k sedimentary rocks

Sedimentary rocks record environmental information... Classification of Sedimentary Rocks... Evaporite - SaltChemical rocks -What happens when salty water evaporates?... Microcrystallin

Sedimentary Environments

Sedimentary rocks record environmental information

Continental Shelf

Lithification: Compaction and cementation

water is driven out (dewatering).

This solution permeates throughout open pore spaces, forming a cement.

Cemented Sandstone

Cemented Limestone

Classification of Sedimentary

Rocks

Clastics Increasing

waterenergy

Clastic Sedimentary Rock

Breccia

Biogenic rocks

-Accumulation of dead critters.

Shallow, warm, marine environment.

Limestone Thin Section

Accumulation of organicmaterial in a swampyenvironment Anaerobic, dark,murky water

Biogenic rocks

Care for a swim?

Evaporite - Salt

Chemical rocks

-What happens when salty water evaporates?

Salt Flat

Microcrystalline silica Chemical rocks -

Deep water ocean environment,

Continental Slope

Transatlantic Cable

Turbidity Current

Turbidite Layers

Sea level

facies change

Mud

North Carolina

OIL

Oil Well

Offshore Oil Rig

Oil Traps

Oil & gas are less dense, so they migrate toward the surface.

Oil Traps

Salt Dome

Salt is very impermeable

Salt is also less dense than the country rock, so it too is migrating toward the surface.

Oil Formation

Given many thousands of years, a stack of mud and organic remains many kilometers thick may pile up

on the sea floor, especially in nutrient-rich waters Given enough time, the overlying sediments that are constantly being deposited will bury these organic remains and mud so deeply that they will eventually

be turned into solid rock It is believed that high heat and intense pressure help along various chemical reactions, transforming the soft parts of ancient organisms found in the deep-sea sludge into oil and natural gas At this point, this ooze at the bottom of the ocean turns into source rock.

Maturation

Reservoir Rock

Stratigraphic Trap

Oil migrates into ‘traps’

Oil rig: Gulf of Mexico

Gulf of Mexico

130 active drilling rigs

4,489 producing oil wells 3,813 producing gas wells

Worldwide Offshore Oil Rigs

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Known Oil Reserves

Oil Consumption

United States: 19.6 million barrels per day 25% of world

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World Oil Consumption

What A Barrel Of Crude Oil Makes (42 gallons)

(Includes both home heating oil and diesel fuel)

kerosene-type jet fuel

4.1

residual fuel oil

(Heavy oils used as fuels in industry, marine transportation and for electric power generation)

Oil makes gas, right? Well…

saccharine (artificial sweetener) roofing paper aspirin hair coloring heart valves crayons parachutes telephones bras transparent tape antiseptics purses deodorant panty hose air conditioners shower curtains shoes

volleyballs electrician's tape floor wax

car bodies tires house paint hair dryers guitar strings pens

ammonia eyeglasses contacts life jackets insect repellent fertilizers hair coloring movie film ice chests loudspeakers basketballs footballs combs/brushes linoleum fishing rods rubber boots

petroleum jelly lip balm

antihistamines golf balls dice insulation glycerin typewriter/

computer ribbons trash bags rubber cement cold cream umbrellas ink of all types wax paper paint brushes hearing aids compact discs mops

bandages artificial turf

tape recorders stereos

plywood adhesives

TV cabinets toilet seats car batteries candles refrigerator seals carpet

cortisone vaporizers solvents nail polish denture adhesives balloons boats dresses shirts (non-cotton) perfumes

toothpaste

plastic cups electric blankets oil filters

floor wax ping pong paddles cassette tapes dishwashing liquid water skis

upholstery chewing gum thermos bottles plastic chairs transparencies plastic wrap rubber bands computers gasoline diesel fuel kerosene heating oil asphalt motor oil

Rock Cycle