STK10GTHH15 (1)

Nguyen to hoa hQC - Nguyen to hoa h9c la nhung nguyen tu' c6 cung di�n tich h�t nhan.. Phan ung h�t nhan La phan ung lam thay d6i thanh phiin h�t nhan nguyen tu' dt nguyen tu' nguyen to

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NGO NGOC AN (Chu bien) PH�M TH! MINH NGUY�T

DUNG CHO HOC SINH cAc LOP CHUYEN

BOI Du'BNG HQC SINH GIOI

(Tai ban ldn tha tu)

NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VleT NAM

�i n6i ct4u

fl.Je pht,JC VI,/ Cho Vi�C doi mOi phUOng phap dr;Jy h9c O trLlang pho thong, boi dUong phUOng phap h9c t�p ti ch Cl,IC lam CO so cho phLlOng phap tt,J h9c CUB h9c sinh nhLl: tfch Cl,IC suy nghi, tim toi phat hi�n V�n d1,1ng kien th(Jc mOi, cOng nhu giup cac em h9c sinh kha, gioi c6 them tai li�u tham khao, ren luy�n kT nang giai toan Hoa h9c, chung t6i bien SO{;Jn b9 sach Gisi toan Hoa

h90 g6m 3 cu6n dung cho h9c sinh cac lop chuyen tu lop 10 den lop 12

NC:,i dung m67 cu6n g6m 2 phan

Phan thu nhal

A T6m tat kien thuc Cd ban theo tung chUdng cua chUdng trinh va c6 bo sung mqt so kien thuc mo rqng va dao sau

B Bai t$p Cd ban va nang cao, da dc;1ng va d�c bi�t c6 bai t$p b6i duang hQC sinh gioi, thi tuyen sinh vao cac truong £>c;1i hQC, Cao dang

Phan thu hai

Giai bai t$p - Huong dan giai - £>ap so

Vi�c bien SO{;Jn du tl mi, can th�n den dau cOng khong the tranh khoi nhGng sai s6t ngoai y muon, chung toi mong nh�n dL1<;1c st,1 g6p y cua b?n d9c, nhat la cua cac thay co giao va cac em h9c sinh

CAC TAC GIA

3

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Chuang 1

A KIEN THU( co BAN

I THANH PHAN NGUYEN TU

1 Nguyen tu dLiQC tc;10 nen bdi electron va hc;1t nhan Hc;1t nhan lc;1i dLiQC

- bcr

t(lo nen I proton va ndtron.

D�c tinh hi;i.t Vo electronnguyen tu' Hi;i.t nhan

Electron (e) Proton (p)

-Khoi lttqng m me "" 0, 00055u mp"" lu

II �T NHAN NGUYEN TU' - NGUYEN TO HOA HQC

1 H(lt nhan nguyen tu

So dan vi di�n tich hi;i.t nhan Z = so proton = so electron

So khoi A = Z + N (N la so natron)

2 f)ong Vj - nguyen tu khoi

a) D6ng vi

Natron (n)

qn = 0

mn � lu

Cac d6ng vi cua cung m<)t nguyen to hoa h<;>c la nhung nguyen tu' c6 cung so proton nhttng khac nhau v� so natron, do d6 so khoi A cua chung khac nhau

b) Nguyen tu kh6i la kh6i luflng tu<mg d6i cua nguyen tu

Nguyen tu' khoi cua m<)t nguyen tu' cho bie't khoi lttqng cua nguyen tu' d6 n�ng gap bao nhieu Mn dan vi khoi lttqng nguyen tfr

Dan vi kh6i lttqng nguyen tu', ki hi�u la u, u con dttqc ggi la dvC, �u la

l_ khoi lttang cua mot nguyen tu' d6ng vi cacbon 12

Electron c6 khoi lttqng nho han rat nhi�u, nen v� tri so c6 th� coi nguyen tu' khoi xap XI so khoi cua hi;i.t nhan

- Nguyen hi khoi cua m(>t nguyen to la nguyen tu' khoi trung binh cua cac d6ng vi

Ca.ch tinh Nguyen tu' khoi (NTK) trung binh:

• Tinh theo ti l� so nguyen tu' moi d6ng vi :

Gia Su' nguyen to c6 hai d6ng vi A va B

A = aA + bB v6'i : A, B la NTK cua hai d6ng vi A, B

a + b a, b la ti l� so nguyen tu' cua d6ng vi A, B T6ng quat m(>t hon hqp c6 nhi�u d6ng vi

- "x·A· v6'i : i = 1, 2, 3, , n

A=L., L xi l I xi la so nguyen tu', Ai nguyen tu' khoi

• Tinh theo ti l� phiin tram moi d6ng vi :

A= aA+ bB v6'i: A, B la NTK cua d6ng vi A, B

100 a, b la ti l� % so nguyen tu' cua d6ng vi A, B

Tu nguyen to so 2 de'n 82 tron bang tuiin hoan cac nguyen to hoa h9c,

N

1 $- $ z l,5

Lztu y : lnm = 10-9m = 10-7 cm

3 Nguyen to hoa hQC

- Nguyen to hoa h9c la nhung nguyen tu' c6 cung di�n tich h�t nhan

- Nhung nguyen tu' c6 cung so do'n vi di�n tich h�t nhan d�u c6 tinh cha't hoa h9c giong nhau

- Cac d6ng vi cua m(>t nguyen to hoa h9c la cac nguyen tu' c6 cung Z, khac s6 N

4 Phan ung h�t nhan

La phan ung lam thay d6i thanh phiin h�t nhan nguyen tu' dt nguyen tu' nguyen to nay bie'n d6i thanh nguyen tu' nguyen to khac

a) Phan ung h{l,t nhan t'l/ phan rii (con g9i la ph6ng x� ti,t nhien)

- H�t nhan tt,t ph6ng x� h�t a (la chum cac h�t mang di�n duo'ng nhu h�t a, h�t proton) Phong x� a cac d6ng vi ph6ng x� c6 Z > 83

Vi dl!,: 2��U � 2ttTh + !He

U rani � Thori + Heli

Phong x� kiifo a la qua trinh ph6ng x� xay ra khi h�t nhan nguyen tu' ph6ng ra h�t nhan heli �He Khi d6 ph�n con l�i c6 s6 kh6i giam di 4 don V!, Va CO SC) hi�U nguyen tu' giam di 2 dc>'Il vi.

- H�t nhan ph6ng x� h�t p (beta) (la chum cac h�t mang di�n am nhu chum electron) con g9i la ph6ng x� kigu beta (P), cac d6ng vi ph6ng x� c6

Z < 83 phong x� kigu nay

Trong phan u'ng nay c6 th� coi nhu m9t notron trong nhan mdt di m9t electron dt bie'n thanh m9t proton:

Phong x� kigu p la qua trinh phong xi:;i xay ra khi h�t nhan nguyen tit ph6ng ra h�t electron Khi d6 s6 kh6i cu.a h�t nhan v§.n khong d6i nhltng s6 hi�u nguyen tu' tang len 1 don vi

g�n nhdt

38K 19 + -1 oe -'" , 38Ar 18

Trong phan ung nay c6 th� coi nhu m9t proton trong nhan nh�n m9t electron d� bie'n thanh m9t no'tron Je + iP � 5n

c) Phan ung phan chia va phan ung tdng hf/p h,,t nhan

(1) Phdn ung phan chia:

23�u + 5n � 23�u � 1l!Ba +��Kr+ 35n + Q (Q = 2.1010kJ I mol)

V6'i m9t lugng urani du Ian cac h�t no'tron m6'i sinh se gay ra m9t phan ung day chuy�n dua nhi�t dQ khi xay ra phan ung len hang tri�u dQ

(2) Phdn ung t6ng h(fp hq,t nhan:

4iH �!He+ 2+f e + 2,5.109kJ /mol (1)

h�t positron

Nang htgng cu.a phan ung t6ng hgp h�t nhan cao hem nhi�u so v6'i nang lugng san sinh khi xay ra phan ung phan chia h�t nhan

Chu y: M9t nguyen t6 c6 nhi�u d6ng vi khong nhdt thie't tdt ca cac d6ng

vi d�u tham gia phan u'ng hi:;it nhan va ne'u co xay ra phan ung h�t nhan

7

thi chi�u ht.tang xay ra cling khong hoan toan giong nhau

Cdn chu y: Trang phan ung h1;1t nhan, ca so khoi va di�n tich h1;1t nhan d�u duqc baa toan

§�8 U + 5n -+ §�9U -+ §�9N r + _ f e

§�9 N r -+ §�9Pu + } e

§i9Pu + 5n -+ iiy + gg 6Cs + 35n + nang luqng

Tham ho1;1 born hl;lt nhan Ci Nh�t nam 1945 la phan 11ng cua urani 235

va plutoni 239

(3) Di&u chi d6ng uj ph6ng xc;i nhan tc;io:

�He + � 4 N -+ f O + tH

�He + iJAl -+ tgP + 5n

f 0, fgp duqc g9i la d6ng vi nhan tl;lo trong d6 fgp c6 tinh ph6ng Xl;l nen dlic;fC g9i la d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l nhan tl;lO

3op 308. o

15 -+ 14 1 + +1e

positron (electron duong).

"Dl;ln hl;lt nhan" dung trong cac phan 11ng biin pha hl;lt nhan c6 thg la hl;lt a, proton, notron,

Nho phan (tng tl;lO hl;lt nhan m6'i, nguoi ta da tl;lO ra nhi�u nguyen to m6'i d€ xep vao cac o trong trong bang twin hoan (xem chuong III) Ngoai

ra con tl;lO ra cac d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l nhan tl;lO d€ 11ng dyng trong doi song

' d) D6ng vi b�n, d6ng vi khfmg b�n Chu k'i ban huy

- Cac nguyen tu' c6 tinh ph6ng Xl;l g9i la cac d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l, con cac nguyen tu' khong ph6ng Xl;l g9i la cac d6ng vi b�n

- Chu ki ban huy cua m9t d6ng vi ph6ng Xl;l la thoi gian dg phan huy du'Q'C m9t nu'a SO nguyen tu' ban dau (hay IDQt nu'a lu'Q'ng ban dau)

- H� th(tc tinh chu ki ban huy (t1/2) cua cac hl;lt nhan ph6ng Xl;l theo h�ng so ph6ng Xl;l (k):

tv = 72 0,693 k (1)

- Xac dinh luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l (tinh theo khoi luqng) con ,l1;1i sau thoi

Ao: la luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l c6 m�t ban dau

A : la luqng chat ph6ng Xl;l con ll;li Ci thoi digm t

1.8 Electron cu6i cung cua cac ion A - , B+, c2+, D2- d�u co cung m(>t b(> 4 so hrgng tu' trong d6 n.m = 3; l + ms = 0, 5

Xac djnh cac ion A - , B+, c2+, n2-

1.9 Trang cac s6 lugng tu' sau day, giin cha m(>t electron, so lugng tu' nao ch.1p nhc%n dugc:

a)

b)

c)

d)

e)

1.10 T6ng s6 h�t proton, natron, electron trong 2 nguyen tu' kim lo�i Ava

B la 142, trong d6 t6ng so h�t mang di�n nhi�u han t6ng s6 h�t khong mang di�n la 42 So h�t mang di�n cua nguyen ta B nhi�u han cua A

la 12

a) Xac dinh 2 kim lo�i Ava B

b) Vie't cac phuang trinh phan u'ng di�u che' A tu muoi cacbonat cua Ava di�u che' B tu oxit cua B

(Trich d� thi tuyin sinh FJg,i h9c, Cao defog kh6i B, ndm 2003)

1 11 Hai nguyen t6 A va B co electron cuoi cung u'ng voi 4 s6 lugng ta:

A (n = 3; l = l; m = O; ms = -1 I 2 )

B (n = 4; l = 1; m = - 1; m8 = -1 I 2 )

a) Vie't c.1u hinh electron, xac dinh vi tri cua A, B trong bang tu§.n hoan, g9i ten A, B Bie't ding cac electron chie'm obitan biit d§.u tu m c6 tri so nho nh.1t tru'oc

b) Hai nguyen t6 nay c6 th� c6 nhung so oxi hoa nao? Vi sao c6 SI! khac bi�t (ne'u c6)?

1.12 M(>t hgp ch.1t B vo ca dugc t�o nen tu ion M3+ va ion x- T6ng so h�t trong hgp chS:t la 196, trong d6 so h�t mang di�n nhi�u han so h�t khong mang di�n la 60

Nguyen ta kho'i cua X 16'n han nguyen ta kho'i cua M la 8 T6ng s6 h�t trong ion x- nhi�u han t6ng so h�t trong ion M3+ la 16

a) Vie't c.1u hinh M3+ va x-?

b) Xac dinh vi tri cua M va X trong bang tu§.n hoan

c) Tim cong thu'c hgp ch.1t B

1.13 Triti la d6ng vi ph6ng x� cua hidro, c6 chu ki ban huy la 12,3 nam

15

3H -), 2 e + 1 e 3H o

Ne'u ban dau c6 1,5 mg triti thi sau 49,2 nam con 10i bao nhieu miligam ?

1.14 a) Nguyen tfr X c6 s6 khfii nho hon 36 va tong s6 cac h0t la 52 Vie't cau hinh electron cua X Neu tinh chat hoa h9c Cd ban cua X?

b) M9t nguyen tu' Y c6 t6ng s6 h0t la 62, s6 khfii nho hdn 43 Tim nguyen tu' khfii cua Y Vie't cau hinh electron va cho bie't tinh chat hoa h9c Cd ban CUa Y.

1.15 Cho ba nguyen t6 X, Y, Z thut)c cung mt)t chu ki nho trong bang tuan hoan (Zx < Zy < Zz) 86 hi�u nguyen tu' cua Y biing trung binh ct)ng s6 hi�u nguyen tu' cua X va Z Electron cu6i cung cua nguyen tu' Y c6 gia tri ' -' 1 , l ' l 1 1 l

cac so uong tu a: = ; m = ; m8 ' = + 2

(Quy lick: s6 luqng tu' tu nh�n gia tri tu -l qua O de'n +l)

Xac dinh s6 hi�u nguyen tu' g9i ten ba nguyen t6 tren, bie't riing chi' c6 hai trong ba nguyen t6 nay c6 kha nang t1:10 hqp chat khi v6'i hidro

1.16 Tong s6 proton, notron, electron trong nguyen tit cua hai nguyen t6 M va

X lan luqt biing 82 va 52 M va X t0o thanh hqp chat MXa , trong phan tfr cua hqp chat d6 c6 tong s6 proton cua cac nguyen tu' bilng 7 7

a) Hay cho bie't 4 s6 luqng tu' ung v6'i electron ch6t cua M va X.

b) Xac dinh vi tri cua nguyen t6 M va X trong bang tuan hoan.

c) Xac dinh cong thuc phan tu' cua MXa

1 17 a) Hay vie't cau hinh electron cua cac nguyen t6 c6 2 electron dt)c than & l6'p ngoai cung v6'i di�u ki�n nguyen tfr c6 Z < 20 C6 bao nhieu nguyen t6 ung v6'i cau hinh electron n6i tren, cho biet ten cua chung.

b) Co bao nhieu nguyen t6 c6 cau hinh electron 16'p ngoai cung la 4s 1 1.18 Cho bie't tong s6 electron trong AB§- la 4i, trong h0t nhan A, B s6 proton bilng s6 ndtron Tim s6 khfii cua B

1.19 Kim lo�i Cr co ca'u true tinh th� v&i phiin r6ng trong tinh th� chie'm 32% Khfii luqng rieng cua kim lo0i Cr la 7,19 gam/cm 3 Hay tinh ban kinh nguyen tu' tudng d6i cua nguyen tu' Cr

1.20 Mt)t hqp chat B duqc t0o bcS'i mt)t kim lo0i hoa tri (II) va mt)t phi kim hoa tri (I) t6ng s6 h0t trong phan tu' B la 290 T6ng s6 h0t khong mang di�n la 110, hi�u s6 h1:1t khong mang di�n giua phi kim va kim lo1:1i la

70 Ti l� s6 h�t mang di�n cua kim lo0i so v6'i phi kim trong B la 2/7 Tim A, Z cua kim lo0i va phi kim tren.

• Neu No l a toe d(> ph6ng x� ban diiu (tuc so nguyen tu' bj phan huy trong m(>t dO'n vj tho'i gian Ci tho'i digm ban dilu)

N l a toe d9 ph6ng x� & thai digm t

• Dt,ta vao h� thuc ( 3 ), c6 thg xac djnh nien d�i cua nhung di v�t c6 biing cac chat ph6ng x�: t = �-2, 303l g(if" l

III CAU TRUC VO ELECTRON CUA NGUYEN TU

1 Sl,i chuy�n dQng cua electron nguyen tu' - obitan nguyen tu'

a) Obitan nguyen tit

- Chuygn d9ng cua cac e l ectron trong nguyen tu' dtiQ'C mo ta bAng h'inh anh obitan nguyen tu'

- Obitan nguyen tu' dtiQ'C hi�u l a hinh anh mo ta xac suat t'im thay

e l ectron xung quanh h�t nhan ma t�i d6 electron c6 m{lt l a lon nhat (khoang 9 0 %)

- Cac obitan Px, Py, P z (duqc viet l a AOp x , AOpy, AOp z ) c6 d�ng hinh s6 tam n6i dinh huong khac nhau trong khong gian theo 3 tr1:1c x, y, z

- 86 luqng obitan n 2 -Lop n c6 t6i da 2n 2 e l ectron.

b) Lup electron

- G&m cac e l ectron c6 nang luqng giln biing nhau

- Ki hi�u n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

c) Phan lup electron

- G&m cac electron c6 nang l uqng biing nhau

- Ki hi�u : s p d f

• L OD va p an OD e ectronh l' 1

86 thu tt,t l op (n)

Ki hi�u cua lop

86 electron t6i da & lop

86 phan lop trong lop

1

K

2

1

2

L

8

2

3

M

18

3

Ten phan lop ls 2s, 2p 3 s, 3 p" 3 d

86 e l ectron toi da & phan lop 2 2, 6 2, 6, 1 0

4

N

32

4 4s,4p,4d,4f

2, 6, 1 0 , 14

9

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2 Nang lu'Qng cua cac electron trong nguyen tu - Cau hinh electron nguyen tu

a) Cac nguyen li va quy t&c phan bif electron trong nguyen tu

- Nguyen li vung b�n :

(j tr1,mg thai CCf ban, trong nguyen tu' cac electron chiem 1§.n luqt nhung obitan c6 muc nang luqng W thap den cao

- Tr�t ttj cac muc nang luqng obitan nguyen tu'

Thtjc nghi�m cung nhu li thuyet cho thay khi s6 hi�u nguyen tu' Z tang, cac muc nang luqng AO tang d§.n theo trinh ttj sau :

ls 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d

- Nguyen li Pau-li

Tren mc)t obitan chi c6 th& c6 nhi�u nhat la hai electron va hai electron nay chuy&n dc)ng ttj quay khac chi�u nhau xung quanh tn,ic rieng m6i electron

- Quy tik Hun (Hund)

Trong cung mc)t phan lop, cac electron se phan b6 tren cac obitan sao cho s6 electron dc)c than la t6i da va cac electron nay phai c6 chi�u ttj quay gi6ng nhau

b) Cdu hinh electron nguyen tu cua m{)t nguyen Uf

• Ca'u hinh electron nguyen tit bi�u di�n stJ phan bo electron tren cac phan lop thuc)c cac lop khac nhau

• Ca.ch viet ca'u hinh electron nguyen tu' :

+ Xac djnh so electron nguyen tu'

+ Cac electron duqc phan bo theo thu ti! tang d�n muc nang luqng AO, theo cac nguyen li va quy tile phan bo electron trong nguyen tu'

+ Viet ca"u hinh electron theo thu ttj cac phan 16'p trong mc)t l6'p va theo thu ttj cua lop electron

Thi d1,1: Z = 20: ls22s22p63s23p64s2

Z = 21: ls22s22p63s23p64s23d1

Do c6 Stj chiin muc nang luqng nen vie't l�i la

ls22s22p63s23p63d14s2

Chu y: Vdi nguyen tu' c6 cllu hinh electron nguyen tu' (n-l)dans1,

b luon luon la 2, a ch<;m cac gia trj tu O + 10 Tru 2 trub'ng hQ"p :

* a + b = 6 thay vi a = 4; b = 2 phiii vie't la a = 5; b = 1 dg phan ldp d ban bao hoa

* a+ b = 11 thay vi a= 9; b = 2 phiii vie't la a = 10; b = 1 dg phan ldp d bao hoa

Thi dl!,: Cr (Z = 24) Cllu hinh electron cua Cr nhu sau :

ls2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1

Cu (Z = 29) Cau hinh electron cua Cu nhu sau:

ls2 2s2 2p 6 3s2 3p 6 3d 1 0 4s1 (dang le ls22s22p63s23p63d94s2 nhung m9t electron ngoai cung nhay vao ldp trong dg bao hoa)

c) Dij,c die°m cua lffp electron ngoai cung

Cac electron & ldp ngoai cung quye't djnh tinh chllt hoa h9c cua m(>t nguyen t6.

Cau ns1 ns2 ns2np1 ns22p2 ns2np3, ns2np4, ns2np5 ns22p6

ngoai

cung

hoa hQC

11