UNIT 3 WAYS OF SOCIALISING

Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật Said  said that, said to Said to  told Ex: 1.. She said, “ I have a younger sister”  She said to Lan that she had a younger sister 2.Thay đổi

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GRAMMAR REVISION: Indirect Speech

A.Khái niệm

Câu gián tiếp (Indirect speech) là câu tường thuật lại nội dung lời nói của người khác với một

số chi tiết thay đổi trong câu sao cho phù hợp với ngữ cảnh trong khi tường thuật

Ex: They said: “ We go to school from Monday to Friday”

B Các nguyên tắc chung

1 Thay đổi động từ trong câu tường thuật

Said  said that, said to

Said to  told

Ex: 1 She said, “ I am a teacher”

 She said that she was a teacher

2 He said to me, “ I live in the countryside”

 He told me he lived in the countryside

3 She said, “ I have a younger sister”

 She said to Lan that she had a younger sister

2.Thay đổi thì ( TENSES) trong câu tường thuật

Simple present

Simple past

Simple future

Present continuous

Past continuous

Future continuous

Present perfect

Past perfect

Present

perfect continuous

Simple past Past perfect Future in the past Past continuous Past perfect continuous Future continuous in the past Past perfect

Past perfect Past perfect continuous

Ex: 1.He said, “ I like apples very much”

 He said that he liked apples very much

2.She said, “ I am working for a foreign company”

 She said that she was working for a foreign company

3.He said, “ I have taught English for 5 years”

 He said that he had taught English for 5 years

4.He said, “ I bought this computer”

Unit 3: WAYS OF SOCIALISING

 He said that he had bought this computer

3 Thay đổi về Động từ hình thái ( Modal verbs) trong Câu tường thuật

Câu trực tiếp Câu gián tiếp Ý nghĩa

Had to Would have to

- Nghĩa vụ, lời khuyên

- Bổn phận phải thực hiện ngay

- Nhiệm vụ phải thực hiện trong thời gian xa

Ex:

She said, “ I can play the piano”

 She said that she could play the piano

He said, “ I must obey the traffic law”

 He said that he must obey the traffic law

4 Thay đổi về Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu, Tính từ sở hữu

Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns)

I => he, she

We => they

You=> I, we

Me => him, her

Us => them You => me, us Ex: He said, “ I met you on my sister’s birthday party”

 He told me (that) he had met me on his sister’s birthday party

b Đại từ sở hữu (possessive pronouns)

Mine => his, hers

Ours => theirs

Yours => mine, ours

c Tính từ sở hữu (possessive adjectives)

My=> his, her

Our => their

Your => my, our

Ex: 1 He said, “ I love my garden”

 He said ( that) he loved his garden

2 He said, “ I met you on my sister’s birthday party”

 He told me (that) he had met me on his sister’s birthday party

3 She said, “ I bought for myself a new dress on my birthday”

 She said (that) she had bought for herself a new dress on her birthday

5 Thay đổi về các trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

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This

These

Here

Now

Ago

Today

Tonight

Tomorrow

Yesterday

Last night

This week

Next week

The day before yesterday

The day after tomorrow

That Those There Then Before That day That night The following day/ the day after The previous day/ the day before The previous night/ the night before That week

The following week/ the week after Two days before

Two days after

Ex: 1 He said, “ I have to attend a conference today”

 He said (that) he had to attend a conference that day

2 He said, “ My father fixed the bicycle yesterday”

 He said (that) his father had fixed the bicycle the day before

3 He said, “ I finished my final exam 3 days ago”

 He said (that) he had finished his final exam 3 days before

4 Nam said, “ I will visit my grandparents next week”

 Nam said (that) he would visit his grandparents the week after

6 Trường hợp không thay đổi thì

a Câu điều kiện loại 2 và loại 3

=> thay đổi: các đại từ, tính từ mà không thay đổi thì trong câu

Ex: 1.“ If I were a millionaire, I would buy that house”

 He said that if he were a millionaire, he would buy that house

2.“ If you had listened to me, you wouldn’t have been in trouble”

 He said that if I had listened to him, I wouldn’t have been in trouble

b Câu trực tiếp diễn tả 1 chân lý, hay một thói quen ở hiện tại

=> Giữ nguyên: thì của câu trực tiếp

Ex: He said, “ Water boils at 100º C”

 He said that water boils at 100ºC

She said, “ I go to work at 8 o’clock every morning”

 She said that she goes to work at 8 o’clock every morning

c Động từ tường thuật (ở thì Hiện tại đơn, Hiện tại tiếp diễn, Hiện tại hoàn thành hay Tương lai)

 không đổi: thì, các trạng từ và cụm từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn

 thay đổi: các đại từ, tính từ

Ex: 1 He says, “ I don’t feel like working today”

 He says that he doesn’t feel like working today

2 “ I’ve been to London before”, he has said

 He has said that he has been to London before

d Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái could, would, should, might, ought to, used to, had better

Ex: 1.Tom said, “You had better not contact her”

 Tom said I had better not contact her

2.He said, “they should/ ought to

widen this road”

 He said they should/ ought to widen this road

Lưu ý: Must có thể:

=> giữ nguyên

=>had to ( bổn phận được thực hiện ngay)

=>would have to ( bổn phận tùy thuộc vào một hành động nào đó ở tương lai khá xa)

Ex: An said, “I must go for a job interview tomorrow”

=> An said he must/ had to go for a job interview the following day

e Thì quá khứ đơn (past simple) hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn (past progessive) trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian

Ex: He said, “When I saw them, they were playing tennis”

 He said when he saw them they were playing tennis

C Các kiểu câu gián tiếp

1 Câu trần thuật ( Statements)

- Dấu chấm, phảy, ngoặc kép => bỏ

- Túc từ ( nếu có) => đặt ngay sau động từ tường thuật

- Thì ( tenses) => thay đổi

- Đại từ nhân xưng, đại từ sở hữu, tính từ sở hữu, => thay đổi

- Từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn => thay đổi

Ex: 1 He said, “ I met her 2 years ago”

 He said that he had met her 2 years before

2 Nam said, “ I bought you a new book, Lan”

 Nam told Lan that he had bought her a new book

2 Câu mệnh lệnh / Câu đề nghị ( Commands / Request)

- said, said to => told ( bảo, ra lệnh), asked ( yêu cầu, đề nghị), advised (khuyên), ordered (

ra lệnh), invited (mời), warned ( cảnh báo)………

- Túc từ => đặt ngay sau động từ tường thuật

- V => not to V / to V

- Dấu ngoặc kép, dấu hai chấm, dấu chấm than , “ please” => bỏ

Ex:

1 My mother said to me, “ Don’t put too much salt in the vegetables”

 My mother told me not to put too much salt in the vegetables

2 “ Stay away from this dog It can bite you”, she said

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 She warned me to stay away from that dog as it could bite me

3.“ You should go to bed earlier”, my sister said

 My sister advised me to go to bed earlier

3 Câu hỏi

a Yes- No question

- said, said to => asked

- Dấu “?” => dấu “.”

- Liên từ if / whether => giới thiệu nội dung câu hỏi

- Cấu trúc câu hỏi => câu trần thuật

Ex: 1 He said to me, “ Do you like action movies?”

=> He asked me if/ whether I liked action movies

2 His sister said to him, “ Were you home yesterday”

=> His sister asked him if he had been home the day before

b Wh – question

- said, said to => asked

- Dấu “?” => dấu “.”

- Giữ nguyên từ để hỏi ( Wh-word)

- Cấu trúc câu hỏi => câu trần thuật

Ex: 1 He said to me : “ What are you reading?”

=> He asked me what I was reading

2 He said: “ How long have you been living here, Nam?”

=> He asked Nam how long he had been living there

D Một số cấu trúc khác trong câu gián tiếp

 Let’s  suggested + Ving

Let’s not  suggeste not + Ving

Ex: “ Let go our for dinner” said my father

a My father suggested going out for dinner

“ Let’s not leave too early”, he said

b He suggested not leaving too early

 Why don’t you

Why not  suggested + (someone) + Ving

How about

Ex: “ Why don’t you ask him for help”, my sister said

c My sister suggested me asking him for help

“ Why not invite them to the party?”, he said

d He suggested inviting them to the party

 Shall we  suggested + Ving

Ex : “Shall we go to the movie?”, he said to her

e He suggested going to the movie

 Should / ought to / If I were you  advised + (someone) + to V

Ex: “ You should read more books”, my teacher said

f The teacher advised me to read more books

“ If I were you, I would take that job”, Ann said

g Ann advised me to take that job

 Could you please / Would you like  advised / invited / offered

Ex: “ Could you please turn down the volume for me?”, she said

h She asked me to turn down the volume for her

“ Would you like to have dinner with us”, they said

i They invited me to have dinner with them

 Reporting Verb + (someone) + preposition + Gerund

Thank someone for

( cám ơn ai về )

warn someone against (cảnh báo ai về )

Apologize someone for ( xin lỗi ai về)

Accuse someone of

( buộc tội ai về )

Dream of ( mơ ước về )

Insist on ( khăng khăng đòi ) Congratulate someone on

( chúc mừng ai về )

Object to ( chống đối về )

Complain about ( phàn nàn về )

Ex: “ You’ve got the scholarship Congratualtions!” Nam said to me

j Nam congratulated me on getting the scholarship

“ I’m sorry I broke your window.” The child said

k The child apologized me for breaking my window

“ You’ve stolen my wallet”, the woman said to the man

The woman accused the man of stealing her wallet

 Exclamaions ( Câu cảm thán)

Tùy theo nội dung của câu cảm thán, ta dùng các động từ tường thuật như exclaimed (kêu lên), greeted ( chào hỏi), complained ( phàn nàn), remarked ( nhận xét), cried out ( thét lên), signed ( thở dài)

Ex: “ Your dress is beautiful!”, she exclaimed

She exclaimed that my dress was beautiful

“ Hello, how are you doing?”, he said

He greeted me and asked how I was doing

VOCABULARIES

 communication (n)

/kə,mju:ni’keiʃn/ : sự giao tiếp

 unwritten rules ( noun phrase) : luật bất thành văn

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 involve(v) / in’vɑlv/: bao gồm, bao

hàm, liên quan

 a great deal : nhiều, 1 lượng lớn

 gesture (n) / ‘ʤesʧər/: điệu bộ, cử

chỉ

 expression (n) / ik’spreʃn/: nét mặt

 nonverbal (Adj) / ‘nɑ:n ‘vəbəl/ :

không dùng lời nói

 create (v) / kri: eit/ : tạo ra

 distrust (n) / dis’trʌst/ : sự nghi kị,

thiếu tin cậy

 disapproval (n) /disə’pru:vəl/: sự

không tán thành

 pay attention to / ə’tenʃn/ : chú ý

tới

 be accustomed to (adj) /ə’kʌstəmd/:

quen thuộc với

 touch (v) /tʌʧ/: động, chạm

 friendliness (n) / ‘frendlinis/: sự

thân thiện

 notice (v) / ‘noʊtis/: chú ý, để ý

 tap (v) / tӕp/: gõ nhẹ

 at least (idiom) : ít nhất

 determine (v) / di’tɜ:min/ : xác định, quyết định

 complicated (adj) / ‘kɑ:mplə,keitəd/: phức tạp, rắc rối

 aware of (adj) / ə’weər/ : nhận thức được

 frequently (adv) / ‘fri:kwəntli/: thường xuyên

 posture (n) / ‘pɑsʧər/ : tư thế

 facial expression ( noun phrase) / ‘feiʃəl ik’spreʃn/: biểu cảm gương mặt

 interpret (v) / in’tɜ:prit/ : giải thích, hiểu

 slump (v) /slʌmp/: đi xuống

 lack (v) /lӕk/: thiếu

 polite (adj) / pə’lait/: lịch sự

 impatient (adj) / im’peiʃənt/ : thiếu kiên nhẫn

 stay away ( phrasal verb ): tránh xa

 superior (adj) / su:’piəriər/ : bề trên

I Choose the word which best fits each gap of the sentence

1 Fortunately, I recognized him at the _, so I left the table and stopped him on time

2 Any from teachers to students’s progress will make them feel more confident

3 _ marriage is believed by Asian parents and they don’t let their chilren decide their marriage by themselves

4 Many American men agree that wives and husbands should in each other and share all thoughts

5 Applicants who are chosen for the job interview next week will be _ to take a medical examination

6 After the recent scandal, the president is expected to do the thing and resign from his position

7 We’ve achieved some results with this drug, but it won’t be suitable for all patients

8 Some shops have doors which open by themselves at the of a customer

9 These flowers are brightly coloured in order to _ butterflies

10 He was _ with rage when he knew that he was thought to steal the bicycle

A GRAMMAR: Choose the best answer

11 Jane said, “ I sent a letter to my brother.”

Indirect : Jane said that _ a letter to brother

A She has sent/ her B She had sent/ her

12 “ It’s the first time I’ve flown

Indirect: Sam said that it the first time _

A Was / he has flown B Was / he had flown

C Had been / he flew D Has been / he flew

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13 “ I’ll see you tomorrow morning, James.”

Indirect: Maria told James that the following morning

C I would see him D She would see him

14 “ My son doesn’t like his job,” said Mrs Smith

Indirect: Mrs Smith said to me that _

A My son didn’t like my job B My son didn’t like his job

C Her son didn’t like his job D Her son didn’t like my job

15 “ Nobody has asked me this question before”

Indirect: Susan told me that nobody _ question before

A Had asked her that B Has asked me this

C Would ask me that D Asked her that

16 “ I’m going away tomorrow, mother”

Indirect: Leo told his mother that away the

A He was going / following day B I’m going / day after

C I was going/ day after D He’s going / following day

17 “ These patients don’t obey your order, Doctor”

Indirect: the nurse told the doctor that

A Those patient didn’t obey your order B Those patient don’t obey his order

C These patient don’t obey your order D These patient didn’t obey his order

18 “ Let’s have a picnic this weekend”

Indirect: Erick having a picnic that weekend

19 “ Why don’t we go out for a drink?”

Indirect: Chris for a drink

A Asked to go out B Suggested going out

C Told us to go out D Invited to go our

20 “ The sun sets in the west”

Indirect: Yesterday the teacher said that the sun _ in the west

21 “ I must pick up my mother at the airport”

Indirect: Alice told me that pick up her mother at the airport

C She would have to D She had to

22 “ Don’t go near the water, children”

Indirect: She told the children _ near the water

23 “ Remember to lock the doors when you go out.”

Indirect: The landlord me to lock the doors when

A Reminded/ I went out B Asked / I go out

C Ordered / I go out D Suggested / you went out

24 “ Do it by yourself if you don’t believe what I say

Indirect: The instructor me to do by if I didn’t believe what _

A Taught / myself / he says B Asked / yourself / I say

C Reminded / yourself / I said D Told / myself/ he said

25 “ Would you like some coffee?”

Indirect: The woman her some coffee

26 “ Why don’t you take a rest for a while?”

Indirect: My friend me a rest for a while

A Offered/ taking B Advised / to take

27 “ If you think the room is cold, shut the window, John”

Indirect: My aunt told John the window if the room was cold

A To shut / you think B Shutting/ you thought

C To shut / he thought D Shutting/ he thinks

28 “ When was the timetable changed?”

Indirect: I asked the man when

A The timetable had been changed B The timetable was changed

C Had the timetable been changed D Was the timetable changed

29 “ Do puppies travel free?”

Indirect: The dog owner asked the ticket seller free

A If puppies travelled B If puppies did travel

C Whether did puppies travel D Whether puppies did travel

30 “ If I were you, I would take a course of swimming”

Indirect: Andy me a course of swimming

A Asked / to take B Advised / to take

C Warned / taking D Suggested / taking

B READING

I Read the passage and choose the best answer

Communicating without words

A Communication involves words, but it also involves many other things Very often, we communicate a great deal without ever opening our mouths Because we speak with our eyes, gestures, and expressions, our body language is an extremely important part of communication In fact, according to some researchers, as much as sixty percent of communication is nonverbal

B Nonverbal communication is not the same everywhere, however Although we all use it, we may use body language in different ways This is because each culture has its own "unwritten rules" about appropriate gestures, eye contact, and so on Thus, learning language must involve the body language of that culture Otherwise, you're learning less than half of the language

C Our culture determines at least some of our body language As a result, communication between people from different countries may be complicated if neither is aware of the body language of the other For example, a South American prefers more eye contact and speaks