Boi duong hoc sinh gioi hoa hoc 9 p1

Oxit Ixidng tmh : L a nhffng oxit vijTa tac dung vdi dung dich bazd viTa tac dung vdi dung dich axit tao thanh muoi va nU'dc.. Oxit trung tinh hay oxit khong tao muoi: La nhUng oxit kho

DICuc luc

Chrfrfng I CAC L O A I H 0 P C H A T V 6 C d 3

A L I THUYET CCJ B A N VA NANG CAO 3

B BAI TAP THEO CHU DE 12

C B A I TAP LUYEN THI 24

ChtfrfnglL K I M L O A I 83

A L I THUYET C d B A N VA NANG CAO 83

B BAI TAP THEO CHU DE 86

C BAI TAP LUYEN THI 98

Chtfcfng I I I PHI K I M - B A N G T U A N HOAN 155

A L I THUYET C d B A N VA NANG CAO 155

B BAI TAP THEO CHU DE 158

C BAI TAP LUYEN THI 172

Chrfcfng IV HIDROCACBON - N H I E N \A%V) 194

A L i THUYET CO B A N VA NANG CAO 194

B BAI TAP THEO CHU DE 196

C BAI TAP LUYEN THI 210

Chrfrfng V D A N X U A T C U A HIDROCACBON - POLIME 244

A Lf THUYET C d BAN VA NANG CAO 244

B BAI TAP THEO CHU DE 246

C BAI TAP LUYEN THI 256

ChrfoTng V I C A C B A I T O A N KHO 289

ChiiOng I ClIC I0fi\ CtitJ Vd Cflf

A LI THUYET C d BAN VA NANG CAO

GAG HOP CHAT V 6 GO

Oxit Oxit bazcf axit CaO CO2

NO

CO

Axit Axit Bazo Bazd Mud'i Mue'i

CO oxi kheng tan I<h6ng axit trung H2SO4 c6 oxi NaOH tan NaHSO^ hoa

HNO3 HCi KOH Cu(0H)2 NaHCOs Na2S04

1 OXIT

I Dinh nghTa: Oxit la hdp ciiat cua oxi vdi mot nguyen to hoa hoc khac , Cong thtfc chung: RjOn hoac R^Oy - - Ten goi: Ten nguyen to + oxit

I I PhSn loai: Difa vao hoa tinh cua oxit, ta phan lam 4 loai

1 Oxit bazcf: L a nhufng oxit khi tac dung vdi axit tao thanh muoi va niTdc

Vidu: C a O + 2HC1 > CaClj + H2O

2 Oxit axit: La nhiJug oxit khi tac dung vdi bazd tao thanh muoi va niTdc

Vidu: CO2 + Ca(0H)2 > C a C O j i + H2O

3 Oxit Ixidng tmh : L a nhffng oxit vijTa tac dung vdi dung dich bazd viTa tac

dung vdi dung dich axit tao thanh muoi va nU'dc • j

Vidu: AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H2O

AI2O3 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2O "77

4 Oxit trung tinh (hay oxit khong tao muoi): La nhUng oxit khong tac dung vdi

axit, bazd, nUdc

Vidu: N O , C O

* Lu ^i y : H2O cung la mot oxit

I I I T m h chsYt hoa hoc *>

1 Tinh chaft cua oxit bazcf: 4 ) ; a) C6ng thtfc chung la MjOn hay M,Oy D H I i 1

3

MlkM hifu chung cho c^c kim loai (c6 ho^ tri n) :

H N O a ^

+CO2 , i+oxit axit

Ca(N03)2 CaCOs CaSOs

CaO + 2HNO3 — > Ca(N03)2 + H2O

2 Tinh cha't cua oxit axit a) C6ng thtfc chung RxOy hoac R20n (R la ki hi?u chung cho cic phi kim C, S, N,P )

b) Hoa tinh cua oxit axit | " i 71

- Tdc dung vdi bazd tao thanh mudi va nirdc

- Tac dung vdi oxit bazcJ tao thanh muo'i

c) Hoa tinh va dilu ch§' SO2

* S d d 6 S 0 2 (Khisunfurd)

S — FeSz

dot > SO2 (K) (dilng trong cong nghiep)

d6't ^ 2Fe203 (r) + 8SO2 (K) (dung trong cong nghiep)

Na2S04(dd) + HjOd) + S02(K)

CuS04(dd) + S02(K) + 2H2O0) Hod tinh : La oxit axit cd ten goi anhidrit sunfurd

SO2 (K) + H20(i) > H2SO3 (dd) Axit sunfurd

S02(K) + 2NaOH(dd) > Na2S03 (dd) + H2O Natri sunfit

S02(K) + Ca(0H)2(dd) > CaSOjtr) + H2O (,) Canxi sunfit

S02(K) + K20(r) > K2SO3 (r) Kali sunfit

S02(K) + BaO(r) > BaS03(r) Bari sunfit

1

aoi amng hoc sihh gfoi ttoa HOC a, if - uao Htfu VirtFT

II TINH CHAT HOA HQC CUA AXIT

I Tinh chS't hoa hpc chung cue axit

+Quy tim +Kim loai (trU'(tc H)

+Oxit ba/.() +Baz((

+Oxit bazo +CuO

/ +Oxit bazo

+Fe203

Hoa do FeClj

H o a t i n h : Fe(r)

2A1(,, CuO(o

Fe203( r)

NaOH(dd,

+ 2HCl(jj) + 6HCl„,o + 2HC1,,,,

+ 6HCl(Ud)

+ HCl(jj)

-> FeCl2 (dd) + H2 (k) -> 2AlCl3,dd) + 3H2(k, -> CuCl2(dd, + H20(|) -> 2FeCi3(dd) + 3H20(|) -> NaCl(dd) + HzOd)

6

- D i ^ u che":

Cu(OH)2(r, +

AgN03,dd) + CaC03(r) +

H2 (k) +

2NaCl(o +

2HCl(dj) HCl(dd) 2HCl(dd) CI2 (k)

2S02(k, + 02(k) S03(„ + H20,,,

F e S 0 4 (dd) + H2 (k) Al2(S04)3(dd) +3H2(k, ZnS04(dd) + H2O (!) Fe2(S04)3(dd) + 3 H 2 0 ( i )

+ 2H20(„

• 2H20(„

CUSO4 (dd) Na2S04(dd)

B a S 0 4 i iriing + 2HCl(dd)

+ H20(,) + C02(k) + 8S02(k)

t " , x ,

CaS04 (r) 2Fe203 (r)

.)

7

+ Gia'y quy t u n

+ N h i l u kim loai (trtr Au, Pt) + A g ^

* Cic phiTcJng trmh p h a n tfng :

0 2H2S04dac + CU(,) — ^ CuS04(dd) + S02 (k) + 2H20 (1)

2H2S04dac + 2Ag(„ Ag2S04(r) + SO2 (k) +2H2O (,)

H2S04dac + Ci2H220n > H2SO4.IIH2O +12C

III TfNH CHAT HOA HQC CUA BAZd

I T i n h cha't hoa hpc chung cua bazcf

1 T i n h cha't hoa hpc chung cua bazoT tan trong nvtdc (chS't k i l m )

L i O H , K O H , Ba(0H)2, Ca(0H)2, NaOH

Quy tim

Cha't chi thi mku

Phenolphtalein + Oxit axit

M(OH)„ dd + dd mu6'i

+ Axit t" (M: Ba, Ca)

Quj- tim Cha't chi thi mau

+FeCl3

Na20 +Nir<}c + Axit +HC1 »•

+H2SO4 t»

Xanh Hong NazCOs NazSOj Cu(OH)2

Fe(0H)3

NaCl Na2S04

^ Kh6ng bi nhi$t phSn

* Cic phtfdng trinh hoa hoc :

Hoa tinh: 2NaOH(dd)

2NaOH(dd) 2NaOH(dd) 3NaOH(dd) NaOH(dd) 2NaOH(dd)

Di^u che : 2Na(r)

Na20(,) 2NaCl(dd) + 2H20(,) -

C02(k) S02(k)

CuS04(dd) FeCl3(dd) HCl(dd) H2S04(dd)

2H20(,)

H 2 0 ( „

+ + + + + + + +

di^nphandungdich comangngan b) V i du 2: T m h cha't hoa hpc v a dl4u chS' Ca(0H)2

Na2C03(dd) + Na2S03(dd) +

Cu(0H)2(r, + Fe(OH)3(o +

NaCl(dd) + Na2S04(dd) + 2NaOH(dd) + 2NaOH(dd)

> 2NaOH(dd) +H2(k) + Cl2(k)

H20(,) H20(,) Na2S04(dd) 3NaCl(dd) H20(,) 2H20(„ , H2t(k)

+H2SO4

Xanh Hong CaC03 CaSOj CaC03

Fe(0H)3

CaCl2 CaS04 CaO

9

-> CaC03(r) + H2O,,) -^CaSO3(0 + H2O„)

CaCOj, r) + 2NaOH(dd, -> 2Fe(OH)3(r) +3CaCl2(dd)

^ Ca(0H)2,dd, +2HCl,dd,

j Ca(0H)2(dd) +H2S04(ddf

\(0H)2,.) — ^ CaO(,) +H20(k,

c) Thang p H : Dilng de bieu thi do axit hoSc do bazd cua dung dich :

- Ne'u p H = 7: dung dich trung tinh

- Neu pH > 7: dung dich c6 tinh bazd; p H cang Idn do bazd dung dich cang Idn

- Ne'u p H < 7: dung dich c6 tinh a x i t ; p H cang nho do axit dung dich cang Idn

2 Tinh chat hoa HQC chung cua bazd khong tan trong ntfdc:

Mg(0H)2, A1(0H)3, Zn(0H)2, Fe(0H)2, Fe(0H)3, Cu(0H)2

* Khong tac dung len chat chi thi, khong tac dung vdi oxit axit, khong tac dung

vdi dung dich muoi

IV TINH CHAT HOA HQC CUA MUOI, PHAN UfNG TRAO DOI - PHAN BON

HOA HQC MOI QUAN HE GlQfA CAC HCJP CHAT VO Cd

1 Tmh cha't hoa HQC cua muo'i

+ Kim loai M'

dd muoi kirn loai M

M u o i + M

(M' dufng trU(5c M) +.Axit ^ M u o i m d i i + Axit m d i t

+ dd baza + dd muoi

Co can nhi?t phan

1 0

Fe2(S04)3(dd)

AgN03(dd)

2 K C 1 0 3 ( r , CaC03(r) 2Cu(N03)2(r)

2KN03(o

+ +

6KOH(dd) NaCl(dd,

-> 2Fe(OH)3(,) +3K2S04(dd)

AgCl 2KC1(.)

CaO(,) 2CuO(o

I I Phan uTng trao dSi

1 D}nh nghia: Phan tfng trao doi la phan tfng hoa hoc trong do hai hdp cha't tham gia phan uTng trao ddi v d i nhau nhffng thanh phan cau tao ciia chung de tao ra nhCfng hdp chat m d i j '

2 V i d u : A B + C D > A D + CB

3 D i l u ki$n xay ra phan tfng trao doi Phan iJng trao ddi giffa dung dich cac chS't chi xay ra neu san pham tao thanh cd mot chat de bay hdi hoac chat khong tan -

I I I PhSn bon hoa hoc

1 PhSn bon ddn: Chtfa mot trong 3 nguyen to dinh duTdng chinh la dam (N), Ian (P),kali (K)

a) PhSn dam: '

- Ure (NH2)2CO tan trong niTdc, chuTa 46% nitd ' ''^ '

(NH2)2CO + 2H2O ^ (NH4)2C03

- Amoni nitrat NH4NO3 tan trong nu'dc ; chiJa 35%N

- Amoni sunfat (NH4)2S04 tan trong n i ^ c ; chtfa 21%N ; " ' b) PhSn ISn:

- Photphat tif nhien Ca3(P04)3: khong tan trong nifdc, tan cham trong daft chua

- Supe photphat Ca(H2P04)2: tan dU'dc trong nu'dc

c) P h a n k a l i : K C l va K2SO4 deu de tan trong nu'dc

2 PhSn bon kep : ChiJa 2 hoac 3 nguyen to dinh dtfdng la N , P, K

- V i du 1 : Phan NPK la hon hdp cac muoi : NH4NO3, (NH4)2HP04, K C l deu

de tan cung cap cho cay trong dong thdi dam, Ian, kali

- V i du 2 : K N O 3 (dam va kali) ; (NH4)2HP04 (dam va Ian)

3 PhSn bon vi Irfc/ng: ChiJa mot liTdng rat it cic nguyen to hoa hoc di/di dang hdp chat can thiet cho sU" phat trien cua cay, nhiT hdp chat cua B , Zn, M n

v.v

1

rV M6'i quan M gi^a cdc h^p chfi't v6 ccf

Oxit bazcJ

+ A x i t

+ K i m loai bazd + Oxit bazd, muoi

A X I T

B B A I T A P T H E O C H U D E •

Dgng 1: Nh$n bi^t - T^ch h6n hdp - Tinh ch^ c^c ch^t

I Bdi tap c6 lofi gi^i

1 Co hon hdp gom BaO va Fe203, neu phuTdng phap hoi hoc tich rieng

Fe203 Viet phiTdng trinh phan iJng

UvCdng d i n giai

Hoa tan h5n hdp trong nifdc lay du", Fe203 khong tan diTdc tach ra

BaO bi hoa tan do phan tfng: BaO + H2O > Ba(0H)2

2 Co hon hdp gom AI2O3 va Fe203, neu phi/dng phap hoa hoc de tdch rieng

Fe203 Viet phtfdng trinh phan tfng

Hi^dng d i n giai Hoa tan hon hdp trong dung dich NaOH lay diT, Fe203 khong tan diTdc tach ra

AI2O3 bi hoa tan do phan uTng: AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H2O

3 K h i CO duTdc dung lam chaft dot trong cong nghiep, c6 Ian tap cha't la cic khi

C O 2 va SO2 L ^ m the nao c6 the loai bo diTdc nhffng tap chat ra khoi CO

b^ng hod cha't r^ tien nha't ? Viet cdc phiTdng trinh phan ufng hod hoc xay ra

Hifdng dan giai

Dan hon hdp khi CO2, SO2, CO Ipi tir tiT qua dung dich Ca(0H)2 dM, CO2 va

SO2 bi hap thu do phan tfng :

12

C O 2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaC03(r) + H2O SO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaS03 (r) + H2O

4 B^ng phtfdng phap hoa hoc hay nhan b i e t :

a) Dung dich HBr va dung dich K2CO3 ,, "

b) Dung dich K C l va dung dich H2SO4 •'"' ' ' "

Viet cdc phtfdng trinh phan iJng xay ra ' '^^^ * ' '

HuTong dan giai a) Diing dung dich BaCl2 de nhan ra dung djch K2CO3, phan uTng tao ket tua tr^ng:

B a C l 2 + K2CO3 > BaCOjfr) + 2KC1

Chat khong phan urng vdi BaCh la dung dich HBr

b) Dung dung dich BaCl2 de nhan ra dung dich H2SO4, phan uTng tao ket tua tr^ng:

B a C l 2 + H2SO4 > BaS04(r) + 2HC1 Cha't khong phan iJng v d i dung dich BaCb la K C l

Hoac dung quy tim de phan biet

5 B^ng phuTdng phap hoa hoc hay nhan biet 4 chat ran mau tr^ng CaS04, CaC03, CaO, Ca(0H)2 Viet cac phiTdng trinh hoa hoc, neu c6:

HuTdng d i n giai

Trich cdc mau t h ^ cho hoa tan vao niTdc

- M a u thuf nko hoa tan va toa nhieu nhiet la CaO

- M a u thuf nao hoa tan it la Ca(0H)2

- Hai mau thuf khong tan la CaS04, CaCOs ta cho chung Ian lifdt tac dung vdi dung dich H C l , mau thuT nao phan iJng sui bot khi la CaC03

CaCOj + 2HC1 > CaCl2 + H2O + C02t

6 M o t dung djch bao hoa khi CO2 trong nirdc c6 p H = 5 Hay giai thich va viet phiTdng trinh hoa hoc cua CO2 vdi H2O K h i cho quy tim vao dung dich tren

quy tim CO mau gi?

Htftfng d§n giai Khi C O 2 la mot oxit axit c6 kha nang tac dung vdi ntfdc tao ra axit H2CO3

nen dung dich c6 tinh axit p H = 5

C02 + H ; 0 > H2CO3 3

BSi tap lis gi^j

1 Nhffng khi nao sau day c6 the lam kho bang H2SO4 dSc: CO, H2, CO2, SO2,

O2, NH3 (khi n6 c6 Ian hdi niTdc)

2 B^ng phuTdng phap hoa hoc nhan biet 4 chat long : dung dich NaOH, dung dich H2SO4, dung dich NaCl, nirdc , ,

•i

13

D^ng 2: X^c djnh ch^t phSn Qng Ho^n th^nh phaong trinh phdn Cfng Di^u c h ^

I Bdi tSp CO Idri giSi

1 Co nhffng oxit sau: NazO, BaO, MgO, FeaOj, Fe304, N2O5, NO2, SiOj, ZnO,

AI2O3 Hay cho biet nhffng oxit nao tac dung dffcJc vdi :

a) Nffdc b) Axit sunfuric loang c) Dung djch NaOH

1 Vid't cAc phffdng trinh phan ffng

> Ba(0H)2

N2O5 + H2O

>

2HNO3

3NO2 + H2O — > 2HNO3 + NO

b) Cac oxit tac dung vdi H2SO4 loang gom: Na20, BaO, MgO, Fe203, Fe304,

ZnO, AI2O3

NazO + H2SO4 — —> Na2S04 + H2O

BaO + H2SO4 — —> BaS04 + H2O

MgO + H2SO4 — MgS04 + H2O

Fe203 + 3H2SO4 — —> Fe2(S04)3 + 3H2O

Fe304 + 4H2SO4 Fe2(S04)3 + FeS04 + 4H2O

ZnO + H2SO4 — —> ZnS04 + H2O

AI2O3 + 3H2SO4 — —> Al2(S04)3 + 3H2O

Luu y : N2O5, NO2 chi tac dung vdi nffdc trong dung dich H2SO4 loang

c) Ci.c oxit tac dung vdi NaOH gom : N2O5, NO2, Si02, ZnO, AI2O3

2 Bo tiic cac phan ffng theo sd do sau :

a) Ca > C a O > Ca(OH)2 > C&CO^ > CaO > C a C h

*C02 -> Na2C03 CaCOs >• CaC03

CaO + 2HC1 —)• CaClz + H2O

CO2 + Na20 > Na2C03 CaO + H2O > Ca(0H)2 Na2C03 + Ca(OH)2 -—> CaCOji + 2NaOH

3 Co nhffng oxit sau: SO2, CuO, Na20, CO, CaO, CO2 Hay cho biet nhffng oxit

nao tac dung dffdc v d i : a) Nffdc b) Axit HCl c) Dung dich NaOH Viet cac phffdng trinh hoa hoc xay ra

Hif^ng d i n giai

a) SO2, Na20, CaO, CO2 tac dung dffdc vdi nffdc : ,

S02 + H2O > H2SO3 Na20 + H2O > 2NaOH CaO + H2O > Ca(0H)2 CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 b) CuO, NazO, CaO tac dung dffdc vdi dung dich HCl:

CuO + 2HC1 > CUCI2 + H2O Na20 + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O CaO + 2HC1 > CaCl2 + H2O c) SO2, CO2 tac dung dffdc vdi dung dich NaOH :

SO2 + 2NaOH > Na2S03 + H2O CO2 + 2NaOH > n&jCOi + H2O

4 Nhffng oxit nao c6 the dieu che bkng : a) Phan ffng hoa hdp ? Viet phffdng trinh hoa hoc

b) Phan ffng hoa hdp va phan ffng phan huy ? Viet phffdng trinh phan ffng hoa hoc

A) H 2 0 B)CuO C ) N a 2 0 D) CO2 E) P2O5

5 Can phai dieu che' mot lU'dng muo'i dong sunfat, phu'dng phap nao sau day

tiet k i e m du'rtc H2SO4:

a) H2SO4 tac dung vdi CuO b) H2SO4 dac tac dung vdi Cu

Giai thich cho cau tra Idi

HtfcJng d i n giai

PhiCcfng phap a, tiet k i e m dtfdc H2SO4 do :

CuO + H2SO4 > CUSO4 + H2O

1 mol 1 mol

6 Viet cac phu'cfng trinh hoa hoc theo sd do

FeS2 -iiU SO2 SO3 — 1 ^ H2SO4 SO2 — ^ H2SO3

(«) Na2S03

(9)

- i ^ N a 2 S 0 3 - > S 0 2

Na2S04

Hi/d^ng d i n giai

2H2SO4 + Cu > CUSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

H2SO3 + 2NaOH > Na2S03 + 2H2O

Na2S03 + 2HC1 >• 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O

SO2 + 2NaOH > NajSOj + H2O

H2SO4 + 2NaOH - > Na2S04 + 2H2O

7 Vie't cac phu'cfng trinh hoa hoc theo sd do

2NaCl

8 Trung hoa dung dich Ca(0H)2 bang dung djch H3PO4 xay ra phan uTng trung

hoa Hay vie't cac phU"dng trinh hoa hoc theo t i le khac nhau ve so m o l cac chat tham gia phan uTng

II Bdl tap \\s gidi

1 Co nhffng oxit sau: SO3, FeO, K2O, CO, BaO, NO, NO2, CO2 Hay cho biet

nhi^ng oxit nao tac dung du'dc v d i : a) Nirdc b) A x i t HCl c) Dung dich NaOH

Viet cac phu'dng trinh hoa hoc xay ra

2 Viet cac phu'dng trinh phan i^ng theo sd do :

H • 'Jfs

A, B, C, D la hdp chat cua canxi, goi ten ?

X, Y, Z la hdp cha't cua canxi hoSc bari jijjt

c) FeS2 > SO2 > BaSOj > Ba(HS03)2 > BaSO, > SO2

Boi dii&ng hoc stnh gtot Hoa hoc sr^- tJao Him Wnft

Theo phiTcfng trinh phan uTng: CuO + H 2 S O 4 > C U S O 4 + H 2 O

3 Mot loai da voi chtfa 80% CaCOj Nung mot tan da voi loai nay c6 the thu

duTdc bao nhieu tafn voi song Biet hieu suaft phan iJng la 90%

Hvldng d§n giai

80

LMng CaC03 nguyen chat trong mot tan da voi la : 1 = 0,8 tan

100 Theo phiTdng tnnh phan ufng va hieu sua't phan uTng 90% (tuTc 0,9):

Cdch]: CaCOj "^'^"'^ > CaO + C O 2 T

100 (g) ^ 0,9.56 (g) 0,8 (tan) X (tan)

Ta CO : x = " ' ^ " ' ^ - ^ ^ = 0,4032 tan = 403,2 kg

100 ^

Cdch 2: CaCO, "^^"'^ ) CaO + C O j t

1 (mol) -> 0,9 (mol) 0,8.10*^ , „

(mol) -> X (mol)

Ta c6: X = 0,72.10^ (mol) => m c a o = 0,72.10''.56 = 40,32.10' g = 403,2 kg

4 Cho 4 g canxi tac dung he't vdi O2 (khong khi) thu diTdc cha't ran A, hoa tan

het A vao 994,4 g niTdc thu difdc dung dich B

a) Tinh nong do % dung dich B h-j ;T J;

b) Tinh the tich C O 2 (do d dktc) tac dung vilfa du vdi dung dich B de tao muoi

CaCOj

18

Hvldng d S n giai a) Tinh nong do % dung dich B: Oca = 4 : 40 = 0,1 mol j , ^

Theo cac phu'dng U-inh phan iJng: 2Ca + O2 > 2CaO ,

CaO + H 2 O >Ca(OH)2

Ta thay: nca(OH)2 = "cao = nca = 0,1 mol => mca(OH)2 = 0,1-74 = 7.4 (g)

Mat khac: = mc,o + m H 2 0 = 0,1-56 + 994,4 = 1000 g

7 4 '

1000 5) C O 2 + Ca(0H)2 > CaC03(r, + H 2 O

0,1 0,1 (mol)

V a y V c o 2 = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lit

5 Cho 11,2 g CaO t^c dung viifa du vdi V lit dung dich hon hdp HCl 0,2M va

H N O 3 0,2M Tinh V va tinh khoi lifdng cac muoi thu diTdc

0,1V < - 0,2V ^ 0,1V

Ta c6: 0,1V + 0,1V = 0,2 : ^ V = 1 (lit)

mcaci2 = 0,1.111 = 11,1 g ; mca(N03)2 = 0,1-164= 16,4 g ' •'••^

6 Can diing bao nhieu gam dung dich HCl 3,65% de trung hoa 200 gam dung

dich NaOH 10% Tinh C% dung dich muo'i thu diTdc , ,

Hi^dng d a n giai

10x200 ,

nNaOH= = 0,5 mol , u f O w : ! ^

-100x40 NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O

7 C6 200 ml dung dich HCl 0,2M (c6 khoi liTdng rieng D = 1 g/ml)

a) De trung hoa dung dich axit nay can bao nhicu ml dung dich NaOH 0,1M ?

Tinh nong do mol/1 ciia dung dich muo'i sinh ra

b) Neu trung hoa dung dich axit tren bang dung dich Ca(OH)2 5% thi can bao nhieu

gam dung dich Ca(OH)2 Tinh nong do % cua dung dich muoi sau phan uTng

Hxidng dan giai

Ta c6: mca(OH)2 = 0'02.74 = l,48(g) mjjca(OH)2 = (1,48.100) : 5 = 29,6(g)

mcaci2 = 0'(^2.111 = 2,22 ( g ) ; mjdcaci2 = 29,6 + 200 = 229,6 (g)

C%caci2= (2,22: 229,6) 100% =0,97%

8 Mot lit nirdc tinh khiet d 25"C c6 the hoa tan toi da 0,027 mol Ca(0H)2

a) Hay xac dinh do tan cua Ca(0H)2 trong niTdc d 25"C

b) Neu tron 2 g C a( 0 H ) 2 vao niTdc cat, ngi/di ta thu diTcJc mot the tich la 250cm'

d 25"C Hay cho biet hien tiTdng cua hon hrtp thu diTdc va giai thich

c) Sau khi loc hon hcJp thu dUdc c! tren, ta du'dc mot dung djch trong suo't la

nirdc voi Dan khi C O 2 di vao niidc voi cho tdi khi thu difdc liTdng ke't tua toi

da Hay cho biet pH cua nUdc voi thay ddi the' nao trong qua trinh phan tfng ?

d) Tinh khoi li/dng cha't r^n (neu c6) con lai tren gia'y loc

Htfdng d i n giai mca(OH)2 = 0,027.74 = 1,998 g ; 1 lit H 2 O nSng 1000 g

a) Do tan la so gam chat tan tan difdc trong 100 g ni/t'lc tao thanh dung dich bao hoa

^ _ 1,998.100

Do tan S = w 0,2 g

1000 ^

pH cua dung djch giam dan do tao ra moi IniUng trung tinh ( H 2 O )

d) Thco phu"ctng trlnh phan tfng (*)

"caco., = nca(0H)2 = 0-027 m o l ^ mcaco3 = 0,027.100 = 2,7 g

20

9 Dung djch chiJa 20 g NaOH da hap thu hoan toan 11,2 lit khi C O 2 (dktc) Hay

chobie't:

a) Muo'i nao diTdc tao thanh *•-»'.< •>i- -iv'

b) Khoi lu^dng muoi la bao nhieu '< :

-Hvldng d i n giai

nNaOH = 20 : 40 = 0,5 mol ; nco2 = 11,2 : 22,4 = 0,5 mol ^ ' V ;

a) nco2 '• "NaOH = 0,5 : 0,5 = 1 : 1 - > Phan uTng tao muoi axit ^**^''" '

NaOH + C O 2 > NaHCOi

m o l : 0,5 0,5 - > 0,5 M t i p , v

b) Khoi liTdng muoi NaHCO,, la : 0,5 84 = 42 g

10 Cho 2,8 g CaO vao nU'dc dU'dc dung djch A Dung dich A da ha'p thu hoan

toan 1,68 lit C O 2 (d dktc) Hay cho biet c6 bao nhieu gam ke't tua tao thanh

So mol sau phan iJng : 0 0,025 0,05

Sau phan uTng tren so' mol C O 2 du' se hoa tan mot phan CaCOv

C O 2 + H 2 O + CaCO, — ^ Ca(HC03)2

So mol ban d a u : 0,025 0,05

So molphan rfng : 0,025 - > 0,025 0,025 ' , ,

So mol sau phan ufng: 0 0,025 0,025 fifufjn,, ,

V$y khoi liTdng ke't tua tao ra la : 0,025.100 = 2,5 g

11 Cho 15,5 g NaiO tac dung vdi nxidc diTdc 0,5 lit dung djch A j ,

a) Tinh nong do M cua dung dich A 1 b) Tinh the tich dung dich H 2 S O 4 20% (d = 1,14) can de trung hoa dung dich A

c) Tinh nong do mol/1 cua cha't c6 trong dung dich sau phan dng

Hi/dng d i n giai nNa20= 1-'^,^'' : 62 = 0,25 m o l ;

Thco phU'dng trinh phan ufng : y ^ ^ , >

21

NazO + H2O > 2NaOH

c) The tich dung dich sau khi trung hoa la: 0,5 + 0,1075 = 0,6075 (lit)

Nong dp dung dich Na2S04 la: CM = 0,25 : 0,6075 = 0,41 M

12.Hoa tan 6,2 g NazO vao 193,8 g nvCdc ta thu diTcfc dung dich A Cho A tdc

dung vdi 200 g dung djch CUSO4 16%, loc ket tua, ruTa sach dem nung nong

thu dtfdc a (g) cha't rin mau den :

a) Tinh nong dp % dung dich A

Theo phifdng trinh phan iJng:

CUSO4 + 2NaOH > Cu(0H)2(r, + Na2S04

So mol ban d a u : 0,2 0,2

So mol phan tfng: 0,1 < - 0,2 0,1

So mol sau phan i^ng : 0,1 0 0,1

Vay sau phan iJng thu diTdc 0,1 mol Cu(OH)2

Theo phirctng trinh phan tfug : Cu(0H )2 CuO + H 2 O

Thi tich dung dich HCl can dung la : 0,2 : 2 = 0,1 lit = 100 m l

II B^i t i p W giSi

1, Cho 10 g h6n hdp Cu va CuO tac dung v6i dung dich H2SO4 loang Ipc la'y cha't r^n khong tan, cho vao dung dich H2SO4 dSc nong thi thu di/cJc 1,12 lit

k W A ( d k t c ) ^ ^ ^ t : , J a t r , ? M f K k t r v a) Tinh thanh phan % cac chat trong hon hdp , b) Can bao nhieu ml dung djch NaOH 2M hap thu he't khi A

-2* De trung hoa mot dung dich chiJa 109,5 g HCl, dau tien ngiTcJi ta diing dung dich chiJa 112 g KOH Sau do lai do them dung dich Ba(OH)2 25% cho trung

hoa he't axit Hay tinh khoi liTdng Ba(0H)2 da diing

Dgng 4: L S p c6ng thOc phSn tCl

I B^i t$p CO lofi g i i i ' '

1 Lap cong thtfc oxit cua cac nguyen to' sau: L i , K, Ba, Ca, Na, M g , A l , Zn, Fe (11) va Fe (III), C (II) va C (IV), P (V), N (II), N(IV) va N (V) Gpi ten cac oxit do • ,

Hxidng d i n giai

LiO: Liti oxit; K2O: Kali oxit; BaO: Bari oxit; CaO: Canxi oxit

Na20: Natri oxit; MgO: Magie oxit; AI2O3: Nhom oxit; ZnO: Kem oxit

FeO: S^t (II) oxit; Fe203: Sat (III) oxit; CO: Cacbon oxit; CO2: Cacbon dioxit

P2O5: Photpho pentaoxit; NO: Nitd oxit; NO2: Nitd dioxit; N2O5: Nitd pentaoxit

2 Hay lap cong thtfc hoa hoc cua nhufng oxit c6 thanh phan nhir sau :

b) Dap so' Fe304

3- Lap cong thtfc oxit cua kim loai hoa tri I I , biet rang de hoa tan 2,4 g oxit do can dung 30 g dung dich HCl 7,3% Neu khong biet hoa tri ciia kim loai ta c6 the lap cong thiJc oxit diTdc khong ?

23

Hiidng din giai

7,3.30 1

nun = = (),06mol

100.36,5 Gpi kim loai iioa tri II la M (khoi liTcfng nguyen tuT la M), oxit Wdng ufng la MO

Theo phu'dng trinh phan ijfng :

MO + 2HC1 - — > MCI2 + H2O

0,03 mol <- 0,06 mol

Ta CO khoi liTdng mol MO = 2,4 : 0,03 = 80 M = 80 - 16 = 64

Vay M la dong, cong ihtfc oxit la CuO

Neu khong bict hoa In cua kim loai, ta c6 the bien luan de tim cong thtfc oxit:

Dat cong thtfc oxit la M,Oy

Theo phu'dng trinh phan iJng:

M,Oy + 2yHCl > xMCl.y/, + yH20

0,03/y mol ^ 0,06 mol

Ta CO khoi liTdng mol M^O, = 2,4 : 0,03/y = 80y => M.x = 64y

Bien luan tim nghiem thich help:

- Khi X = 1 -> M = 64y, nghiem thich hdp y = 1, M = 64 (Cu)

Khi X = 2 ^ M = 32y, khong co nghiem thich hdp

- Khi X = 3 ^ M = 64y/3, khong co nghiem thich hdp

II Bdl tap tt/ gi^i

1 Lap cong thiJc nhiTng oxit co thanh phan % khoi lu'dng nhM sau: C = 42,8% ;

Fe = 70% ; Mn = 63,22%

2 Voi bot (CaO) de lau ngay trong khong khi se bi ke't ciJng Hay giai thich

hien lu'dng va viet phu'dng trinh phan lirng

C BAI TAP LUYEN THI

• •

CM de 1 Giai thich hi^n txiffriQ - Viet phuToTng trinh phan ufng

Bai 1 Giai thich cac hien tiTdng xay ra; viet cac phu'dng trinh phiin xtng trong

cac thi nghiem sau:

1 Sue tCr ttr khi CO2 (hoac SO2) vao niTdc voi trong tdi du' CO2 (hoac SO2)

2 * Cho tCr Itr bot dong kim loai vao dung dich HNO3 dSc Luc dau thay khi

mau nau bay ra, sau do khi khong mau bi hoa nau trong khong khi, cuoi ciing

thay khi ngijfng thoat ra

3 Cho tijf lir dung djch HCl dac tdi dU' vao cdc dun^ thuoc tim

Bai i;iai

1 Luc dau thay due (ke't tiia CaCO.,), sau do dung dich lai trong suot

(Ca(HCO;02 tan)

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 > CaCOj i + H2O

CO2 dir + H2O + CaC03 )• Ca(HC03)2 tan

Ghi chu SO2 gay hien lu'dng nhU CO2

2 Vi luc dau HNO3 dac nen giai phong NO2, Irong qua trinh phan uTng nong dp

axil giam dan, loang dan

Cu + 4HN03ja. > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO2 1 + 2H2O

3Cu + 8HNO3 loang > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2NO t + 4H2O

2NO + 0 , > 2NO2 - I

3 Mau cua thuoc tim mat dsln va co khi mau vang bay ra ' *

2KMn04 + 16HC1 > 2KC1 + 2MnCi2 + 5Cl2t + SH.O Bai 2

1 Nhffng qua trinh xiiy ra khi hoa tan mot chat vao nu'fJc'.' Nhiet hoa tan la gi?

Tai sao khi hoa lan KOH, H2SO4 vao nifik' thi nu'dc bj nong len rat nhieu con khi hoa tan N H 4 C I , NH4NO3 vao nu'i'Jc thi lai l<inh di?

2 Tinh the hidral la gi? Nifik ke't linh h\?

3 Tai sao co the suf dung dong (il) sunlal khan de nhan bie't vet nU'c'Jc trong

xang dau hoac cha'l beo long

BJi! giai

1 Khi hoa tan mot chat vao nxidc co hai qua trinh, mot la suf phan liin chii'l tan

vao irong nifck (thi dii tacii cac phan lu' chat lan khoi tinh the chang han)

Qua irinh nay ihu nhiet Q, va qua trinh ihi'r 2 la tifdng tac ciia cac phan li'r chat (an vc'<i nu'c'Jc (si/ hidrat hoa), qu;i trinh nay toil nhiet Qj Tuy theo giii Iii

Qi, hay Icin h(<n ma qua uinh hoa lan toa nhiet hay thu iiiiiel Nhiet hoa

tan cua mpl chat la nhiet lu'dng toa ra hay ha'p thu khi hoa lan I mol chal tan

vao nu'de de lao thiinh dung dich rii'l loang

Khi hoa lan KOH, H2SO4 vao nirdc ihi niTdtc bj nong len ra't nhieu do qua

trinh hidrat hoa ciia KOH va H2SO4, loa nhiet rat k'tn, con qua trinh tach cac phan li'r khoi nhau thi ton ii nang lu'dng (nhiet) liim cho niftk soi len Trai lai, khi hoa tan cac imioi amoni \ao luAk- thi can nhieu nang lifdng de pha vd tinh the, con qua Irinh hidrat hoa lai toa nhiet ra'l il lam cho nifck lanh di

2 Tinh the liidra; hoa la nhifng linh ihc co chi'ra midc ke't linh Vi du tinh llie

CUSO4. 5H.:0; Na2C03 lOlLO v.v

3- Ngircii la ihifC^ng diing CUSO4 khan (man uring) de nhan bict vet nifck' irong xang, diiii an vi khi gap nifik CuSO, khan In'f ihimh CUSO4. ^H.O co niaii xanh

Bai 3 Lap bieu ihi'rc lien he giCCa do lan \ nong do % ciia chat lan Uong dung

dich hao hoa chat do

25

Bai giai

Goi S la do tan (tuTc so gam chat tan trong 100 gam dung moi) thi khoi li/dng

dung dich mo = 100 + S. Do do bieu thufc lien he givta do tan S va nong do

C% cua dung dich bao hoa la: C% = ^^^^^% , ,,, • 100 + S

1 Khoi liTdng rieng cua mot vat la gi? Dcfn vi cua khoi li/dng rieng nhiT the nao?

2 Khoi lu'dng rieng cua dung djchdu'dc bieu dien theo ddn vj nao?

3 Khi noi khoi lu'dng rieng cua ntfdc d 4"C la Idn nhat, bang 1 g/cm\m hieu

dieu do nhU' the nao Icm^ ni/dc da hoSc 1cm' nU'dc d 50"C nSng hdn hay nhe

hdn 1 gam?

Bai giai

1 Khoi lUdng rieng cua mot vat (ky hieu D hoSc d) la khoi lifdng cua mot dcJn

vi the tich vat do d=: —

V

2 Dcfn vi cua khoi Itfdng rieng phu thupc vao ddn vj cua khoi lifdng (g, kg, tan)

va dcfn vj the tich (cm' = ml; dm' = 1; m') Doi vdi cha't khi vi raft nhe nen

khoi liTcfng rieng diTcfc bieu dien theo g/1

Thidu: Khoi liTcfng rieng cua dung dich NaOH 20% la d = l,2g/ml Dieu do c6

nghia la 1 ml dung dich NaOH nang 1,2 gam

3 Nirdc d 4"C CO khoi liTdng rieng Wn nhat b^ng l,00g/cm' tiJc 1cm' niTdc d

4"C nang l,00g, vi d 4"C the tich cua niTdc be nha't, con nhiet do thap hdn

hoac cao hdn 4"C niTdc c6 khoi lU'cfng rieng nho hdn 1 Ta thay khi cho nUdc

dd vao trong coc nifctc la (hoSc nUdc chanh) thi nUdc da ndi len tren, d cac

cUc cua trai dat, cac tang bang troi lenh benh, dieu do co nghia la dUdi cac

tang bang (dii raft day) van c6 nUdc khoang 4"C

Bai 5 Cho biet nhom hidroxit la hdp chat ludng tinh, viet cac PTPLf cua nhom

hidroxit vdi cac dung dich HCl va NaOH

Bai giai

Cac phan iJng: A1(0H)3 + 3HC1 - — ^ AICI3 + 3H2O

A1(0H)3 + NaOH > NaAlOj + 2H2O

Natri aluminat

cry / Ntin ivrrvuvvrrKTarngviet

Bai 6 Cung nhiT H2CO3 khong ben bi phan huy d nhiet dp thudng thanh CO2 va

H2O, cac hidroxit cua bac va thuy ngan (II) cung khong ben, vay chiing phan

huy thanh nhffng chat gi? Viet phUdng trinh phan iJng khi cho AgN03 tac

dung vdi dung dich NaOH

AgN03 + NaOH j-AgOHi+NaNO, -y

Ngay lap tiJc , , - ':<K

2AgOH > AgiO + H2O

Do do CO the viet gop hai phan lirng tren nhuT sau:

2AgN03 + 2NaOH > AgjOi + 2NaN03 + H2O ,

Ca(OH)2 +CO2 ^CaCOji + H2O

Ca(0H)2 +Na2C03 > CaC03i + 2NaOH j.^^,,

Ca(0H)2 +Ca(HC03)2 > 2CaC03; + 2H2O Bai 8

1 Viet cac PTPLf nhiet phan cac hidroxit sau:

Fe(0H)3, Mg(0H)2, Ca(0H)2, M(OH)„

2 Viet 4 loai phan ufng tao thanh NaOH

3 Cho cac oxit: MgO, AI2O3, FC2O3, P2O5, Si02 Ian lUdt tac dung vdi dung djch

xut du Vict cac PTPLf xay ra neu CO

Bai giai

1- Cac phan ufng nhiet phan:

2Fe(OH)3 — ^ Fe203 + 3 H 2 0 t , , „ , 1 Mg(OH)2 — ^ MgO + H 2 0 t •' 27

Ca(OH)2 — ! — > CaO + H 2 0 t

2M(OH)n ' " ) M20n + n H 2 0 t

2 Cac phan tfng tao th^nh NaOH

2Na +2H2O > 2 N a O H + H 2 T

NazO + H2O > 2NaOH

Ca(OH)2 +Na2C03 > CaCOj i + 2NaOH

2NaCl + 2H2O '^P'"'"" ) H2T + CI21 + 2NaOH

3 Cac phan ifng:

M g O + N a O H > khong

AI2O3 + 2NaOH > 2NaA102 + H2O

FejOj + N a O H > khong

P2O5 + 6NaOH > 2Na3P04 + 3H2O

B a i 9 A, B, C la cac hdp cha't cua Na, A tac dung diTdc vdi B tao thanh C K h i

cho C tac dung v d i dung djch H C l thay bay ra k h i cacbonic H o i A, B, C la

nhij-ng chat gi? Cho A, B, C Ian liTdt tac dung v d i dung dich CaCl2 Viet cac

phUdng tnnh phan tfng xay ra

B a i giai

V i k h i cho C tac dung v d i H C l c6 k h i cacbonic ihoat ra chtfng to C phai la

muoi cacbonat Na2C03 va B phai la muoi natri hidrocacbonat, con A phai la

NaOH Cac phan iJng:

N a j C O j + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 T

2 K h i toi voi phai chii y de phong tai nan gi, tai sao?

3 Neu cac dieu kien toi u\ de san xuat voi ; , ,

B a i giai

1 Ta phai diing v o i song mdi nung de hut am, v i v o i de trong khong k h i c6 hdi

nu'dc va k h i cacbonic lam mat kha nang hut am do xay ra cac phan iJng:

28

CaO + H2O > Ca(OH)2 V O K I - H i

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 > CaCOii + H2O

2 K h i toi voi phai de phong tai nan bong, v i phan tfng giffa CaO va H2O toa rat

nhieu nhiet, lam cho niTdc soi siing sue

3 Cac dieu kien toi iTu de san xua't voi la: j,-.^, , ^

a) Nhiet do phai cao, tren 1000"C

b) Phai quat thoang k h i CO2 de tranh xay ra phan uTng ngufOc ^ft

CaO + CO2 > CaCOs

c) Phai dap nho da voi, cd bang nam tay, de tang dien tich ticp xuc phan tfng, neu de da to qua thi giffa l o i bj " s o n g " nghia la da con nguyen chiTa thanh voi; neu dap qua nho de bj tac 16, khi khd thoat ra

Bai 11 Cac cap muoi cho dufdi day c6 the cung ton tai trong mot dung dich hay

k h o n g ? T a i s a o ?

N a C l va Ba(N03)2 Na3P04 va MgCl2 K2CO3 va CaCl2 CUSO4 va K C l /

ZnS04 va Pb(N03)2 Ca(HC03)2 va Na2C03

B a i giai

Nhi^ng cap muoi cd the ciing ton tai trong dung dich neu giffa chung khong xay ra phan iJng trao doi hoac oxi hoa khuf

b) K2CO3 va CaCl2 khong diTdc v i : K2CO3 + CaCh > C a C 0 3 i + 2KC1

c) ZnS04 va Pb(N03)2 khong diTdc vi:

ZnS04 + Pb(N03)2 > PbS04 i + Zn(N03)2

d) Na3P04 va M g C b khong diTdc vi:

2Na3P04 + 3MgCl2 > Mg3(P04)2 i + 6NaCl

e) CUSO4 va K C l cung ton tai

f) Ca(HC03)2 va Na2C03 khong diTcJc vi: KI> '

Ca(HC03)2 + Na2C03 > C a C O j i + 2NaHC03 Bai 12 Cho bie't thiJ tuf giam do manh cua mot so axil nhiT sau:

••^•/•^•'^•ry.ri-H2SO3 ^ ^ ^

C H 3 - C O O H ^ H2CO3 H3PO4 ^

axit manh trung binh axit yeu axit rat yeu

29

Boi dudng hoc sink gidi Hod hoc S, 9 - Dao Hvtu Vinh

Hoi nhurng phan uTng n^o diTdi day c6 the xay ra, viet cac phiTcfng trinh phan ii^ng:

3 Na2S04 + H3PO4 4 H2SO4 + BaCl2

5 Ca3(P04)2 + H2SO4 6 AgCl + HNO3

9 Fe(N03)3 + HCI 10 NaCl,,i„, + H2S04(dac,no„t

Bai giai

1 2HNO3 + CaC03 - > Ca(N03)2 + H2O + COzt

2 CH3 - COOH + NaCl > khong xay ra

3 Na2S04 + H3PO4 - > khong xay ra

•4.' H2SO4 + BaCl2 - > B a S 0 4 i +2HC1

§^ • Ca3(P04 )2 + 3H2SO4 - > 3CaS04iu + 2H3P04

AgCl + HNO3 - > khong xay ra

7 , FeS + 2HC1 > FeClj + HjST

8 CaS03 + 2HC1 > CaCh + HzO + S O j t

9 Fe(N03)3 + HC1 > khong xay ra

10 NaCi,„^„) + H2SO4 H C l t +NaHS04

Bai 13

1 Hay neu cac phiTdng phap chinh de dieu che axit Cho cac thi du minh hoa

2 Viet 5 loai phan uTng thong thiTdng tao thanh HCl

Bai giai

1 Cac phifcJng phap dieu che axit

a) Cho H2 tac dung triTc tiep vdi CI2, Br2 (anh sang xuc tac)

H2 + CI2 — ^ 2HC1

b) Oxit axit tac dung vdi niTdc: SO3 + HjO > H2SO4

c) Cho axit manh hcJn tac dung vdi muoi cua axit yeu hdn

Ca3(P04)2 + 3H2SO4 > 3CaS04i + 2H3PO4

Ngoai ra c6 the dung phan tfug dien phan Mot so phan ij-ng kieu:

CI2 + 2HI > 2HC1 + I2,

SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 > H2SO4 + 2HBr

Khong du'dc diing de dieu che' axit

2 Phan u-ng thong thiTdng tao thanh HCl

a) C I 2 + H2 > 2HC1

30

b) c) d) e) f) g)

NaCl, + H2SO4 d — ^ HCl t + NaHS04

BaCl2 + H2SO4 > BaS04>l + 2HC1

CH4 + CI2 - ^ C H 3 C 1 + HC1

SO2 + 2H2O + CI2 > 2HC1 + H2SO4 f i q

CuClz + H2S > CuS i + 2HC1

3CI2 + 2NH3 — > N2 + 6HC1 *'

Bai 14 Hay neu cac tinh chat hoa hoc quan trpng nha't cua axit (tdc dung vdi

bazd, muoi, kirn loai, phi kim), cho cac thi du minh hoa ^

Cac tinh cha't hoa hoc quan trpng nha't cua axit

1 Axit tdc dung vdi baza tao thanh muoi vd nudc ,

2. Axit tdc dung vdi oxit baz(f tao thanh muoi vd nudc v

T h i d u : FeO + H2S04 >• FeS04 + H2O

3. Axit tdc dung vdi muoi tao thanh muoi mdi vd axit mdi (dieu kien axit cu phai

manh hdn axit mdi, ne'u hai axit manh ngang nhau thi muoi cu phai tan, mu6'i mdi phai ket tua hoSc axit mdi bay hdi)

T h i d u : CaC03 + 2HCl > CaClz + H2O + CO2T

AgN03 + 2HC1 > AgCl i + HNO3

NaCl, + H2SO4 d — ^ HCI T + NaHS04 ' •

-Ghi chu: Ngoai le doi vdi cac sunfua rat it tan nhtf CuS, AgzS, PbS, HgS i Thidu: Phan ling sau van xay ra mac du axit cu (H^S) rat yeu 1 s

CuCh + H2S > CM5 i + 2HCI ' ^ ^ ^ -'A^^^^- h'

Mduden 5f?Yn'

4 Axit tdc dung vdi kim loai cd the giai phdng H2 (doi vdi kim loai dtfng tri/dc H

trong day hoat dpng hoa hoc; kim loai dtfng sau H nhu" Cu, Ag, Hg khong bao gid tac dung vdi axit giai phong H2) hoSc khi khac nhu^ NO2, NO, SO2

T h i d u : Zn + 2HC1 >-ZnCl2 + H 2 t

Cu + 4HN03d > Cu(N03)2 + 2NO21 + 2H2O

Cu + 2H2S04d — ^ CUSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O u ,6, V >;

3Cu + 8HNO31 > 3Cu(N03)2 + 2N01 + 4H2O •

^- Axit CO tinh oxi hod nhu HNO3, H2SO4 dac phan tfng diTdc vdi mot so phi kim

nhufC,S,P T h i d u :

31

2H2S04d + C > CO2 + 2SO2 T + 2H2O

6HN03d + S — ^ 6NO2 T + H2SO4 + 2H2O

Bails ;

1 Tai sao khi pha loang axit sunfuric dSc ta phai cho rat tiif tijf axit vao ni/<3c,

tuyet do'i khong cho ni/dc vao axit?

2 Axit sunfuric dSc thiTdng dtfcJc dung de l^m kho (hap thu he't hdi n\idc)

Nhi^ng khi nao di/di day c6 the lam kho hkng axit sunfuric dSc: CO2, SO2,

H2, O2, H2S, NH3

3. Oleum la gi? Neu 1 mol H2SO4 hap thu 1 mol SO3 thi thu diTdc oleum c6

cong thiJc nhir the nao?

Bai giai

1. Vi khi H2SO4 hoa tan vao niTdc toa ra ra't nhieu nhiet, do do phai cho ra't tuf tir

axit vao ni/dc, neu cho niidc vao axit thi bi soi len ban tung toe gay bong

2. Vi H2SO4 dac CO tinh hut nifdc ra't manh, nen ngiTcfi ta thiTdng diing H2SO4

dac de lam kho cac khi CO2, SO2, O2; khong the lam kho cac khi NH3, H2S vi

n6 phan iJng vdi axit, triTcfng hdp khi H2 cung khong diing dufdc vi H2 c6 the

khur H2SO4 dac

3. Oleum la dung dich thu di/dc khi cho H2SO4 dSc (gan nhiT nguyen cha't) ha'p

thu khi SO3. Neu cu" mot mol H2SO4 ha'p thu mot mol SO3, thi c6 the bieu

dien oleum theo cong thtfc H2SO4 SO3. Cong thuTc tdng quat cua oleum la

H2SO4. nSOj

Bai 16

1 Mudi la gi? Mudi trung hoa, mudi axit la gi? Nhffng mudi cho dtfdi day la

mudi trung hoa hay mudi axit: NaCl, CH3 - COOK, NH4CI, NaHS04,

Mg(HC03)2, KHS, AgzS, CUSO4 5H2O, NaHC03

2 Hay neu nguyen t^c gpi ten cac mudi, cho thi du minh hoa

Bai giai

1 Muoi la hcJp cha't di/dc tao thanh giffa nguySn tuT kim loai lien ke't \6i gdc

axit Mud^i trung hoa la mudi trong go'c axit khong con nguyen tuT H c6 the

thay the' b^ng nguyen tuf kim loai.Mudi axit la mudi trong gdc axit con c6

nguyen tuT H c6 the thay the bang nguyen tuT kim loai

Cac muoi trung hoa: NaCl, CH3 - COOK, NH4CI, Ag2S, CUSO4 5H2O

2 Cdch goi ten cac muoi

Tn/dc het gpi ten kim loai (neu kim loai c6 nhieu hoa tri thi de hoa tri trong

ngoSc ddn), sau do la ten gdc axit Thi du: NaCl natri clorua

32

CaCOs canxicacbonat NaHCOs naU-i hidrocacbonat

Ca(H2P04)2 canxi dihidrophotphat 4,

K2S04kali sunfat NaHS03 natri hidrosunfit Mot vai CO ten dac biet nhU" NaCl gpi la mudi an, CaS04 gpi la lhach cao,

KNO3 gpi la diem tieu v.v

Bai 17

1 Dieu kien de xay ra phan iJng giffa 2 mudi A, B la gi? Cho thi du mmh hoa

2 VidtcacPTPl/xayranduco: s;

c) dd BaCl2 + dd Na2C03 d) dd NaHC03 + dd CaClz , e) dd CUSO4 + dd NajS 0 dd Ag2S04 + dd BaCU j>j

g) NaHS04 + Na2S03

Bai giai

1 Dieu kien de xay ra phan iJng giffa hai mudi A, B la trong so san pham phai

CO mot (hoac hai) cha't ket tua, hoac c6 khi bay len

Thidu: NaCl + AgNOj

BaCl: + Na2S04 NaHS04 + NaHCOj

2KHSO4 + K2S

2 Cac phiTdng trinh phan ufng:

AgCU -> BaS04i -> Na2S04

2K2SO4

+ + + +

NaNOj 2NaCl

HzO + C O i t

H z S t .'•X •'

-> khong xay ra khong xay ra -> BaCOji +2NaCl ^^W'' ->• khong xay ra

CuSi +Na2S04 BaS04 4 +2AgCli _> 2Na2S04 + H20 + S02t

a) CaCOj +NaCl

b) FeS + K2SO4

c) BaCl2 + Na2C03 d) NaHC03 +CaCl2

f) Ag2S04 + BaCl2

g) 2NaHS04 + Na2S03 Bai 18

1 Cho biet NaHS04 tac dung nhiT mot axit, viet cac PTPU xay ra khi cho NaHS04

tac dung vdi cac dung dich NaHCOj, Na2C03, BaCb, Ba(HC03)2, Na2S

2 Hay la'y 1 mudi vifa tac dung dirpc vdi dung dich HCl c6 khi bay ra, vira tac

dung difdc vdi dung dich NaOH tao thanh ket tua ^' '^^ '

33-Bai giai

"I

Na2S04 + H20 + C 0 2 t -> 2Na2S04 + H2O + CO2T

2 M u d i do phai la loai muo'i axit cua axit yeu va muo'i trung hoa phai khong

tan Thi du cac mudi Ca(HC03)2, Ca(HS03)2

Ca(HC03)2 +2HC1 > CaCb + H2O + CO2T

Ca(HC03)2 + 2NaOH > CaC03 i + Na2C03 + 2H2O

Bai 19

1 M u d i X vira tac dung du'dc vdi dung dich HCl, vuTa tac dung diTcJc vdti dung

dich NaOH H o i mudi X thuoc loai muo'i trung hoa hay mudi axit? Cho thi du

minh hoa

2 Dinh nghia phan tfng trao ddi Dieu kien de phan tfng trao ddi xay ra, cho thi

du minh hoa Phan iJng trung hoa c6 phai la phan tfng trao ddi khong?

Bai giai

1 M u d i X vijfa tac dung diTdc vdi dung djch HCl viifa tac dung diTdc vdi dung

djch NaOH c6 the la mudi axit hoac mot vai mudi trung hoa

-> NaCl + H20 + C02t -> Na2C03 + H20

-> A g C l i +HNO3

-> Ag20i +2NaN03 + H20

2 Phan uTng trao ddi la phan iJng trong do cac cha't trao ddi cho nhau nhiJng

thanh phan ciia minh Dieu kien de phan (Jng trao ddi xay ra la trong so cac

san pham phai c6 cha't ket tua hoac bay hdi (hoac chat dien ly yeu nhu" H2O)

T h i d u : N a C l + A g N O j > AgCl i + NaNOj (1)

CaCOj + 2HCI > CaCl2 + H20 + C 0 2 t (2)

2 N a 0 H + H2SO4 > Na2S04 + 2H2O (3)

Phan lirng trung hoa la trtfdng hdp dSc biet cua phan tfng trao ddi giffa axit va

bazd (phan uTng (3))

Bai 20 A la dung dich chiJa 0,36 mol NaOH

B la dung dich chuTa 0,15 mol H3PO4

T N 1: E>d rat tijT tif A vao B ; £.0 ;md;< ]^mi:- fouo m%:\'.: r a>

T N 2: D d rat tilf tiTB vao A ' " ' Vie't cac PTPTJ xay ra va tinh sd mol cac chat thu di/dc sau khi dd het dung

dich nay vao dung dich kia HO»Hf ^j3||A

Bai giai , go.,(i

T N 1: Do tijf tu" NaOH va H3PO4 Cac phan uTng Ian liTdt xSy ra: j ;

Ket qua cudi cung: 0,06 mol Na3P04 va 0,15 - 0,06 = 0,09 mol Na2HP04

T N 2: D d tijr tit H3PO4 vao NaOH Cac phan iJng Ian Irfdt xay ra:

Ghi chu Neu sau phan ufng (2') ma axit con diT thi xay ra tiep phan tfng:

Na2HP04 + H3PO4 > 2NaH2P04 / ^ - r - i Bai 21 X la dung dich chuTa 0,32 mol NaOH ' ^'

Y \k dung dich chufa 0,1 mol AICI3 " ' ' ^'

T N l : D d r a t t i r t i r X v a o Y o ' '

T N 2: Do rat tiT tir Y vao X

Vie't cac PTPLf xay ra va tinh sd mol cdc chat thu difdc sau khi dd het dung dich nay vao dung dich kia

Al(OH)3 + NaOH > NaA102 + 2H2O (2)

Do NaOH dir, lap ttfc ket tua tan theo phan tfng (2')

A1(0H)3 + NaOH > NaAlOj + 2H2O (2')

Sau phan i^ng (2') do AICI3 con nen xay ra tiep phan tfng

^ AICI3 + 3NaA102 + 6H2O > 4 A l ( O H ) 3 i + 3NaCl

0,02 0,06 0,08 0,06

San pham cuoi cung gom c6: 0,24 + 0,06 = 0,3 mol NaCl

0,08 - 3 X 0,02 = 0,02 mol NaAlOj

Va 0,08 mol Al(OH)3

Nhdn xet: Tuy hien tu'dng va phan ifng xay ra khac nhau, nhUhg san pham

cuo'i cung van gio'ng nhau

Bai 22 M la dung dich chtfa 0,8 mol HCl

N la dung dich chtfa hon hdp 0,2 mol NasCOs va 0,5 mol NaHC03

TN 1: Do rat tir tir M vao N

TN 2: Do rat ttr tuT N vao M

TN 3: Trpn nhanh 2 dung dich M , N

Tinh the tich khi (dktc) bay ra sau khi do het dung dich nay vao dung djch kia

Bai giai

T N 1: Do rat tuf tif H C l vao Na2C03, N a H C 0 3 Cac phan ufng Ian liTdt xay ra

NazCOs + HCl )• NaHCOj + NaCl (1)

0,2 0,2 0,2

NaHCOj + HCl > NaCl + H2O + CO21

0,5+0,2 0,6 0,6

The tich CO2 bay ra bang 0,6 x 22,4 = 13,44 lit

TN 2: Do ra't tir tiT NazCOj + NaHCOj vao HCl V i luc dau HCl rat diT nen

xay ra dong ihtii hai phan ij-ng ( T , 2') cho tdi het HCl:

N a j C O j +2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O + CO21 d')

NaHCOj + HCl > NaCl + H2O + CO21 (2')

- J 1 i t '

4,5

^0,8 , , 0,8^

- + 2,5x- x22,4 = 13,941it / Vay the tich CO2 bay ra bkng: ^ , ^

each 2: Gpi h la phan tram moi chat NazCOj va NaHC03 da tham gia phan

g

tfng, ta CO phifdng trinh: h x 0,2 x 2 + h x 0,5 = 0,8 rut ra h = - -m i ; ?

Vay the tich CO2 bay ra bang: ^ x (0,2 + 0,5) x 22,4 = 13,94 lit = '

TN 3: V i trpn nhanh hai dung dich nen khong biet ti le HCl iAc dung vdi hai

muoi Do do phai giai thich:

Neu HCl phan tfng vdi Na2C03 triTdc sau do NaHCOj thi NajCOj + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 T ( I ) 0,2 0,4 0,2 NaHC03 + HCl > NaCl + H2O + CO21 (2)

0,5 0,4 0,4 Vay the tich CO2 bang (0,2 + 0,4) x 22,4 = 13,44 lit

Neu HCl phan uTng vdi NaHCOj triTdc sau do NajCOs thi NaHC03 + HCl > NaCl + H2O + CO2T d') 0,5 0,5 0,5 NajCOa + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 T (2') 0,15 0,3 0,15 Vay the' tich CO2 b^ng (0,5 + 0,15) x 22,4 = 14,56 lit NhiTng thiTc te' HCl tac dung dong thdi vdi ca hai muoi do d6 the tich CO2 nam trong khoang:

13,441 < Vco2 < 14,561

Chu de 2 Nhan bid't - Tach hon h<?rp - Tinh chc cac chS't

Nhan biet bang phifcfng phap vat l i : ' Difa vao mau sac: '

V i du CO 2 thanh kirn loai, mot mau do da cam, mot mau trang

37

^Bdiamng hoc sinh gioTTToS hgc 8,9- DHo HOu VinF

Hoi dau la Cu, dau Ih Al?

Tra Idi: Do la Cu

* V i du: C6 ba oxit: mot mau den, mot c6 mau nau do, m6t c6 m^u tr^ng

Hoi dau la s^t (III) oxit, dong (II) oxit canxi oxit

Tra Wi: den la CuO, nau do la FczOj va trang la CaO

- Difa v^o nhiet do nong chay

V i du c6 2 thanh kim loai d nhiet do thiTdng, mot la chat long sang bong, mpt

•; \k chat r^n sang bong

Hoi dau la bac, dau la thuy ngan?

Tra 16i: Long la thuy ngan, ran la Ag

- Dura vao tH tinh: V i du sat kim loai bi nam cham hilt

- Dya vao mau ngon liiTa: V i du Na va cac hdp chat cua no khi bi do't nong d

nhiet do cao phat ra anh sang mau vang, K mau tim

Ngoai ra c6 the dijfa vao khoi liTdng ricng

2 Bang phiWng phap hoa HQC:

Diing cac phan iJng dSc truing, nghla la nhi^ng phan uTng gay ra cac hien

tifdng ben ngoai ma giac quan chung ta biet du'dc, nhiThoa tan, ke't tua, thoal

bol khi, suf tao mau, mat mau hoac ddi mau, sif tao thanh cac cha't c6 mui

dac tru-ng nhu" H2S miii tri'fng thoi, NH3 mui khai, este miji thdm

+ ThuQc thu': Tat ca cac cha't dung de nhan biet deu goi la thuoc Ihir (ke ca

nu-dc, quy tim ) Tuy truTcfng hdp, c6 the cho suf dung thuoc thijf tif do, luy y

minh, cung c6 the han che'd mot so chat hoac cho bie't trifdc thuoc thiir

+ Nhan biet ridng le la triTdng luip cdc cha't difdc de ricng le, vi du cac thanh

kim loai khac nhau, cac goi oxit kMc nhau, cac dung dich khac nhau V i du

CO 3 dung dich HCl, H2SO4, HNOj di/ng trong 3 lo mat nhan, hay tim lo nao

diTng dung dich gi?

+ Nhan bifi't hon h(/p la tru-cJng hrtp cac chat di/dc trpn Ian vdi nhau V i du:

mot thanh help kim, mot dung dich chiJa 3 axit, hon hdp khi O2, CO2, N2 v.v

BAI TAP

Bai 1 Co 3 lo difng ba dung dich axit sau: HCl, HNO3 vk H2SO4 Hay Irinh bay

phifdng phap hoa hoc de bic'l lo nao diTng axit gi?

Bai giai

Lay moi dung dich axit mot lu-dng nho vao ong nghiem sau do cho BaCl2 vao

cac ong nghiem, ong nao c6 ket tua la dung dich H2SO4

Sau do cho AgNOs v^o 2 dung dich c6n lai, 6'ng nao c6 chat ke't tua la dung dich HCl

Va dung dich con lai la HNO3

Ghi chu: Co the nhan biet H2SO4, sau do nhan biet HNO3 hlng each cho

fflieng Cu vao 2 dung dich c5n lai, nd nao Cu tan ra, dung dich c6 mau xanh,

c6 khi khong mau thoat ra bi hod nau trong khong khi, do la dung dich HNO3

Bai 2 Trong mot dung dich c6 chi?a ba axit HCl, HNO3 va axit H2SO4 Hay trinh

bay phifdng phap hoa hoc de nhan biet tufng axit trong dung dich

Bai giai

Rot dung djch vao 3 6'ng nghiem: Cho BaCl2 vao ong thiJ nha't lhay c6 ke't

tua: CO H2SO4, cho AgNOj vao ong nghiem 2 tha'y c6 ke't tua tr^ng: c6 HCl,

them mieng Cu vao ong thu" 3 tha'y Cu ho^ tan, dung djch c6 mau xanh, c6 khi thoat ra: c6 HNO3

Bai 3 C6 5 dung dich: HCl, NaOH, NajCOj, BaCU va NaCl Cho phep dilng

them quy tim de nhan biet cac dung dich do, biet r^ng dung dich Na2C03 cung lam xanh quy tim

Bai giai

Cho quy tim vao 5 dung dich:

HCl Na2C03 NaOH BaCl2 NaCI ^ ft <i! '<

Do xanh xanh tim tim feh •

Biet diTdc HCl (do) Sau do lay dung dich HCl cho vao 2 dung dich c6 mku

xanh, ndi nao c6 khi thoat ra la Na2C03, dung dich kia la NaOH

Na2C03 + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H.O + CO21 ;

NaOH + HCl > NaCl + H2O Tiep theo lay dung dich Na2C03 cho vao 2 dung dich BaCl2 va NaCl, ncfi nao

CO ke't tua do la BaC^: Na2C03 + BaCh > BaCO, 4- + 2NaCl

Bai 4 Co 4 goi bot oxit mau den tiTcJng tif nhau: CuO, Mn02, Ag20, FeO Chi diang dung dich HCl c6 the nhan biet diTdc nhSng oxit nao?

AgzO + 2HC1 > 2 A g C U + H2O

T r i n g

FeO + 2HC1 > FeCh + H2O

Nhif vay ta biet dxidc ca 4 oxit

Bai 5 C6 5 binh khi: N2, O2, CO2, Hz CH4 Hay trinh bay phiTcJng phap hoa

' hoc de nhan biet tijrng binh khi

Bai giai

Trirdc het cho tCrng khi qua ntfdc voi trong, ndi nao ke't tua tao thanh do la

^ C O 2 Dot chay va lam lanh tiifng khi: Khi nao khong chdy do la N2, khi nao

lam bung sang len d6 la O2; khi nao khi dot chay va lam lanh c6 hdi nirdc

ngtfng tu do la H2 va CH4 De phan biet H2 va CH4 ta cho san pham phan

iJng qua niTdc voi trong, ncrt nao due la CO2

SO2 + 2H2O + Br2 > 2HBr + H2SO4

Khi con lai cho qua niTc^c voi trong thay ke't tua do 1^ C O 2

Bai 7 NaCl bi Ian mot it tap cha't la Na2C03

L a m the nao de c6 NaCl nguyen chat

Bai giai

Cho hon hdp muoi tac dung v d i dung dich H C l dtf, luc do xay ra phan iJng:

NajCOj + 2HC1 > 2NaCl + H2O + C O 2 1

Sau do dem c6 can dung djch de duoi HCl dU", ta c6 NaCl tinh khiet

Bai 8 Cu(N03)2 bj Ian mot it tap chat AgNOj Hay trinh bay hai phtfdng phap

de thu diTdc Cu(N03)2 nguyen chat

Cdch J: Hoa tan Cu(N03)2 vao niTdc, sau do cho bot Cu (diT) vac dung dich;

Idc do xay ra phan tfug:

2AgN03 + Cu > Cu(N03)2 + 2Ag>l ) Loc bo ket tua A g Co can dung dich durcfc Cu(N03)2 - ' '

Cdch 2: Hoa tan Cu(N03)2 vao niTdc va cho tir tCf H C l vao dung dich de lam tua viira het AgN03 ^ , ^

AgN03 + H C l > A g C l i + HNO3 ^

(c6 the thay HCl b^ng NaCl)

Bai 9 Khi nitd bi Ian cac tap chat CO, CO2, H2 va hdi nuTdc L a m the nao thu

di /dc N2 tinh khiet

Bai giai

Cho khi N2 Ian liTdt di qua ong diTng CuO nung nong, liic do xay ra cac phan utag:

CUO + H2 — ^ C u + H20 , CuO + CO — ^ Cu + CO2

Khi di ra khoi ong 1 diTdc dan vao ong 2 difng K O H r ^ n , luc do CO2 va H2O

bi hap thu

CO2 + 2 K 0 H > K2CO3 + H2O

Khi di ra khoi ong 2 (chi con N2 bi Ian vet niTdc) duTcfc dan qua binh 3 diTng H2SO4 dac de hiit niTdc va khi ra khoi H2SO4 dac la N2 tinh khiet

Bai 10 M o t loai thuy ngan bi Ian cac tap chat k i m loai Fe, Zn, Pb va Sn Co the diing dung dich Hg(N03)2 de lay di/dc thuy ngan tinh khiet hay khong?

Bai giai

Co the dung Hg(N03)2 de thu du'dc Hg tinh khiet v i luc do tat ca cac k i m loai

hoat dong hdn Hg bi tach loai het khoi Hg:

Fe + Hg(N03)2 - > Fe(N03)2 + H g

Zn + Hg(N03)2 - > Zn(N03)2 + H g

Pb + Hg(N03)2 - > Pb(N03)2 + H g

Sn + Hg(N03)2 - > Sn(N03)2 + H g Bai 11 Co hon hdp Cu(N03)2 va AgNOj Hay trinh bay phtfdng phap hoa hoc

de lay rieng du^dc tiTng muo'i nitrat nguyen chat

Bai giai

Nhiet phan hoan toan Cu(N03)2, AgN03 (d khoang 500 - 600"C) : ,

Cu(N03)2 CuO + 2 N 0 2 t + ^ O z t " K : :

41

A g N O s — ^ A g + N O 2 T + ^ ^ 2 ^

Hoa tan cha't r^n con lai bang dung dich HCl ta thu difdc Ag tinh khiet

dung dich CUCI2

CuO + 2HC1 > CUCI2 + H2O

Ag + HCl > khdng

Hoa tan Ag bang dung dich H N O 3 ^a c6 can ra't can than khong c6 ^nh sdng

dtfdc AgNOs:

Ag + 2 H N O 3 > AgN03+ N 0 2 t + H 2 O

TiJf dung dich CUCI2 c6 the dung dien phan de lay Cu, sau d6 ho^ tan Cu

bang dung dich HNO3, cuoi ciang c6 can dung dich Cu(N03)2

CUCI2 ^ ^ C u + C l 2 t

-3 C u + 8HNO3 > 3Cu (N03)2 + 2NOt + 4 H 2 O

Bai 12 Co hon hdp 3 kim loai Fe, Cu va Ag Hay trinh bay phtfdng phap hoa

hoc de lay rieng tijfng kim loai

Bai giai

TrUdc he't hoa tan hon hdp b^ng dung dich HCl duT, Wc do xay ra phan tJng:

Fe + 2HC1 > F e C l 2 + H 2 t

Tir F e C l 2 CO the:

a) Dien phan dung djch de lay Fe: FeClj — ^ Fe + CI21

b) Co the theo sd do sau:

HoSc diing Zn, Fe, Mg, Al : Zn + CUCI2 > Z n C l 2 + C u i

Hoac theo sd do CUCI2 ^^""^ > Cu(0H)2 CuO ^^Q-'" > Cu

42

•Mi

pai 13- Co 2 dung dich KI va KBr C6 the dilng ho tinh bpt de phan biet hai

dung dich do hay khong? Neu dtfdc thi lam nhU the' nao?

Bai giai Tri^dc het cho ntfdc brom vao hai dung dich, luc d6 c6 phan uTng:

2KI + Br2 >2KBr + l2 I KBr + Br2 > khong ^; Sau do cho ho tinh bot vao hai dung dich, ndi nao c6 I2 se tao th^nh mau xanh

Bai 14 Co 4 dung dich difng trong 4 Ip danh so tuf 1 den 4: HCl, Na2C03, H2SO4

va B a C l 2 Ne'u khong c6 thuoc thuf, thi nhan biet cac dung dich tren bang each nao?

Na2C03 + BaClz > BaC03 i + 2NaCl

Lp nao khi do vao 3 lo con lai thay c6 hai ndi ket tua: do la B a C l 2

Bai 15 Co hon hdp cac oxit: S i 0 2 , Fe203 va AI2O3. Hay trinh bay phtfdng phdp hoa hoc de lay diTdc tijfng oxit nguyen chat

Bai giai

Trirdc het hoa tan hon hdp oxit bang dung dich HCl dir Luc do S i 0 2 la oxit axit khong tan, con AI2O3 va Fe203 tan thanh cac muoi clorua:

Fe203 + 6HC1 >2FeCl3 + 3 H 2 0 ^ j i ! :m • ^ '

AI2O3 + 6HC1 > 2AICI3 + 3H2O

Sau do cho dung dich NaOH dif tac dung vdi dung dich muoi clorua, liic d6 xay ra cac phan iJng: ^ fj,;, v^.-.r-' 43

FeClj + 3NaOH > Fe(OH)3 ^ + 3NaCl

A I C I 3 + 3NaOH > A l ( O H ) 3 i + 3 N a C l

Va A l ( O H ) 3 + N a O H > NaAlOz + 2H2O

Nung F e ( 0 H ) 3 ta duTdc FeaOs:

2Fe(OH)3 — ^ Fe203 + 3 H 2 O T

Sue k h i C O 2 vao dung dich NaAlOz thu diTdc A1(0H)3

C O 2 + 2H2O + NaA102 > A1(0H)3 i + NaHC03

Cuoi cung, nung A1(0H)3: 2A1(0H)3 A I 2 O 3 + B H j O T

B a i 16 K h i dot chay than ta thu dtfdc hon hdp k h i C O va C O 2 Trinh bay

phu'dng phap hoa hoc de thu du'de tufng khi nguyen chat

B a i giai Cho hon hdp k h i d i qua ntfdc v o i trong duT Luc do chi con l a i C O bay ra, v i :

C a ( 0 H ) 2 + C O 2 > CaC03 + C O 2 1

Va ttjT C a C 0 3 hoae nung len hoac cho tac dung vdi axit ta thu du'de C O 2

CaC03 - ^ C a O + COzT

Hoac: CaC03 + H 2 S O 4 > CaSO^ + H 2 O + C O 2 T

B a i 17 Co 5 g o i bot tr^ng K N O 3 , K 2 C O 3 , K 2 S O 4 , BaCOa, BaS04 Chi diTdc diing

dung dich H C l hoac k h i cacbonic va nifdc c6 the nhan biet du'de nhUng g o i

bpt nao

B a i giai

1 a) Diing dung dich H C I : Chat khong tan trong dung dich H C l la BaS04

K 2 C O 3 va BaCOs tan trong dung dich H C l va c6 k h i bay ra

K 2 C O 3 + 2 H C 1 > 2 K C 1 + H 2 O + C O 2 (1)

B a C O j + 2HC1 > B a C l 2 + H 2 O + C O 2 (2)

Lay hai chaft con lai la K N O 3 va K 2 S O 4 cho vao 2 dung dich thu du'de cl phan

urng ( 1 , 2), chat nao tao ket tua la K 2 S O 4 va BaC^:

K 2 S O 4 + BaClz > 2KC1 + BaS04 i

Hai chat eon lai la K N O 3 va K2CO3

b) Dung k h i cacbonic va niTdc, hai chat khong tan la BaCOs, BaS04 Sue k h i

CO2 (CO mat nirdc) vao BaCOj va BaS04, chat nao tan la BaC03:

C O 2 + H 2 O + BaCOj > Ba(HC03)2

Lay dung djch Ba(HC03)2 cho vao 3 dung dich K N O 3 , K 2 C O 3 , K 2 S O 4 ndi nao

khong CO ket tua la dung dich K N O 3 :

Ba(HC03)2 + K 2 C O 3 > B a C O s i + 2 K H C O 3 Ba(HC03)2 + K 2 S O 4 > BaS04 4. + 2 K H C O 3

Va tiep tuc phan biet BaCOs, BaS04 nhuf d phan tren

Bai 18 Co 3 g o i phan hoa hoc b i mat nhan: kaU clorua, amoni nitrat va supe

photphat kep Trong dieu k i e n nong thon eo the phan biet 3 g 6 i phan hoa hoe noi tren dtfdc khong? V i e t PTPU

B a i giai ^

d nong thon ta eo the diing ntfde v o i trong:

K C l khong c6 phan i?ng g i

N H 4 N O 3 tao k h i m u i khai:

Ca(OH)2 + 2 N H 4 N O 3 > Ca(N03)2 + 2NH3t + 2 H 2 O

Supephotphat tao ket tua: ;H '

2Ca(OH)2 + Ca(H2P04)2 > Ca3(P04)2 i + 4 H 2 O

Chu de 3 B o t u c sof p h a n lifng - Biiu ch6'

Bai 1 Chon cac chat A, B, C thich hdp va viet cac PTPU theo sd do bien hoa sau:

C u ( 0 H ) 2 — ^ CuO + H 2 O ; CuO + H2 -^-^ Cu + H 2 O

^ ^ i 2 Can hhng cac phuctng trinh phan ling:

^- K M n 0 4 > K2Mn04 + M n 0 2 + O 2 , 2- K C I O 3 ) K C l + 0 2

^- F e ( 0 H ) 2 + O 2 + H 2 O > F e ( 0 H ) 3 " ' V ' ' »

^- Fe304 + A l > F e + Al203 < " ^ e , ' > '

45

5 Z n + HNO3 aic > Zn(N03)2 + NO2 + H2O

6 K M n 0 4 + H C l > K C l + M n C b + CI2 + H2O

B a i giai

1 2 K M n 0 4 — ^ K 2 M n 0 4 + Mn02 + 0 2 t

2. 2KCIO3 - ^ 2 K C l + 3 0 2 t

3 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O > 4Fe(OH)3

4 3Fe304 + 8A1 > 9Fe + 4AI2O3

5 Z n +4HN03dac > Zn(N03 )2 + 2NO2 T + 2H2O

4 FCxOy + (y - x)CO > xFeO + (y - x)C02

B a i 4 Hoan thanh cac phiTdng trinh phan iJng dxidi day:

1 X| c6 the la mot m u o i bari tan nhu" BaCl2, Ba(N03)2

Na2S04 +BaCl2 > B a S 0 4 ^ + 2NaCl

46

X2 CO the la muoi cacbonat tan nhiT Na2C03, c6 the la dung dich k i e m nhiT

• Ca(0H)2 NaOH

Ca(HC03)2 + NajCOj > CaCOj^l + 2NaHC03 1

Ca(HC03)2 +Ca(OH)2 > 2CaC03 i + 2H2O j

I X 3 CO the la H2S hoac muoi sunfua tan. u K j j i :

-CUSO4 +H2S > C u S i + H 2 S 0 4 iJ* CUSO4 +Na2S > C u S l + N a 2 S 0 4

4 X 4 la mot muoi photphat tan:

3 C CO the la axit manh nhiT HCl, H 2 S O 4 hoac muo'i axit ciSa axit sunfuric nhij

K H S O 4 :

C a S O s + 2HC1 > C&Ch + H2O + S O 2 1

C a S O s + 2NaHS04 > CaS04 + Na2S04 + S O 2 1 + H2O

4 D phai la muo'i cacbonat hoac hidrocacbonat cua bari

BaC03+H2S04 — ^ B a S 0 4 i + C 0 2 t + H2O

Ba(HC03)2 + H2S04 > B a S 0 4 ^ + 2CO2T + 2H2O

B a i 7

1 Viet 8 loai phan vlng khac nhau tao thanh CO2

2 * TiJf dong k i m loai hay trinh bay 5 phu'dng phap dieu che' CUCI2, trong do c6

3 phu'dng phap dijng phan ufng triTc tiep Theo em phifdng phap nao du'cfc

dijng trong cong nghiep de san xuat CUCI2

C a C O a i + H 2 0 + C 0 2 t

C a C O j i + H 2 O + C O 2 T -> CaCl2 + 2H20 + 2 C 0 2 t

, Dot chdy cac hdp chat htfu cd: ,H

2 Ttr Cu dieu che CuCU:

Cac phan urng trifc tiep:

Cu + CI2

Cu + HgCl2

CUCI2 -> CUCI2 + Hg

CU + 2HC1+ - O 2

Ghi chii- Phan ufng Cu + 2FeCl3

tie'p diTdc CUCI2 nguyen chat

Cac phiTdng phap gian tiep:

1 Viet cac phan iJng triTc tiep dieu che FeCh t\i Fe, tCf FeS04 va tir FeCb

2 Tir pirit FeS2 lam the nao de dieu che diTdc FeS04

B a i giai

1 Cac phan uTng trifc tiep dieu che FeCb:

Fc + 2HC1 > FeCh + H 2 1 FeS04 + B a C l 2 > B a S 0 4 i + FeCl2 2FeCl3 + Fe > 3FeCl2

Cu + 2FeCl3 > 2FeCl2 + CuCb

2 Dirdi day la mot trong cdc sd do dieu che FeS04 tif FeSj a) Dot chay pirit:

4 F e S 2 + 1IO2 — ^ 2Fe203 + 8SO2 b) D i l u che SO3 va H2SO4: •

i ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ ^ 2SO3

> H 2 S O 4 'i

2SO2 + O2

-SO3 + H2O

-c) KhurFe203 thanh Fe:

FejOj + 3H2 — ^ 2Fe + 3H2O

^) Hoa tan Fe b^ng dung dich H2SO4 loang:

Fe + H2SO4 > FCSO4 + H2 T

49

Chu de 4 Lap cong thiifc mqt chat

Bai 1

1 Cho cac oxit sau: COj, S O 2 , S O 3 , N 2 O 5 , Mn207 Tinh hod tri cua cac nguyen

to' C, S, N, Mn, O va vic't cong thiJc cua axit tifcfng ufng

2. Cho cAc axit sau: H N O 2 , HCIO, H C I O 3 , H C I O 4 Tinh hoa tn cua cac nguyen

to H, O, N va CI va vie't cong thiJc cua cac oxit axit tu"c(ng uTng

Bai giai

1 Trong cac oxit thi oxi luon luon hoa tri II va difa vao hoa tri cua oxi de tinh

hoa tri cua cac nguyen to hoa hoc khac Hoa tri C, S, N, Mn trong cac oxit la

IV, IV, VI, V, VII va cong thiJc cua cac axit tifdng u-ng la: H 2 C O 3 , H 2 S O 3 ,

H 2 S O 4 , H N O 3 , HMn04

2 Trong cac hdp chat hidro luon luon hoa tri I, oxi luon luon hoa tri II, con hoa

tri cua nitd va clo trong cac hdp chat tU'dng uTng b^ng III, I, V, VII Cong thtfc

cua cic oxit axit tiTdng iJng la: N 2 O 3 , C I 2 O , C I 2 O 5 va C I 2 O 7

Bai 2

1 Trong cac oxit cho diTdi day oxit nao la oxit axit, oxit nao la oxit bazd, oxit

nao la oxit liTdng tinh: A I 2 O 3 CaO, Mn207, P 2 O 5 , N 2 O 5 , FeO, SiOj, ZnO

2. Co 3 oxit mau trang MgO, A I 2 O 3 , Na20 Chi diing nifdc, c6 the nhan bie'l

di/dc cac oxit do hay khong?

Bai giai

Cic oxit bazd: CaO, FeO

C^c oxit lir3ng tinh: A I 2 O 3 , ZnO

2. TrUdc he't hoa tan cac oxit vao nufdc, oxit n^o tan la N a 2 0 :

NajO + H 2 O > 2 N a O H

Sau do lay dung djch NaOH vCfa thu du'dc tac dung vdi 2 oxit con lai, oxit

nao tan trong NaOH la A I 2 O 3 , con lai la MgO:

A I 2 O 3 + 2 N a O H > 2 N a A 1 0 2 + H 2 O

Bai 3

1 Khi dot chay chat X chi thu diTdc CO2 va SO2 Hoi chat X chiJa nguyen to gi?

2. Khi nung chaft Y ta thu diTdc amoniac ( N H 3 ) , khi cacbonic va hdi nu'dc Vay Y

gom cic nguyen to' gi ?

Bai giai

1 Khi dot chay chat X chi thu diTdc CO2 va SO2 chu^ng to trong chat X chi c6

cac nguyen tuf C, S hoac C, S va O

2 Vi khi nung chat Y thu diTdc amoniac khi cacbonic va hdi niTdc nen chat Y

phai chufa cac nguyen tuT C, H, O, N

1 Goc axit la gi ? Hay ke tat ca cac goc axit cua cAc axit HP, HCl, HBr, HI,

H2S, H N O 3 , H N O 2 , H 2 S O 4 , H 2 C O 3 , H2Si03, H C I O , H C I O 2 , H C I O 3 , H C I O 4 !

hoa tri va ten ciia chung Tai sao nhom hidroxit - OH c6 hoa tri I ?

2 Tinh hoa tri cua cac nguyen to trong cac hdp cha't sau:

Na2S04; B a C O j ; NaHS03; Ca(H2P04)2; Mg(C104)2; Fe304

3. Viet cong thiJc phan tuf cua cac chat sau: luti huynh (VI) oxit; bac sunfua; sit

(II) hidrocacbonat; magic photphat, nhom nitrat, kem clorua ;;x^ i

1 Goc axit la phan con lai khi phan luT axit ma't bdt mot hoSc nhieu nguyen t^

hidro Neu mat 1 nguyen tur H ta c6 goc hoa tri I, ma't 2 nguyen \\i H ta c6

goc hoa tri v.v cac axit, goc axit va hoa trj thiTdng gap la: (moi hoa tri diTdc tiTdng tru'ng b^ng 1 gach nho) HF Axit flohidric - F florua

HCl Axit clohidric - CI clorua HBr Axit bromhidric - Br bromua

HI Axit iodhidric -1 iotdua (iotua)

H 2 S Axit sunfuhidric - HS hidrosunfua; = S sunfua HCIO Axit hipoclord - CIO hipoclorit

H C I O 2 Axit clord - C I O 2 clorit

H C I O 3 Axit cloric - C I O 3 clorat

H C I O 4 Axit pecloric - C I O 4 peclorat

H N O 3 Axit nitric - NO3 nitrat

H N O 2 Axit nitrd - NO2 nitrit

H 2 S O 4 Axit sunfuric - H S O 4 hidro sunfat

H 3 P O 4 Axit photphoric - H 2 P O 4 dihidrophotphat

= H P O 4 hidrophotphat

= PO4 photphat Nhom hidroxit - OH c6 hoa tri I vi no hoa hdp difdc vdi nguyen tuf H thanh phantijfHjO