SEDIMENTARY ROCKS MINERAL OR ROCK FRAGMENTS OR MATERIAL

CRUCIAL FACTORS:SOURCE ROCK FROM WHICH SEDIMENT DERIVED TRANSPORT MECHANISM WIND, WATER, ICE SITE OF DEPOSITION RIVER, LAKE, OCEAN, DESERT PLATE TECTONIC SETTING SEDIMENTS 5% OF EARTH'

CRUCIAL FACTORS:

SOURCE ROCK FROM WHICH

SEDIMENT DERIVED

TRANSPORT MECHANISM

(WIND, WATER, ICE)

SITE OF DEPOSITION (RIVER,

LAKE, OCEAN, DESERT)

PLATE TECTONIC SETTING

SEDIMENTS 5% OF EARTH'S

CRUST, BUT MOST COMMON

SURFACE ROCKS, RECORD

EARTH HISTORY, & VALUABLE

FOR RESOURCES (oil, gas,

coal, building material)

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS-MINERAL OR ROCK FRAGMENTS OR MATERIAL OF ORGANIC ORIGIN ARE ERODED OR DISSOLVED AND THEN DEPOSITED IN LAYERS AT EARTH'S SURFACE

SEDIMENTARY ROCK TYPES

CLASTIC SEDIMENTS: GRAINS PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL OR

SHELL OR CORAL FRAGMENTS

(EXAMPLES: LIMESTONE, COAL)

Size and shape of

mountain streams, beaches with large waves, or glacial melt streams

Deposited by gentle currents, so small particles settle out of the water: deep

ocean, coasts with weak tides

Deposited by moderate currents that removed finer sediment: rivers, coasts with moderate waves, wind-produced dunes.

COMPACTION, LITHIFICATION, DIAGENESIS

UNCONSOLIDATED SEDIMENT TURNS INTO HARD

SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Davidson 4.25

Similar to snow turning to ice

Sedimentary Structures:

Cross-bedding: sediment carried by moving fluid (water, air)

Ripple Marks

Graded Bedding: grains become finer upward in layer

Mud Cracks: shallow water deposit

Davidson 4.24

MIDWEST HAS FEATURES

FORMED BY SEDIMENT

TRANSPORTED BY GLACIERS

MANY FORMED 25,000 -

14,000 YRS AGO DURING

LAST ICE AGE

VAST ICE SHEET OVER

CANADA

GLACIERS FLOW AWAY

FROM ICE SHEET'S CENTER

18,000 YRS AGO-

SOUTHERMOST ADVANCE OF

GLACIER THAT FLOWED

THROUGH LAKE MICHIGAN

BASIN AND INTO NE ILLINOIS

SINCE THEN, ICE MELTED

BACK

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ECCENTRICITY, TILT, & PRECESSION CAUSE VARIATIONS IN SUNLIGHT (UP TO ABOUT 5% AT HIGHER LATITUDES), SO CLIMATE VARIES BETWEEN WARMER AND COLDER PERIODS.

COLDER WINTERS, MORE ICE ACCUMULATES, CAN START ICE AGE

OTHER FACTORS MAY ACT INCLUDING MOUNTAIN UPLIFT (HIMALAYA)

MILANKOVITCH CYCLES

Earth’s orbit changes Earth’s tilt changes

GLACIERS- THICK ICE, LASTS ALL YEAR; RECRYSTALLIZED SNOW MOVES DOWNSLOPE BY GRAVITY OR RADIALLY OUTWARD BY ITS OWN WEIGHT

Robeson Glacier, Canada

GLACIERS ERODE &

DEPOSIT SEDIMENT - TILL

ADVANCING GLACIERS SLOWLY PUSH EARTH & ROCK FORWARD

DEPOSIT THESE MATERIALS WHEN GLACIERS MELT (RETREAT)

TILL - DEBRIS DEPOSITS, POORLY

SORTED FORM CHARACTERISTIC

LANDFORMS

END MORAINES TILL DEPOSITS AT GLACIER

MARGIN

Sheridan Road, Winnetka

Glencoe BeachGlacial Park, McHenryPalos ParkKettle Morraine State Forest, WI

DRUMLINS

ROUNDED & ELONGATED HILL OF GLACIAL TILL

BUILT UNDER ICE MARGINS

SHAPED BY GLACIERS FLOW

BLUNT NOSE IN DIRECTION FROM WHICH ICE CAME & GENTLE SLOPE TAPERED IN OTHER DIRECTION

VOLO BOG (McHENRY,

COOLER CLIMATE- DIFFERENT

PLANTS AND ANIMALS THAN TODAY

ILLINOIS 16,000 YRS AGO

BONNEVILLE SALT FLATS

(GREAT SALT LAKE) REMAIN

FROM HUGE LAKE DURING ICE

AGES

MEDITERRANEAN (6 MYR AGO)

CHEMICAL SEDIMENTS: CRYSTALLIZED FROM WATER WHEN THEIR CONCENTRATION EXCEEDS THAT WHICH CAN BE DISSOLVED

(SOLUBLE) IN WATER

GREAT SALT LAKE - UTAH

LATEST OF LAKES THAT EXISTED OFF AND ON FOR PAST 15 MYRS.

NO OUTLET BECAUSE AT BOTTOM

OF A BASIN FRESH WATER

ENTERING FROM RIVERS CAN ONLY EXIT BY EVAPORATION OR SEEPAGE INTO DEEP GROUNDWATER LAYERS

CURRENT CLIMATE OF HIGH

EVAPORATION AND LOW INPUT OF FRESH WATER GIVES SALINE LAKE

SALT WATERS’ MAJOR ELEMENTS: SODIUM, MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, AND SULFATE.

MAJOR MINERAL INDUSTRY

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5-6 million years ago the Mediterranean became isolated from the Atlantic Ocean, causing the sea water to evaporate, and leaving immense dried-

up basins, shown by a large accumulation of salt deposits sandwiched between deep-water

marine sediments

QuickTime™ and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.

CAN INVOLVE CHANGES IN

MINERALOGY, TEXTURE, &

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

ALTHOUGH SHALLOW BURIAL

CAN PRODUCE LITHIFICATION &

DIAGENESIS OF SEDIMENT INTO

SEDIMENTARY ROCK, ONLY

PLATE TECTONIC PROCESSES

CAN CAUSE PRESSURES AND

TEMPERATURES HIGH ENOUGH

TO PRODUCE METAMORPHIC

ROCKS

METAMORPHIC ROCKS INDICATE

TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE

CONDITIONS UNDER WHICH THEY

FORMED

METAMORPHIC ROCKS- FROM ALTERATION OF PRE-EXISTING ROCKS

BY HEAT, PRESSURE, & CHEMICAL REACTIONS

PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE INCREASE WITH DEPTH

INTERNAL ENERGY

(HEAT) FROM EARTH

ACTS VIA PLATE

Davi dson 4.30