the downside make their existing processes obsolete or inefficient
Environmental risk
Environmental risk is the risk that arises from changes in the environment such as climate change or natural disasters. Some businesses may perceive this risk to be low, but for others, for example insurance companies, it can be more significant. Insurance companies have to take environmental risks into account when deciding policy premiums, and unusual environmental circumstances can severely alter the results of insurance businesses.
Corporate reputation risk
Reputation risk is for many organisations a downside risk as the better the reputation of the business the more risk there is of losing that reputation. A good reputation can be very quickly eroded if companies suffer adverse media comments or are perceived to be untrustworthy. This could arise from:
Enterprise governance and risk
More on technology risk
More on corporate reputation riskMore on environmental riskMore on financial risks
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operations as the parent company management may not understand the legislation well and therefore have more risk
of breaching it
Credit There is often a greater difficulty in controlling credit risk on
overseas sales. Chasing debts is more difficult and expensive
Items in
transit
There is a greater risk of losses or damage in transit if companies are transporting goods great distancesFinancial
More on risks in international operations
More on employee malfeasance
More on fraud risk
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The ZXC company manufactures aircraft. The company is based in Europe and currently produces a range of four different aircraft. ZXC’s aircraft are reliable with low maintenance costs, giving ZXC a good reputation, both to airlines who purchase from ZXC and to airlines’
customers who fly in the aircraft
ZXC is currently developing the ‘next generation’ of passenger aircraft, with the selling name of the ZXLiner. New developments in ZXLiner include the following
Many component suppliers are based in Europe although ZXC does obtain about 25% of the subcontracted components from companies in the USA. ZXC also maintains a significant R&D department working on the ZXLiner and other new products such as alternative environmentally friendly fuel for aircraft
Although the ZXLiner is yet to fly or be granted airworthiness certificates, ZXC does have orders for 25 aircraft from the HTS company. However,
on current testing schedules the ZXLiner will be delivered late
ZXC currently has about €4 billion of loans from various banks and last year made a loss of €2.3 billion
Required:
Identify the sources of business risk that could affect ZXC, and evaluate the impact of the risk on the company
• Two decks along the entire aircraft (not just part as in the Boeing
747 series) enabling faster loading and unloading of passengers from both decks at the same time. However, this will mean that airport gates must be improved to facilitate dual loading at considerable expense
• 20% decrease in fuel requirements and falls in noise and pollution levels
• Use of new alloys to decrease maintenance costs, increase safety and specifically the use of Zitnim (a new lightweight conducting alloy) rather than standard wiring to enable the ‘flybywire’ features
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Product/market risk
This is the risk that customers will not buy new products (or services) provided by the organisation, or that the sales demand for current products and services will decline unexpectedly
For ZXC, there is the risk that demand for the new aircraft will be less than expected, either due to customers purchasing the rival airplane or because airports will not be adapted to take the new ZXLiner
Commodity price risk
Businesses might be exposed to risks from unexpected increases (or falls) in the price of a key commodity
Part of the control systems of the ZXLiner rely on the availability of the new lightweight conducting alloy Zitnim. As there is only one supplier of this alloy, then there is the danger of the monopolist increasing the price
or even denying supply. Increase in price would increase the overall cost
of the (already expensive) ZXLiner, while denial of supply would further delay delivery of the aircraft
Product reputation risk
Some companies rely heavily on brand image and product reputation, and an adverse event could put its reputation (and so future sales) at risk
While the reputation of ZXC appears good at present, reputation will suffer if the ZXLiner is delayed significantly or it does not perform well in test flights (which have still to be arranged). Airline customers, and also their customers (travellers) are unlikely to feel comfortable flying in an aircraft that is inherently unstable
Currency risk
Currency risk, or foreign exchange risk, arises from the possibility of movements in foreign exchange rates, and the value of one currency in relation to another
ZXC is currently based in Europe although it obtains a significant number of parts from the USA. If the €/$ exchange rate became worse, then the cost of imported goods for ZXC (and all other companies) would increase. At present, the relatively weak US$ is in ZXC’s favour and so this risk is currently negligible
Enterprise governance and risk
Test your understanding 1 ZXC
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Trang 34Given that ZXC is effectively producing a new product (the ZXLiner) that has not actually been tested yet, there is some technology risk. At worse, the ZXLiner may not fly at all or not obtain the necessary flying
certificates
Economic risk
This risk refers to the risks facing organisations from changes in economic conditions, such as economic growth or recession, government spending policy and taxation policy, unemployment levels and international trading conditions
Demand for air travel is forecast to increase for the foreseeable future,
so in that sense there is a demand for aircraft which ZXC will benefit from. The risk of product failure is more significant than economic risk
Environmental risk
This risk arises from changes to the environment over which an organisation has no direct control, such as global warming, to those for which the organisation might be responsible, such as oil spillages and other pollution
ZXC is subject to this risk – and there is significant debate concerning the impact of air travel on global warming. At the extreme, there is a threat that air travel could be banned, or made very expensive by international taxation agreements, although this appears unlikely at present
Enterprise governance and risk
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B2. Evaluate risk management strategies and internal controls (a) Discuss the purposes and importance of internal
control and risk management for an organisation
(b) Evaluate risk management strategies
D1. Evaluate financial risks facing an organisation (a) Evaluate financial risks facing an organisation.
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Trang 36• The new approach to risk management is about taking advantage of the opportunities to increase overall returns within a business – benefiting from the upside risk.
• The following diagram shows how risk management can reconcile the two perspectives of conformance and performance (as discussed previously in chapter 2).
Risk management
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• The four objectives (strategic, operations, reporting and compliance) reflect the responsibility of different executives across the entity and address different needs
• The four organisational levels (subsidiary, business unit, division and entity) emphasise the importance of managing risks across the enterprise as a whole
• The eight components must function effectively for risk management to
be successful
Benefits of effective ERM include:
• enhanced decisionmaking by integrating risks
• the resultant improvement in investor confidence, and hence shareholder value
• focus of management attention on the most significant risks
• a common language or risk management which is understood throughout the organisation
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Formulation of a risk strategy
Trang 40• Residual risk is the risk a business faces after its controls have been considered (see later in this chapter for more details).
Features of a risk management strategy
In a CIMA and IFAC (International Federation of Accountants) joint report in
2004 – Enterprise Governance – the following key features of a risk management strategy were identified:
• Statement of the organisation’s attitude to risk – the balance between risk and the need to achieve objectives
• The risk appetite of the organisation
• The objectives of the risk management strategy
• Culture of the organisation in relation to risk (and the behaviour the organisation expects from individuals with regard to risktaking)
• Responsibilities of managers for the application of risk management strategy
• Reference should be made to the risk management systems the company uses (i.e. its internal control systems)
• Performance criteria should be defined so that the effectiveness of risk management can be evaluated