Mineral resources 6

Classification of organic minerals1.Metal specific amino acid Complex 2.Metal Aminoacid Complex 3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate 4.Mineral proteinnates 5.Mineral polysaccharide complex... Met

CHELATED MINERALS IN ANIMAL NUTRITION

Rajendran, C.Kathirvelan and V.Balakrishnan Madras Veterinary College

Chennai, INDIA

“All Physiological Function All Physiological Function”

Mineral deficiency occur

 All Livestock & Poultry

 May be sufficient amount in diet

 Interaction between minerals

 Presence of Anti nutritional factors

 Phytate

 Oxalate

 Mimosine

 Gossypol

Extend of mineral absorption in ruminant

Non-ruminant little higher with mineral

Factor affecting absorption

1 Chemical form – Organic, Inorganic

2 Other dietary factor –pH, Solubility etc.,

25 %

How to increase absorption

Complexing inorganic element with organic compound

This is called ‘Chelates’.

Chelates :

It is a cyclic compound which is formed between an

organic molecule and a metallic ion Held with in the organic molecule as if by a “claw”.

Chelate -Greek word - ‘Claw’

Naturally occurring chelates :

Chlorophyll's Cytochrome Haemoglobin Vitamin B12

Classification of organic minerals

1.Metal (specific amino acid) Complex

2.Metal Aminoacid Complex

3.Metal Aminoacid Chelate

4.Mineral proteinnates

5.Mineral polysaccharide complex

Complexation and Chelates

[Cu (NH3)2]

 Metalic ion + Ligand Complex

 complex may be as simple as only one bond

Or complex contain many bond - Chelates

Cu2 + NH3 [Cu (NH3)2 + NH3(Lewis acid) (Lewis base) COMPLEX

Metal Chelate

Metal (specific amino acid) Complex – The product resulting from complexing a soluble metal salt with a specific amino acid Minimum metal must be declared When used as a commercial feed ingredient, it must be declared as a specific metal, i.e copper lysine complex, zinc lysine complex etc.

Classification of organic minerals

Examples are:

• Copper lysine complex

• Zinc lysine complex

• Ferric methionine complex

• Manganese methionine complex

• Zinc methionine complex

Metal Aminoacid Complex – Product resulting from complexing of

a soluble metal salt (such as copper or manganese, etc) with an amino acid(s) Minimum metal content must declared When used

as a commercial feed ingredient

Classification of organic minerals

Examples are:

• Copper amino acid complex

• Zinc amino acid complex

• Magnesium amino acid complex

• Iron amino acid complex

• Calcium amino acid complex

• Potassium amino acid complex

• Manganese amino acid complex

Metal Aminoacid Chelate – The product resulting from the

reaction of a metal ion from a soluble metal salt with amino

acids, with a mole ratio of one mole of metal to one to three

(preferably two) moles of amino acids to form coordinate

covalent bonds

Amino acids molecular weight must be approximately 150

the chelate molecular weight must not exceed 800 The

minimum metal content must be declared When used as a

commercial feed ingredient,

Classification of organic minerals

Examples are:

• Calcium amino acid chelate

• Cobalt amino acid chelate

• Copper amino acid chelate

• Iron amino acid chelate

• Magnesium amino acid chelate

• Manganese amino acid chelate

• Zinc amino acid chelate

Classification of organic minerals

Metal proteinate is the product resulting from the chelation of a soluble salt with amino acids and/or partially hydrolyzed protein It must be declared as a ingredient as the specific metal proteinate.

Classification of organic minerals

Metal Polysaccharide Complex – is the product resulting from complexing of a soluble salt with a polysaccharide solution declared as a ingredient as the specific metal complex

Examples are:

• Copper polysaccharide complex

• Iron polysaccharide complex

• Zinc polysaccharide complex

• Magnesium polysaccharide complex

How to prepare a chelate

By reaction

mineral salt +

enzymatically prepared Amino acid/ peptide Controlled condition

Ligand bind the metal atom at one or more point

Form Ring

Primary chelated mineral used in animal feeds are

Zinc Iron Manganese Cobalt

Copper

These are

“transitional” element

It prefer to form co-ordinate covalent bond- a hybrid form of linkage –

stable complex

Ca, Mg, k

Technology for preparation of chelated minerals

Hydrolysis of Protein

Separation by centrifuge

and ultrafiltration Chelation process

Removal of unbound mineral

Drying grinding and storage

Dinhh and Aruna Chhabra, 2003

1 Mono dentate – less stable

2 Multi dentate – more stable

Factors influencing stability

Use of chelates in Animal Nutrition Main Objectives :

1 Reduction of antagonism, interferences and competition among

minerals.

2 Improve the bioavailability of minerals

3 Counteract antinutritional factors, which affecting minerals

4 Performance improvement

5 Health improvement (immune status, functional nutrition)

6 over all animal welfare

7 Improvement in animal produces quality (meat, milk, egg, wool etc.,)

8 Reduce degenerative effect of trace minerals on vitamins in premixes

and feed.

9 Protect environment by reducing metal pollution.

Mode of action

Stable in rumen environment & abomasum

Delivered in small intestine as such.

Absorbed through active transport (more blood level)

It act as biological complex (more tissue level)

Enter into different pool

Metabolizable in differently(Neathery et al 1972) (Pharmaco-dyanamics nutrient) (using 65Zn)

Ruminants

Mineral Amino Acid complex

Zinc methionine has been studied greatest extend.

Not much research on zinc lysine & iron methionine in ruminants.

Zinc mehionine Not degraded

Chelated minerals usually cost more, per unit

of metal element, than the same metal in inorganic form

Historically the argument against chelates was that increased use of inorganics was more economic than feeding chelates

 However, there is indication that in some situations, chelates can achieve biologic endpoints that inorganics cannot.

CONCLUSION

Chelated mineral can be used when more

interference affects mineral utilization

It can be used as immuno-stimulant but

more data is needed.