Bộ sách Scott Foresman social studies grade 5 gồm các quyển sau: 5.1 Uncovering Amerias Past 5.2 Vespucci Sails For America 5.3 Making Connections American Indians and Settlers 5.4 Conflict in the Colonies 5.5 Turning Points in the Fight for Freedom 5.6 Words of Freedom The US Constitution 5.7 Spreading Across the Continent 5.8 The Search for Land, Gold, and a New Life 5.9 Civil War Heroines 5.10 The Great Depression 5.11 The Home Front 5.12 Rockets and Satellites 5.13 When Everyone Became a Hero 5.14 New Problems New Solutions 5.15 Touring the United States
Trang 1Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Sequence • Maps
• Sidebars
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14889-X
Fascinating Facts
known for her beauty The famous painting by Sandro
Botticelli called The Birth of Venus, painted about 1485,
may be a portrait of her
southern continent It was only years later that the
northern continent came to be known as North America.
was changed to the female name America to match the
female names of the other continents The Latin names
of the other continents are Europa, Africa, and Asia.
VESPUCCI
SAILS FOR
AMERICA
Scott Foresman Social Studies
Nonfi ction Sequence • Maps
• Sidebars
• Captions
ISBN 0-328-14889-X
Fascinating Facts
known for her beauty The famous painting by Sandro
Botticelli called The Birth of Venus, painted about 1485,
may be a portrait of her
southern continent It was only years later that the
northern continent came to be known as North America.
was changed to the female name America to match the
female names of the other continents The Latin names
of the other continents are Europa, Africa, and Asia.
VESPUCCI
SAILS FOR
AMERICA
Trang 2astronomy maritime expedition embark latitude longitude astrolabe cartographer
Write to It!
Vespucci worked for the powerful Medici family and became friends with Christopher Colombus What effect did the people in Vespucci’s life have on his voyages? What might have happened if he did not know such powerful people? Write two paragraphs about your ideas
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper
ISBN: 0-328-14889-X
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Maps
MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Getty Images; (Bkgd) Digital Wisdom, Inc.
2 ©The Granger Collection, NY
3 ©Alan King/Alamy Images
5 ©Adam Woolfitt/Corbis
6 ©Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
9 ©Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis
11 ©Sue Cunningham/Worldwide Picture Library/Alamy Images
13 ©Getty Images
14 ©Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy, lived in Spain, and
was one of the first Europeans to travel across the
Atlantic Ocean In this book you will read about his life
and discover why America was named for him
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona
by Ellen B Cutler
VESPUCCI
SAILS FOR
AMERICA
Trang 3Who was Amerigo Vespucci?
Amerigo Vespucci was born in Florence, Italy, on March 9, 1454 He was part of a large and well-respected family Young Vespucci studied subjects like geography, math, and astronomy, or the scientific study of the stars and planets He also learned to read and write in Latin He put his education to use in the service of the Medici (MEH-dih-chee) family
Vespucci was an able man and quickly earned the Medicis’ confidence He worked for them in Florence and in Seville, Spain, in
1491 Vespucci’s job was with a company that stocked ships with supplies that might
be needed during a long sea voyage
A Sense of Adventure
Spain was a great maritime power with ships that traveled from Spanish ports to cities in Europe, northern
Africa, and the Middle East It was an exciting time that
stirred Vespucci’s sense of adventure and increased his
interest in geography and astronomy
Amerigo Vespucci was an Italian
navigator
Christopher Columbus made his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492 Vespucci helped stock the ships Columbus commanded on his second voyage in 1493
It was around this time that the two men met and became friends
Florence and the Renaissance
Vespucci lived at the time of the Renaissance This was
a time of great achievements Scientists were making important discoveries and artists were creating paintings along with marble and bronze statues for churches, government buildings, and private homes
The Medici family had business interests in many
of the greatest cities in Europe and ruled Florence for nearly three hundred years Lorenzo the Magnificent was the head of the family during the mid- to late-1400s A merchant and a banker, he was famous for his support for the arts
Florence was the center of the Italian Renaissance
Trang 4Although he was no longer a young man, Vespucci was determined to join the search for a sea route to the Far
East He knew the supplies a ship needed for such a long
voyage Because he had studied astronomy, he could plot
a course by looking at the stars In 1499 Vespucci was
hired as the navigator for an expedition and embarked
on his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean A navigator
must determine what course to take, how far the ship has
traveled, and where it is on the open sea
Navigating by the Stars
Navigation is the science of guiding a boat safely from
one place to another Today there are instruments that show
a ship’s latitude and longitude In Vespucci’s time, however,
navigators studied astronomy and followed the stars Clouds
and storms could easily send sailors off course
Latitude
Sailors used an instrument called an astrolabe to determine latitude With an astrolabe, sailors could
measure the height of the Sun in the sky by day or a star
by night From these measurements they knew how far
north or south they were It was hard, however, to keep the
astrolabe pointed at the Sun or a star in a stable position
while the ship pitched and rolled on the waves
5
Longitude
Longitude was harder to measure than latitude Sailing ships often had to take a zigzag course to make best use
of the wind Constant changes in direction made it hard to determine how far the ship had sailed
Dead reckoning was the most common way to measure
longitude In dead reckoning, the navigator followed changes in direction with a compass by tracking how many hours the ship had been sailing and how fast it had been going From this information, the navigator made a guess about the distance east or west the ship had sailed
The astrolabe was invented by the ancient Greeks It was first used in Europe in the early 1100s.
Trang 5The European Discovery of America
Merchants brought spices and silk to Europe from India and China Traveling to Asia by land, however,
was difficult Wars, too, had made the route even
more dangerous than before
Columbus thought he could reach the Far East
by sailing west across the Atlantic Ocean He was an
experienced sailor and persuaded King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella of Spain to support and finance his
explorations In 1492 Columbus landed in the islands
south and east of what is now the United States Sure
that he arrived in the islands in Asia called the Indies, Columbus named the people he found “Indians.”
Vespucci helped supply the ships Columbus (pictured here) used on his second voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.
7
Vespucci’s Voyages
The First Voyage
In 1499 Vespucci sailed on one of four ships headed across the Atlantic When the ships reached the coast of what is now South America, Vespucci’s ship continued south in search of the passage to Asia He sailed beyond the mouth
of the Amazon River before turning north again
Vespucci arrived back in Spain by June 1500
Vespucci halted his expedition because the boards of his ship had started to rot He was sure, however, that he had found the route to Asia—and
he was eager to try again
The Second Voyage
The Spanish government was not interested in Vespucci’s plans for a second expedition Vespucci therefore turned to another maritime power,
Portugal, which was willing to help Vespucci embarked on his second voyage from the city of Lisbon in May 1501
Vespucci took a more southerly route across the Atlantic this time and was able to explore farther down the coast of South America It is likely that
he reached the southern border of Brazil, and he may have gone as far as southern Argentina His route back to Portugal is not known, but his ship anchored in Lisbon in July 1502
Trang 6ATLANTIC OCEAN
PORTUGAL
A S I A
S O U T H
A M E R I C A
N O R T H
A M E R I C A
A F R I C A
E U R O P E
Vespucci’s second voyage, 1501–1502
0 1,500 3,000 Miles
0 1,500 3,000 Kilometers
N
8
Two Voyages or Four?
Did Vespucci embark on two voyages or four? The records are simply not clear
The main source of information about his voyages was the letters Vespucci wrote to friends and
government officials In later letters he added details and changed some of the dates Vespucci claims
in some letters that he sailed to the Americas four times It is only certain that he made two of these expeditions
9
This engraving of Amerigo Vespucci was made in the 1800s
Trang 7Vespucci’s Contributions
Vespucci the Navigator
Vespucci’s knowledge of geography, math, and astronomy helped him as a navigator At the time of his first voyage, no one was sure how far Asia extended to the east around the globe Vespucci believed that he had sailed along the eastern edge of Asia
When Vespucci made his second voyage, he realized this continent was not part of Asia He came to this conclusion by comparing what was known about Asia
to what he saw in the new continent, which we now know as South America He realized that this land was
a “New World” to the Europeans As a result, the way Europeans looked at the world was greatly changed
This is what many consider to be Vespucci’s greatest achievement
Vespucci also made other contributions to European exploration During his second voyage, Vespucci
mapped thousands of miles of South American coastline for Portugal Historians do not know what figures Vespucci used, but they generally agree that Vespucci correctly calculated the distance around the world at the equator within fifty miles
The Brazilian Macaw is the largest parrot in the world It can be found in the rain forests
of South America
11
Descriptions of the New World
In his letters Vespucci wrote that the native peoples he had seen were fast runners and excellent swimmers He also noted that their skin was almost red, “like a lion’s mane.” Vespucci listened to their
speech and decided that each group had a unique language of its own The people built huts from branches and palm leaves, and some
of the houses were large enough to hold
“six hundred souls.”
The native peoples, Vespucci said, placed
a high value on things like feathers, or “birds’
plumes of many colors.”
They made necklaces from fish bones and white or green stones, but considered gold, jewels, and pearls
“as nothing,” according
to Vespucci
Trang 8Vespucci’s Last Years
At the end of his life Vespucci was one of the most famous and respected people in Europe
The letters he wrote describing his voyages were copied into several languages and printed in
books, including The Four Voyages of Amerigo and
The New World
In 1505 Vespucci became a Spanish citizen
In recognition of his achievements, the Spanish
government gave him the job of piloto mayor or
“master navigator.” One of Vespucci’s duties was
to prepare a map of the routes that ships should take to what he called the “New World.” Vespucci died in Seville, Spain, in 1512
Naming the New World
Amerigo Vespucci was not the first person from Europe to sail across the Atlantic Ocean He did not bring back shiploads of gold and precious objects for the Spanish government Still, the continents that he described as a “New World”
were named for him
This is a facsimile of the signature of Amerigo
Vespucci, piloto mayor.
13
Trang 9The Naming of America
Both Amerigo Vespucci and Christopher Columbus realized that the lands they had found were a continent
and not islands The “New World,” however, was named
for Vespucci
The cartographer Martin Waldseemüller
(WALD-say-mule-er) suggested the name America in 1507 When
news of the discovery of other lands came to Europe,
Waldseemüller was working on a new and more current
map of the world For more than a thousand years, maps
15
were largely copies of the one drawn by the ancient Greek cartographer Ptolemy (TALL-eh-mee) over a thousand years before While Waldseemüller knew little more than Ptolemy,
he wanted to make his map as complete and up-to-date
as possible
The map that Waldseemüller created was the first to show the newly explored lands across the Atlantic Ocean
Waldseemüller also suggested that this land be named
Americus or America
Martin Waldseemüller’s map was
so large it had to be printed on twelve sheets of paper which were then pasted together At the top of the map are portraits
of Ptolemy (left) and Vespucci (right) Ptolemy stands next to a picture of his map of the world
Vespucci stands next to a map showing the lands he helped explore North America looks like a large island while South America is long and thin The
name America, which is printed
on the southern continent, appears for the first time on Waldseemüller’s map.
Trang 10Glossary
astrolabe an instrument used by navigators to
determine latitude astronomy the scientific study of the stars, planets,
and other bodies beyond Earth’s atmosphere cartographer a mapmaker
embark to set out on a venture
expedition a journey made for a special purpose
latitude the measurement of how far north or south
of the equator a place is located longitude the measurement of how far east or west of
the prime meridian (0° longitude) a place is located maritime having to do with the sea or sailing
Vocabulary
astronomy maritime expedition embark latitude longitude astrolabe cartographer
Write to It!
Vespucci worked for the powerful Medici family and became friends with Christopher Colombus What effect did the people in Vespucci’s life have on his voyages? What might have happened if he did not know such powerful people? Write two paragraphs about your ideas
Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet of paper
ISBN: 0-328-14889-X
Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc
All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected
by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding
permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,
Glenview, Illinois 60025.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05
Maps
MapQuest, Inc.
Photographs
Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©Getty Images; (Bkgd) Digital Wisdom, Inc.
2 ©The Granger Collection, NY
3 ©Alan King/Alamy Images
5 ©Adam Woolfitt/Corbis
6 ©Giraudon/Art Resource, NY
9 ©Stefano Bianchetti/Corbis
11 ©Sue Cunningham/Worldwide Picture Library/Alamy Images
13 ©Getty Images
14 ©Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY
Amerigo Vespucci was born in Italy, lived in Spain, and
was one of the first Europeans to travel across the
Atlantic Ocean In this book you will read about his life
and discover why America was named for him