Bộ sách Scott Foresman reading street grade 5 advance gồm các quyển sau: 5.1.1 This Is the Way We Go to School 5.1.2 Forecasting the Weather (Earth Science) 5.1.3 Harvesting Medicine on the Hill 5.1.4 African American Athletes (Social Studies) 5.1.5 The Land of Opportunity (Social Studies) 5.2.1 When the Disaster Is Over (Social Studies) 5.2.2 A Safe Heaven (Social Studies) 5.2.3 Making Friends in Mali 5.2.4 Saving Endangered Species (Life Science) 5.2.5 The National Guard Modern Minutemen (Social Studies) 5.3.1 The Patent Process (Social Studies) 5.3.2 The Inspiration of Art (Social Studies) 5.3.3 Whats New with Dinosaur Fossils (Life Science) 5.3.4 Music Gets the Blues (Social Studies) 5.3.5 Hollywood Special Effects (Social Studies) 5.4.1 Cheaper, Faster, Better Recent Technological Innovations (Social Studies) 5.4.2 Feel, Think, Move (Life Science) 5.4.3 A Home for Humans in Outer Space Is It Possible? (Space and Technology) 5.4.4 Nathaniel Comes to Town 5.4.5 What Makes Great Athletes? (Social Studies) 5.5.1 The Sandwich Brigade 5.5.2 Inventions from Space Travel (Space and Technology) 5.5.3 Astronauts and Cosmonauts (Space and Technology) 5.5.4 The Shaping of the Continents (Earth Science) 5.5.5 Journey to Statehood (Social Studies) 5.6.1 Oceans of Resources (Social Studies) 5.6.2 MixedUp Vegetables (Life Science) 5.6.3 From Salt to Silk Precious Goods (Social Studies) 5.6.4 Flying into the 21st Century 5.6.5 Unexpected Music (Social Studies)
Trang 1Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
ISBN 0-328-13555-0
ì<(sk$m)=bdfffe< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
A Home for Humans in Outer Space:
Is It Possible?
by Lillian Forman
Space and Technology
Scott Foresman Reading Street 5.4.3
Genre Comprehension
Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository
nonfi ction
• Graphic Sources
• Main Idea and Details
• Monitor and Fix Up
• Captions
• Charts
• Table of Contents
• Heads
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, ™
Lexile, ® and Reading Recovery ™ are provided
in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide.
ISBN 0-328-13555-0
ì<(sk$m)=bdfffe< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U
A Home for Humans in Outer Space:
Is It Possible?
by Lillian Forman
Space and Technology
Scott Foresman Reading Street 5.4.3
Genre Comprehension
Skills and Strategy Text Features Expository
nonfi ction
• Graphic Sources
• Main Idea and Details
• Monitor and Fix Up
• Captions
• Charts
• Table of Contents
• Heads
Trang 2Reader Response
1 Look at the graph on page 15 showing global power
use Which source provides the majority of the world’s power?
2 Reread the information in “Takeoff into Space” on
pages 6 and 7 Using that information, make a time line of space exploration like the one below Research additional information to add to your time line
First dog in space Event
Date
3 Use a dictionary to find out the Greek roots for
asteroid and astronomically How are they related?
List other words with these same roots and provide definitions
4 Read the information about space colonies on pages
13 and 14 Imagine you’re living on a space colony
What would you like about it? What would you miss about life on Earth?
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by Lillian Forman
A Home for Humans in Outer Space:
Is It Possible?
Trang 3Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for
photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to
correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.
Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman,
a division of Pearson Education.
Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R),
Background (Bkgd)
Opener: Original image courtesy of NASA/Corbis; 1 NASA; 4 ©NASA/Roger Ressmeyer/
Corbis; 5 Sanfor/Agliolo/Corbis; 7 ©Bettmann/Corbis; 8 ©Reuters/Corbis; 9 ©Reuters/
Corbis; 10 ©Jim Sugar/Corbis; 11 Original image courtesy of Buzz Aldrin/NASA/Corbis;
13 NASA; 17 Original image courtesy of NASA/Corbis
ISBN: 0-328-13555-0
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Contents
The Space Debate 4
Asteroid Attack! 5
Takeoff into Space 6
Life on Mars? 8
The International Space Station 9
Space and the Human Body 10
Fake Gravity 12
Space Colonies 13
Other Benefits of Space Colonies 14
What’s Next? 16
Now Try This 18
Glossary 20
Trang 4The Space Debate
When you look up at the sky at night, do you long
to visit one of the worlds sparkling above you? Or do
you feel grateful that you are safe and comfortable
here on Earth?
Some people see space travel and the search for
extraterrestrial life as a wonderful adventure, but
does this life exist? There’s only one way to find
out—by looking for it
Other people, however, are critical of space travel
They see it as far too dangerous and expensive They
say the benefits of space travel are scarce, and they
argue that the money would be better spent on
improving our environments and civilizations here
on Earth
Asteroid Attack!
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Asteroid Attack!
Asteroids are small objects that orbit the sun in
our solar system There are thought to be several thousand of them, and they are anywhere from
a few meters to 200 kilometers across Some astronomers believe that asteroids are chunks of cosmic matter that never formed a planet when our solar system came into being Some of these asteroids come inside the orbit of Earth What would happen if an asteroid collided with our planet?
For one thing, you wouldn’t want to be close by
to find out Some scientists believe that an asteroid crashed into Earth 65 million years ago, wiping out the dinosaurs More recently, an asteroid came crashing toward Siberia in 1908, but it exploded several miles above the Earth’s surface Even so, the force of the explosion leveled 800 square miles of forest It started a fire that burned for weeks
Trang 5So, what should we do if an asteroid is on
a collision course with Earth? One way to save
ourselves is to deflect the asteroid before it hits us
After scientists studied the asteroid, including what
it’s made of, its shape and its way of moving, they
would figure out the best way to knock it off its path
Currently, scientists say that we owe it to future
generations to figure out this problem as soon as
possible To that end, many are already trying to
figure out ways of making deep space travel both
possible and affordable
Takeoff into Space Travel
In 1957, the former Soviet Union sent a dog into
space in a shuttle It was the first time any living
creature had traveled outside of Earth’s atmosphere
Not to be left behind, America got to work
In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA) was created, and in 1961,
President Kennedy set a goal for the decade: to send
a man to the moon and return him safely to Earth
Many people thought it wasn’t possible Scientists
knew otherwise
In 1969, the first astronauts landed on the
moon as part of the Apollo 11 space mission Neil
Armstrong said these famous words, transmitted via
radio and TV, as he set foot on the moon: “That’s
one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
Neil Armstrong became the first human being to walk on the moon.
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The Apollo 11 mission tested the equipment
needed to provide oxygen, electricity, and warmth
to the astronauts both on the spacecraft and on the moon It also demonstrated the spacecraft’s ability to withstand the six-day trip there and back
In the following decades, scientists pursued other important space projects In the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, space engineers began to launch satellites
Satellites are used in everyday life around the world for many things, including satellite TV and feeding information into global-positioning systems in cars
Other satellites became orbiting space stations, functioning as laboratories to study the effects of weightlessness
Scientists also turned their attention to the outer planets of our solar system and the vast areas
beyond it Satellites such as Voyager 2 flew as far as
Neptune, taking close-up photos of the planets in our solar system
Trang 6Mars rover
Life on Mars?
Our neighboring planet, Mars, has long been
imagined as a place where people might live, and
many books and movies have been based on this
idea In the 1990s and early 2000s, several NASA
projects investigated whether life has ever existed on
the red planet
Mars is the most likely of the other planets in
our solar system to support life It is true that its
surface temperatures can swing from very hot to
very cold, but in certain areas of the planet, perhaps
underground, some forms of life could survive
In 2001, scientists examined a meteorite that
had fallen to Earth from Mars 13,000 years ago
They found objects embedded in the meteorite that
appear to be bacteria, a form of life Some scientists
argued that these “bacteria” were merely lumps of
lifeless protein that were created by stress as the
meteorite hurtled through space and crashed to
Earth Robot explorers that were sent to Mars in
2003 have not yet found any bacteria on the Martian
surface They found something else: evidence that
Mars has, or once had, water Missions continue to
explore Mars today
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9
The International Space Station
Even though no one lives on Mars, or any planet other than Earth, people do live in space Where?
On the International Space Station In 1998, the United States and Russia worked together to launch two parts of the station into orbit Other parts soon followed, and the first crew arrived in 2000
Since the Space Station was built, we’ve learned a lot about how people can survive in space The main challenge is living in zero gravity Without gravity, things just float in the air, rather than falling to the ground
Trang 7Some things we’ve learned are serious, such as
how to keep healthy Other things are just fun, such
as figuring out that tortillas are easier to eat than
bread, because they don’t leave crumbs floating in
the air How do astronauts clean clothes? They put
them in plastic bags with damp soap and squish
them around Then, they dry the clothes with towels
With no gravity, an astronaut could sleep in
mid-air, but then he or she might bump into things in the
night So, astronauts strap themselves down before
they go to bed at night
Space and the Human Body
One of the most critical issues scientists are
investigating is how people can survive for long
periods in zero gravity You know that gravity keeps
your feet on the ground But it also keeps your body
healthy You build muscles whenever you move,
because you are fighting against gravity
Astronauts who go for relatively short space
flights (lasting a few weeks or months) say that they
get used to weightlessness fairly quickly When these
astronauts return to Earth, the physical effects of
low gravity wear off after about thirty minutes, and
medical examinations usually find that they have
suffered no lasting damage from having been in
space
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11
Notice how puffy the astronaut’s face looks This is because there is no gravity to pull his bodily fluids into his lower body.
Spending a long time in zero gravity, however, can be very bad for your health On Earth, the heart works against gravity to pump blood throughout the body In low gravity, the heart slows down, and after a long period spent in weightlessness, the heart would become weak and inefficient Bones and
muscles lose their strength in space because they no
longer have to contend with gravity On a long space
flight, astronauts would have to take a lot of time from work to lift weights and run on treadmills If they did not, their bodies would become as weak as those of elderly people Since human bodies work best with gravity, could we really survive zero gravity for a long time?
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Trang 8Fake Gravity
One way to deal with weightlessness is to find
a substitute for gravity Some scientists think that
centripetal force could take the place of gravity
An example of centripetal force is what happens
if you spin around in a circle, while holding a bucket
of water by a handle in your outstretched arms If
you spin quickly enough, the water will not spill out
of the bucket Why? The bucket’s force is sending it
in a straight line At the same time, your arms are
pulling it in a circle, which means you are creating
a centripetal force In response to your pulling, the
weight of the bucket becomes perpendicular to your
body You can spin around without spilling a drop!
How does this matter in space? Centripetal
force can create “fake gravity.” Scientist Gerald
O’Neill designed a model of a space colony called
the Stanford Torus Shaped like a huge doughnut,
the Torus can be set spinning around its center
Just as the water remained in the spinning bucket,
the colonists on such a colony would remain firmly
attached to its surface but without feeling the
spinning This enables people to walk around with
their feet on the ground, just as they do with Earth’s
gravity
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A cutaway of the Stanford Torus, showing the inside, where people would live
Space Colonies
An orbiting space colony like the one O’Neill designed would be a large and elaborate version
of the space station The picture above shows how one type of future space colony might
look As you can see, the colony has vegetation
to supply oxygen and food Solar energy would meet an orbiting colony’s power needs
Space colonies that travel away from our solar system might get their power for movement as well as for the needs of daily living from nuclear energy Of course, it would still take thousands
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Trang 9of centuries to get to the new planet Yet traveling
colonies would be designed to support generations
of passengers Each generation would work on the
problem of transferring life-support systems to the
home awaiting their descendants
As cool as this space colony looks, its construction
is still many years away The cost of building a space
colony is astronomically expensive.
Other Benefits of
Space Colonies
There are reasons to develop space colonies, other
than escaping disaster here on Earth Space colonies
could, for example, be used to make money
Experiments done in zero gravity are sometimes
easier than experiments done here on Earth So,
astronauts specialize in experiments that take
advantage of their weightless labs Some experiments
done on the International Space Station have
contributed to the development of vaccines for
animals, which have been commercially profitable
Solar Power from Space
Solar power could also be a big benefit resulting
from space stations Solar power is power that is
harnessed from the sun’s light and heat It’s already
in use here on Earth, converting energy for houses,
and even whole communities
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*Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
Source: International Energy Agency, 2004
Global Power Consumption, 2002
15
Unfortunately, Earth’s atmosphere blocks much of the sun’s energy Solar energy isn’t very efficient or cheap That’s why it’s only a very small fraction of the energy we use (see graph below)
On satellites, space plants can be set far above such blockage Unlike the stationary solar energy plants on Earth, an orbiting plant would follow the sun This means that the amount of power it can
produce is not limited by the cycle of night and day
Of course, transporting the materials to construct these solar energy plants would be extremely
expensive Some scientists say that it might be possible to manufacture building materials from metals mined on the moon Because of the moon’s low gravity, it would be relatively easy and cheap to launch the materials from there to a plant or factory
on an orbiting colony
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Trang 10What’s Next?
Much practical good has already come from
attempting to solve the problems of space travel
We use satellites every day Experiments conducted
in low gravity labs have given us new products, such
as medicines and advanced computer chips, and the
study of the effects of weightlessness on the human
body has given us ideas on how to slow down the
aging process
Space travel is still very expensive, and in a world
with so many problems to solve, there will always
be people who say that it’s not worth the money
But there are questions to consider Will an asteroid
ever hit our planet? Will space travel save us? While
there’s no way to know, scientists are working
steadily to keep people safe
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