5 7 heading west (social studies)

Bộ sách Scott foresman social Studies gồm các quyển sau: 5.1 Learning About the First Americans 5.2 His Name Was Amerigo 5.3 New World, New Neighbors 5.4 Choosing Freedom 5.5 The War for Independence 5.6 The People Who Gave Us the US Constitution 5.7 Heading West 5.8 The Growing United States 5.9 Women of the Civil War 5.10 Hard Times 5.11 The War at Home 5.12 3, 2, 1, Blastoff 5.13 The Heroes of 911 5.14 Growing and Changing Cities 5.15 Visiting States and Capitals

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Scott Foresman Social Studies

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14909-8

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Fascinating Facts

one man charged people who came to his wedding

five dollars just to see his bride

for Charles “Chuck” Goodnight, a Texas rancher who

marked the Goodnight-Loving Trail with cattleman

Oliver Loving

seven hundred pounds, and it took five men to lift it

and fit it into place

Heading West

Scott Foresman Social Studies

• Captions

ISBN 0-328-14909-8

ì<(sk$m)=bejaje< +^-Ä-U-Ä-U

Fascinating Facts

one man charged people who came to his wedding

five dollars just to see his bride

for Charles “Chuck” Goodnight, a Texas rancher who

marked the Goodnight-Loving Trail with cattleman

Oliver Loving

seven hundred pounds, and it took five men to lift it

and fit it into place

Heading West

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ISBN: 0-328-14909-8

by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited

reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means,

electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise For information regarding

permission(s), write to: Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue,

Glenview, Illinois 60025.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 V0G1 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05

Write to It!

A pioneer’s journey was difficult, but exciting

Write one or two paragraphs describing the part

of the trip that you would find most exciting

Write your paragraphs on a separate sheet

of paper.

Photographs

Every effort has been made to secure permission and provide appropriate credit for photographic material The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges to correct errors called to its attention in subsequent editions.

Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson Education.

Photo locators denoted as follows: Top (T), Center (C), Bottom (B), Left (L), Right (R) Background (Bkgd) Opener: ©North Wind Picture Archives

2 ©Archives Charmet/Bridgeman Art Library

3 ©North Wind Picture Archives

4 ©Connie Ricca/Corbis

5 ©California Historical Society, 69-158-1-2

6 ©Corbis

8 ©Utah State Historical Society, SCL, Utah

9 ©Corbis

11 ©W.I Hutchinson/Corbis

12 ©Corbis

13 ©ARP /Topham/The Image Works, Inc.

14 ©Andrew Joseph Russel/Corbis

15 ©J.N Templeman/Corbis

Vocabulary pioneer gold rush entrepreneur telegraph technology cattle drive transcontinental railroad

In the 1800s Americans east of the Mississippi

River began heading west New territories in the

West were opening up and some people wanted

to settle them In this book you will read about

what the pioneers’ journey was like You will also

read about other events that changed the country

such as the gold rush, cattle ranching, and the

transcontinental railroad

Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York Sales Offices: Needham, Massachusetts • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois Coppell, Texas • Sacramento, California • Mesa, Arizona

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The Louisiana Purchase

Before 1804 the United States was made up of seventeen

states east of the Mississippi River In 1804 President Thomas

Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore

new United States territory This territory stretched west of the

Mississippi and was called the Louisiana Purchase Americans

closely followed news of Lewis and Clark’s journey Soon

many of them wanted to learn about the West for themselves

A few men became beaver trappers in the West They

became known as “mountain men,” and some of them grew

famous As they

searched for

beavers for the

fur trade, they

also explored and

charted trails These

were the trails that

other Americans

followed as they

moved west

Jim Beckwourth,

a former enslaved

person, became a

mountain man.

3

Early Pioneers

By 1840 the beaver population had declined and some of the mountain men returned to the East Other mountain men

guided pioneers to California or Oregon Territory.

In the 1840s United States territory grew to include what are now the states of Texas, Washington, Oregon, Idaho, California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah

Easterners wanted to see these regions More and more Americans began heading west

Pioneers began traveling to Oregon Territory in the 1840s.

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On the Trail

Families traveled west in the spring from Nebraska or

Missouri, in groups called caravans Each family had a

covered wagon, which was usually pulled by oxen They

carried only basic supplies Several trails took them to

California or the Northwest Another trail took them to the

Southwest

Most pioneers, including children, walked beside their wagon

every day Their cows gave fresh milk A churn attached to the

wagon made butter as the wagon bumped along

The two-thousand-mile journey was difficult The trip to

Oregon Territory took about five months Pioneers faced bad

weather and poor trail conditions along with illness Graves

could be seen along every trail

Thousands of covered wagons moved along the major pioneer trails The ruts they

made can still be seen in some parts of the West.

5

The Gold Rush

In January 1848 a California construction worker spotted a small nugget of gold on the ground Word spread quickly, and

the gold rush was on Soon people from California, the East,

and all over the world began to search for gold Many of them came in 1849, earning them the name “forty-niners.”

California’s cities were soon home to many people There were European Americans, African Americans (both enslaved and free), and Native Americans They came from the East Coast, China, Germany, Ireland, Russia, Italy, the West Indies, and Australia Less than ten percent of them were women

The first gold nugget was found at this sawmill on the American River.

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Making a Living

Most people traveled to California by crossing the land in

covered wagons Another route, by sea, went around the tip of

South America Still another sea route went through Panama It

was shorter but involved crossing the land by mule and canoe

At first, miners searched for gold near the surface of the soil

with just a pick, shovel, or pan By 1852 investors had set up

mining companies Now heavy machinery drilled deep shafts

into the ground or blasted into hillsides

Some forty-niners worked for the new mining companies

Others headed home, searching for gold along the way

Some found gold deposits in present-day Colorado The city

of Denver sprang up as a result Gold was also found in areas

that are now Montana, Oregon, New Mexico, Arizona,

and Nevada

7

Building Businesses

Some of the people who moved to California set up

businesses to serve the miners One of these entrepreneurs

built a store right next to the sawmill where the first gold was found Other businessmen opened laundries or restaurants

Women worked as entertainers, provided domestic services, or operated boarding houses

A few entrepreneurs became famous and wealthy Levi Strauss made the world’s first blue jeans, sturdy pants that were good for miners Philip Armour ran a meat market He later built a meatpacking empire in Chicago, Illinois John Studebaker made wheelbarrows His family’s Indiana business later made wagons and automobiles Henry Wells and William Fargo established banks and transported gold during the gold rush

California miners often worked in groups.

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The Pony Express

Forty-niners wanted news and letters from the East, but mail

could take months to arrive The immigrants began to demand

faster service Three entrepreneurs named William Russell,

Alexander Majors, and William Waddell were already hauling

supplies to settlers and military posts across the West They

had the idea of setting up a business to carry the mail by horse

over a two-thousand-mile route in ten days or less

The service, known as the Pony Express, began on

April 3, 1860 Its eighty riders were men and boys who

weighed between 100 and 120 pounds and knew the frontier

well Each carried a mailbag over his saddle The mail, printed

on thin tissue paper, weighed less than 10 pounds

The Pony Express route ran from St Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California.

9

Mail in Motion

Each Pony Express rider covered between seventy-five and one hundred miles between stations Horses were changed every ten to fifteen miles Sometimes a rider would arrive at

a station only to find that no rider was there to relieve him

When this happened, the rider and sometimes the same horse would ride on to the next station

The Arrival of the Telegraph

The Pony Express operated for just eighteen months before

the telegraph put it out of business This technology,

already used in the East, sent messages electrically along wires in just minutes On October 24, 1861, the extension of telegraph lines to the West Coast was completed Two days later California newspapers noted that “Our little friend the Pony is to run no more.”

The Pony Express relied on brave men and boys.

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The Long Drive

Even before people began heading to the far West,

thousands built cattle ranches on the wide open lands of Texas

Ranchers, however, raised so many cattle that they needed

new markets

The California gold rush was a good opportunity for Texas

ranchers During the 1850s more than 100,000 cattle were

driven in herds from Texas to San Francisco The peak of cattle

driving came after the Civil War as railroads began branching

further west Cattle were now driven north from Texas to towns

in Missouri and Kansas From there they were shipped by rail

to Chicago, Illinois

Cowboys drove herds of cattle from their ranches to railroad towns along

several trails.

Railroad

Cattle trail

Present-day

boundaries are shown

11

A cattle drive was usually led by a trail boss and eight to

ten cowboys for a herd of between two thousand and three thousand cattle A cook drove the “chuck wagon.” A wrangler took care of the cowboys’ horses Most cowboys were

European American, but some were Mexican and African American

Cowboys had to keep the cattle calm and headed in the right direction This could be difficult because the cattle could stampede at the slightest sound or unexpected movement

Cowboys broke up stampedes and tracked down strays They also took turns keeping watch through the night, singing to keep the cattle settled It took months on the trail to reach their destination

The chuck wagon was designed to carry cooking utensils and supplies, such as flour and spices.

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A Changing Way of Life

Between 1865 and 1890, about ten million cattle were

driven north from Texas Gradually, though, open grazing

lands were fenced off Ranchers spread north into the prairies

of Nebraska, North and South Dakota, Wyoming, and

Montana Cattle drives shortened to just a few days, but

winters up north were snowy and cold Cowboys had to find

grazing areas where the wind had blown away the snow

They also had to chop holes in the ice so the cattle could get

water to drink Sunlight on the snow blinded them and caused

the cowboys to get sunburned Frost cracked their lips and

skin The best days of the cowboy were over

Driving cattle was a tiring and dirty business “There was never

enough sleep,” one cowboy later remembered.

13

The Transcontinental Railroad

Settlers in the West wanted a transcontinental railroad

to be extended to the West Coast Congress authorized the railroad in 1862 Two companies raced to build it from opposite ends of the country The Union Pacific worked westward from Omaha, Nebraska The Central Pacific worked eastward from Sacramento, California

Union Pacific workers were mostly immigrants from Ireland, but some were former Confederate soldiers, Mexicans,

Germans, English, and former enslaved people As they worked, they were sometimes attacked by Native Americans who controlled the land

Thousands of Central Pacific workers were Chinese who had tried looking for gold in California They had to blast tunnels through mountains, which was a dangerous job

Railroad workers sometimes had

to build large bridges.

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Joining the Tracks

Planners did not know where the two railroad lines would

join The competing teams of men who prepared the ground

for the track even passed each other The two lines were

finally connected on May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah

Territory

The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869.

15

Homesteading

In 1862 Congress passed the Homestead Act This act promised 160 acres of land to any person who claimed a plot,

or a homestead, on the Great Plains and farmed it for five years The act set off a new wave of pioneers, this time to the Midwest

Nearly two million people moved to the plains in the 1870s They built their houses out of sod and plowed fields They dug wells or walked to nearby streams for water They hoped for good weather to grow crops When grasshoppers or hail or drought destroyed the crops, they started over They cared for each other when they where sick or in need They did everything they could to survive

A family stands in front of their sod house.

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Glossary

cattle drive a way that cowboys move large herds of cattle

north from ranches in Texas to towns along the railroads in

the late 1800s

entrepreneur a person who starts a new business, hoping to

make a profit

gold rush the sudden movement of many people to an area

where gold has been found

pioneer an early settler of a region

technology the use of new ideas to make tools that improve

people’s lives

telegraph a device that sends messages through wires using

electricity

transcontinental railroad a railroad that crosses

a continent