Matured and ripened ovaries

Dichotomous Key1 Simple Fruits 2 Fleshy Fruits 3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary 4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds .…... berry 5 Leathery rind ……… hespiridium 5 Hard rind

 Matured and ripened

ovaries.

 Holds and protects the

seeds until they mature.

 Helps in the dissemination

or dispersal of the seeds.

 Does not only apply to

those that have edible

portions, but also to those which are commonly

referred to as vegetable.

Classification of Fruits

As to the composition or number of flowers

involved in their formation

1 Simple Fruits

 develops from one ovary

2 Aggregate Fruit

 develops from several ovaries of a single flower

3 Collective or Multiple Fruit

 derived from several ovaries

of several flowers or from

the ovaries of a compact

inflorescence.

As to structure, consistency & dehiscence

(includes the state of the pericarp in the ripened fruit)

Dichotomous Key

1 Simple Fruits

2 Fleshy Fruits

3 Fleshy part derived from the ovary

4 Entire ovary fleshy, enclosing several seeds … berry

5 Leathery rind ……… hespiridium

5 Hard rind ……… pepo

4 Outer part of ovary fleshy, inner part stonyusually enclosing one seed ……… drupe

6 Mesocarp fleshy ……… fleshy drupe

6 Mesocarp fibrous ………fibrous drupe

3 Fleshy part derived mainly from the torus ………… pome

Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing several

seeds Has thick leathery skin containing oil.

Simple-Fleshy-Berry-Hespiridium

Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata) Kalamansi (Citrus microcarpa)

albedo/mesocarp

carpels sections with fluid-filled sacs called vesicles

endocarp seed

flavedo/epicarp

Hespiridium Anatomy

septum

Derived from a fleshy ovary enclosing many seeds

Pepo has hard, thick rind.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) Water melon (Citrullus lanatus)

Pepo Anatomy

Peach (Prunus persica) Mango (Mangifera Indica)

Fleshy mesocarp and ovary Seed enclosed within

a stony endocarp (pit).

Fleshy Drupe Anatomy

seed

seed endocarp

Coconut (Cocos nucifera)

Fibrous mesocarp and fleshy ovary Seed enclosed within a stony endocarp (pit)

Fibrous Drupe Anatomy

Fleshy part derived mainly from torus Ovary

surrounded by fleshy hypanthium.

Apple (Malus domestica) Pears (Pyrus sp.)

Pome Anatomy

2 Dry Fruits

7 Dehiscent

8 Fruit derived from one carpel

9 Splitting along 1 seam (1 suture) …… ……… follicle

9 Splitting along 2 seams (2 sutures) … …… legume/pod

8 Fruit derived from 2 or more carpel

10 Carpels 2, persistent partition wall after splitting … ……… silique

10 Carpels 2 or more, splitting in one

of four different ways ……… capsule

11 Splitting along the locule ……….………… loculicidal

11 Splitting along the septa ………septicidal

11 Splitting along the terminal pore ………… poricidal

11 Splitting along a circular horizontal line … circumscissile

Kalachuchi (Plumeria rubra) Star anise (Illicium verum)

Dry fruit derived from one carpel splitting along

one seam

Narrowleaf bittercress

(Cardamine impatiens) Bluepod Rockcress (Boechera glaucovalvula)

Simple-Dry-Dehiscent-Silique

Dry fruit derived from two or more carpel with

persistent partition wall after splitting

(Splitting along the septum)

Derived from two or more carpel splitting in one

or four ways

7 Indehiscent Fruits

12 Seed inseparable from the fruit wall ……… grain/caryopsis

12 Seed separable from the fruit wall

13 Fruit with wings ……… samara/key

13 Fruit without wings

14 Fruit wall very hard, one seeded ….……… nut

14 Fruit wall thin, one seed attached

to ovary wall at one point ……… achene

12 Seeds not coming out of fruit although united

carpels split apart at maturity ………

schizocarp

Simple-Dry-Indehiscent-Grain/Caryopsis

Rice (Oriza sativa) Corn (Zea mays)

Seed inseparable from the fruit wall.

Rice Grain Anatomy

Corn Kernel Anatomy

Mahogany (Shorea negrosensis) Narra (Pterocarpus indicus)

Seed separable from the fruit wall

Fruit with wings

Pili nut

(Canarium ovatum) Cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale)

Fruit without wings and with very hard fruit wall

Has only one seed

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus)

Seed without wings and with thin fruit wall One

seed attached to ovary wall at one point.

Seed not coming out of fruit although united

carpels split apart at maturity

Little mallow (Malva parviflora) Queen Anne’s Lace (Daucus carota)

1 Compound Fruits

15 Fruits from several ovaries of one flower massed

on a common receptacle ……… aggregate

15 Fruit from several ovaries of several flowers

of compact inflorescence ……… collective/multiple

Strawberry (Fragaria sp.)

Many ovaries derived from a single flower

Seed Dispersal

 insects — insects much less important for dispersal than

pollination, but ants often involved in dispersal

 birds, mammals, reptiles, and even fish — much more

important for dispersal than pollination

 wind — important in both pollination and dispersal

 water — minor importance in pollination, somewhat greater

in dispersal

 self dispersal — just like some plants carry out self pollination, some plants have mechanisms for self dispersal

Plants often solicit the aid of animals, as well as abiotic

forces such as wind, to accomplish both of these

 Avoid competition with parent and siblings

 Colonize new habitats

 Avoid pathogens and predators

 Minimize inbreeding

Why is dispersal important?

 Wind — prairie/grasslands, mountains, forest trees,

weedy areas

 External attachment to animals — forest plants relatively low to ground

 Ingestion by animals — forest plants

 Water — plants that grow in wetlands and along streams

 Ballistic — various; some parasitic plants, some forest

plants, some weedy plants

Methods of dispersal are often tied to

certain habitats