Sun tzu art of war english

Huang, translation & commentary, NY: William Morrow, 1993, ISBN 0-688-12400-3 Especially detailed discussion of alternate meanings of Chinese characters The Modern Chinese Interpretati

Sun Tzu’s Art of War

Sun Zi bing fa

STUDY GUIDE

&

Introductory Working Bibliography

Prof George J Stein, Director Cyberspace & Information Operations Study Center

Air War College Maxwell AFB, AL 36112 [Thanks to COL Warren “Rocky” Farr for additional material.]

Please send corrections, additions and comments to:

George.Stein@maxwell.af.mil

Sun Tzu (Wade-Giles rendering of Chinese characters) or Sun Si (current Pinyin system used in China) probably lived during the Chou/Zhou dynasty at the end of the “Spring and Autumn” era (770-476 BCE)

or the beginning of the “Warring States” era (475-221 BCE) – thus, +/- 5th century BCE The absence of any discussion of mounted cavalry argues for the earlier period The discovery in 1972 of a copy of Sun

Tzu’s “Art of War” (Sun-zi ping-fa) in a Han dynasty tomb (140-118 BCE) essentially identical with the

current thirteen chapters argues that the “Art of War” as known today is still the authentic and original version Whether Sun Tzu himself wrote it or, like much of the writing attributed to Aristotle, it was written by his students or disciples remains unknown

It is difficult to say which of the following is the “best” translation for the simple reason that classical Chinese “characters” are not single “words.” Each character denotes an “idea” and, usually, suggests

other “associated ideas.” The Chinese character (fâ) translated in the title Sun Tzu bing fa as “art” and in

chapter one as “organization” has its root in the concept “to flow like water” and managing an irrigation system It should not be surprising then that Sun Tzu will often refer to organizing a maneuver so that it

“flows like water.” See the on-line Chinese/English dictionary character-by-character analysis of the

Sun-zi bing fa at: http://www.zhongwen.com

For the non-classical Chinese reader (and this includes many contemporary Chinese), a very helpful introduction to the problems of both understanding classical Chinese “writing” and associated problems

of translation, see the excellent discussion in:

Roger T Ames & Henry Rosemont, The Analects of Confucius: a philosophical translation NY:

Ballantine Books; 1998 ISBN: 0-345-40154-9

So, how to begin? I suggest one start with the most familiar version and then, for the versions listed in Part I, consult the others as available Then move on through the versions listed in Part II for an

interestingly different perspective

PART I – translation, text & commentaries into English by native English-speakers

Sun Tzu on the Art of War, (Lionel Giles, translation & commentary),

(Singapore: Graham Brash (Pte) Ltd., 1993), ISBN 9971-49-107-9

First published in 1910 {and thus in the public domain, and available on the Internet to

download} This is the classic and very scholarly first major translation into English There are many reprints of Giles passing as “new” translations; always check the copyright page As Giles is widely available and as Giles “numbered” the paragraphs, it is suggested that, like the chapter and verse numbers added to the Bible, Giles be used to footnote the text (e.g Chapter Four, paragraph fourteen as IV:14)

See: http://www.kimsoft.com/polwar.htm

See, for example:

Sun Tzu: The Art of War, edited and introduction by Dallas Galvin; translated from the Chinese

by Lionel Giles, (NY: Barnes & Noble Classics, 2004), ISBN: 1-59308-172-3 Inexpensive and preserves the Giles chapter & paragraph numbering

Sun Tzu - The Art of War, (Samuel B Griffith, translation & commentary)

(NY: Oxford University Press, 1971), ISBN 0-19-501476-6

Version most familiar to military readers Brig.Gen Griffith, USMC forward by B.H Liddell Hart 2005 republish has an appendix of Wu Chi’s “Art of War” & an excellent, but dated, bibliography

Sun-Tzu The Art of Warfare, (Roger T Ames, translation & commentary),

(NY: Ballentine, 1993), ISBN 0-345-36239-X

First English translation incorporating the recently discovered Yin-ch’ üeh-shan texts Full scholarly apparatus Good section on “shih” -strategic advantage

Art of War, (Ralph D Sawyer, translation & commentary)

(CO: Westview, 1994), ISBN 0-8133-1951-X

Excellent introductory material and footnotes, often found with Sun Pin included

Author’s site: http://www.ralphsawyer.com/work1.htm

Sun Tzu: The Art of War, (Thomas Cleary, translation & commentary),

(Boston: Shambhala Publications, 1988), ISBN 0-87773-452-6

“philosophical” or “literary” translation; locates work in Taoist canon

Also available in a miniature size edition ISBN: 0-87773-537-9

The Art of War The Denma Translation, (The Denma Translation Group, translation & commentary),

(Boston: Shambhala Publications, 2002), ISBN 1-57062-978-1

Accurate translation, informative essays, and insightful commentaries, somewhat literal but capturing the “poetic” quality of the text, from the new texts found in 1972 See

http://academic.bowdoin.edu/suntzu/ & http://www.suchns.com/

Sun-Tzu: The Principles Of Warfare "The Art Of War," (Sonshi.com, translation and commentary), (Atlanta, 1999) See: www.sonshi.com

The Art of War The essential translation of the classic book of life, (John Minford, translation &

commentary), (New York: Viking, 2002), ISBN 0-670-03156-9

Extremely concise, yet complete, truer to the original Chinese format

The Art of War: Sun Zi's Military Methods, (Victor H Mair, translation), (NY: Columbia University

Press, 2007) ISBN: 0231133820

Fidelity to the original, insightful commentary and reliance on archaeologically recovered

manuscripts, makes a great translation Questions the authorship, asserting that Sun Wu never existed and claims that The Art of War coalesced over a period of around seventy-five years, from the middle of the fourth century to the first quarter of the third century B.C.E

Part II - translation, text & commentaries into English by native Chinese-speakers

Sun Tzu: The New Translation, (J.H Huang, translation & commentary),

(NY: William Morrow, 1993), ISBN 0-688-12400-3

Especially detailed discussion of alternate meanings of Chinese characters

The Modern Chinese Interpretation Sun Tzu’s Art of War, (Yuan Shibang, translator; commentary by

General Tao Hanshang) (NY: Sterling Publishing Co., 1990, 1987, 2000), ISBN 0-8069-6639-4/

0-8069-2789-5 commentary by professor at Beijing War College, PRC (paperback)

Or see:

Sun Tzu’s Art of War The Modern Chinese Interpretation, (Yuan Shibang, translator; commentary by

General Tao Hanshang) , (NY: Sterling Publishing Co., 1987, 2000), ISBN1-4027-1291-X

commentary by professor at Beijing War College, PRC (hardback)

Sun Zi: The Art of War, (Zhang Huimin, translator, Maj Gen Xie Guoliang, commentary),

(Beijing, Panda Books, n.d.), ISBN 0-8351-3176-9

Chinese and English text with commentary by Director of the Strategy Research Institute of the Chinese Military Academy & President of the Chinese Sun Zi’s Art of War Society

The Essentials of War: The masterpiece of a strategist in ancient China, (Zhong Qin, transcription &

translation), (Beijing: New World Press, 1996), ISBN 7-80005-331-8

Very useful edition as it contains the “modernized” or simplified Chinese characters together with the Romanized Pinyin (to assist pronunciation) and English versions

The Art of Strategy A New Translation of Sun Tzu’s Classic The Art of War, (R L Wing, translation &

commentary), (New York: Broadway Books, 2000), ISBN 0-385-23784-7

The book has Chinese on the left and his English translation on the right There are chapter header commentaries by the author

Sun Zi: The Art of War & Sun Bin: The Art of War, ( Wu Xianlin , Zheng Tian, authors; Wu Rusong, Lin

Wusun, editors, Zhang He, editor & translator), (People’s China Publishing House, 1999), ISBN

7800655105

Uses the new1972 finds “The first time ever this amazing military treatise is now available in English French and German, and together With the original text in classical and modern

Chinese” NOT YET SEEN

PART III – translation, text & commentaries in other European languages (does not include

translations from an existing English-language version)

French

Sun Tse: L’Art de la guerre, (Texte traduit par Jean-Jacques Amiot)

(Paris: Pocket, 1993) ISBN 2-266-05098-2

Text of the original Père Amiot translation (1772); excellent commentary by contemporary French strategic thinkers, e.g., Gérard Chaliand, Alain Joxe, etc

Sun Tzu: L’art de la guerre, (Jean Levi, traduction et édition critique),

(Paris: Hachette, 2000), ISBN 2-01-278917-X

Excellent translation & commentary; full scholarly apparatus

Sun Zi – L’Art de la guerre, (Valérie Niquet, traduction et édition critique)

(Paris: Economica, 1999), ISBN 9-782717-838565

Excellent translation with critical apparatus

L’Art de la guerre de Sunzi & L’art de la guerre de Sun Bin, (Tang Jialong, traduction),

(Pékin: Editions Chine populaire, 1994), ISBN 7-80065-509-1

Chinese and French texts, with commentary, on both Sun Tzu & Sun Bin

German

Sun Zi über die Kriegskunst & Sun Bin über die Kriegskunst, (Zhong Yingjie, Übersetzer),

(Beijing: Verlag Volkschina, 1994), ISBN 7-80065-508-3

Chinese and German texts, with commentary, on both Sun Tzu & Sun Bin

Sunzi: die Kunst des Krieges, (Olla, artist, & Thomas Emmrich, Übersetzer),

(Berlin: Wissendurst Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998), ISBN 3-932584-04-X

Irreverent but accurate contemporary German-language version in comic-book format

Portuguese

Os Treze Momentos: análise da obra de Sun Tzu, (Alberto Mendes Cardosa, translation & commentary)

(Brazil: Biblioteca Do Exército Editoria, 1987), ISBN 85-7011-124-X

Brazilian (Portuguese-language) version Extensive commentary

Swedish

Sunzis kr igsko nst (Sun Zi’s art of war), (Ooi Kee Beng, translator with Bengt Pettersson), (Stockholm, Sweden: The Operative Institute, Stockholm Military College, in Acta Series C5, 1999) ISSN 1403-2120,

ISBN 91-87136-53-8

Or see:

Sunzis kr igsko nst (Sun Zi’s art of war), (Ooi Kee Beng, translator with Bengt Pettersson), (Stockholm,

Sweden: The Association of Oriental Studies, Stockholm University in Orientaliska Studiers Skriftserie nr 28, 1997), ISBN 91-970854-5-6

Part IV – Illustrated and “comic book” editions Two reasons to include these: (1) they are very

common and widespread in contemporary Asia and, more importantly, (2) Chinese

characters usually represent concepts, not “words.” How an artist chooses to “illustrate”

an idea is, of course, another form of “translation.”

Sun Zi’s Art of War: A Picture Story Book, (Ma Shouliang, et alia, eds; Shu Jianhua, translator),

(Hangzhou: Zhejiang People’s Fine Arts Publishing House, 1995), ISBN 7-5340-0312-1/G-38

A very interesting and informative six volume edition in which each paragraph of the text is

illustrated by a major military event or battle in Chinese history, together with maps and

historically accurate drawings Ranges from the dim mythological past to Zheng Chenggong’s amphibious assault in 1661 from Jinmin Island (Quemoy) to liberate Taiwan from the Dutch The text is mainly Giles with some Griffith, but it differs widely in some spots

Sunzi Speaks The Art of War (Brian Bruya, translation), (New York: Doubleday, 1994) ISBN

0-385-47258-7

A “comic book” version from a Taiwanese illustrator, Tsai Chih Chung, but translated by an American

Asiapac Books PTE Ltd, Singapore (http://www.asiapacbooks.com/) publishes an extensive library of Chinese classics in comic book format including Sun Tzu and the other six strategists comprising the “Seven Military Classics.” These include:

The Art of War, (Leong Wen Kang, trans., Tsai Chih Chung, illustrator), ISBN: 9971-985-60-8 Asian edition of previous cite

Sunzi’s Art of War, (Sui Yun, trans., Wang Xuanming illustrator), (1998), ISBN: 981-3068-99-X

Six Strategies for War, (Alan Chong, trans., Wang Xuanming illus.), (1993), ISBN 9971-985-99-3, The T’ai Kung’s Six Secret Teachings

Three Strategies of Huang Shi Gong, (Alan Chong, trans., Wang Xuanming, illus.), (1993), ISBN: 981-3029-14-5, the Huang Shi Gong San Lue

The Art of Command: Wei Liao Zi’s Strategies of War, (Wang Xuewen, trans., Wang Xuanming, illus.),

(2002), ISBN: 981-229-241-1

The Art of Tactics: Winning Strategies of Wu Zi, (Geraldine Chay, trans., Wang Xuanming, illus.), (2002),

ISBN: 981-229-277-2

Sima’s Rules of War: The Practice of Dynamic Leadership, (Allen Zhuang, trans., Wang Xuanming, illus.), (2000), ISBN: 981-229-162-8 the Sima Fa

The Art of Winning: Wisdom of Tang Tai Zong and Duke Li of Wei, (Ho Lai Lin, trans., WangXuanming,

illus.), (2001), ISBN: 981-229-240-3

Part V – “Applications” and “extensions” of Sun Tzu to various topics Some are quite insightful,

some are superficial

Sun Tzu: War and Management, Chow-Hou Wee, Khai-Sheang Lee & Bambang Walujo Hidajat,

(Singapore: Addison-Wesley, 1991 [USA edition, 1996]), ISBN: 0-201-62859-7 Application to strategic management and thinking – one of the best in this genre

The Art of War for Women, Chin-Ning Chu, (NY: Doubleday, 2007) ISBN: 978-385-51840-6 “Sun Tzu’s ancient strategies and wisdom for winning at work.” Actually quite insightful beyond the

implication of the title See the same author’s:

Thick Face, Black Heart: The Asian Path to Thriving, Winning and Succeeding, Chin-Ning Chu,

(London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing, 1995), ISBN: 1-85788-125-7 Don’t assume women don’t understand strategy!

“Sun Wu’s Art of War” and the Art of Business Management, Li Shijun, Yang Xianju & Qin Jiarui,

(trans from the Chinese by Mou Xudian), (Hong Kong: Hai Feng Publishing Co., Ltd., 1990)

ISBN: 962-238-173-1 Interesting attempt to show Sun Tzu’s ideas as the “Chinese

characteristics” permitted by Marxism-Mao Zedong-Thought e.g.“the proper management of a collective.”

The Art of War for Executives, Donald G Krause, (NY: Perigee Books, 1995), ISBN: 0-399-51902-5 Simplified paraphrase

Sun Tzu and the Art of Business, Mark McNeilly, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), ISBN: 0-19-509996-6 Six strategic principles for managers

Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare, Mark McNeilly, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), ISBN: 0-19-513340-4 Quite thoughtful and informed discussion of strategic, operational and tactical applications to modern warfare Recommended for the military reader

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War plus The Ancient Chinese Revealed, (Gary Gagliardi, translation &

commentary), (Seattle, WA: Clearbridge Publishing, 1999), ISBN 1-929194-19-6

A continuing series on Sun Tzu directed toward different audiences; has Chinese characters and literal translation opposite the English See:www.artofwarplus.com& two entries below

Sun Tzu’s The Art of War plus Strategy Against Terror Ancient Wisdom for Today’s War, (Gary

Gagliardi, translation & commentary), (Seattle, WA: Clearbridge Publishing, 2004), ISBN: 1-929194-31-5

An example of the continuing series on Sun Tzu directed toward different audiences, has Sun Tzu translation on the left with applicability to Global War On Terror in English on the right

The Art of War in Sun Tzu’s Own Words, (Gary Gagliardi, translation & commentary), (Seattle, WA: Clearbridge Publishing, 1999), ISBN: 1-929194-00-5 for the martial artist

The Art of War, Stephen F Kaufman, (Boston: Charles E Tuttle Co., 1996), ISBN: 0-8048-3080-0 – Author is Hanshi 10 th Dan – for the martial artist

Art of War: Sun Tzu Strategy Card Deck: 54 Winning Strategies (Robert Cantrell, author), (Center For

Advantage, 2004) ISBN 0972291482

Novel approach of a strategy card deck as a planning tool, it describes 54 of the most important strategic principles competitors use to win and why the strategies work According to the website,

“Top flight military schools, to include the National Defense University…., use these cards in their training programs Top businesses and law firms have also adopted the cards for strategy

planning and brainstorming.” The author also has a book http://www.artofwarsuntzu.com/

Sun Tzu on Management The Art of War in Contemporary Business Strategy, (Foo Check Teck & Peter

Hugh Grinyer, authors), (Singapore: Butterworth-Heinemann Asia, 1994), ISBN 981-00-6799-2 Not so much a translation of Art of War but an analysis of its implementation based on a survey

of strategic planning processes in the East Asian region by a Chinese Singaporean Yes, “they”

do use Sun Tzu

Part VI – Suggested readings on Classical Chinese strategic & military thinking

The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China, (Ralph D Sawyer, translator)

(CO: Westview, 1993), ISBN 0-8133-1228-0

Essential text Contains Sun Tzu and six other classical military writings Mastery of these seven

classics was the basis for promotion in the Confucian / governmental examination system since the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)

Sun Pin - Military Methods, (Ralph D Sawyer, translation & commentary)

(CO: Westview, 1995), ISBN 0-8133-8888-0

Elaboration of Art of War by Sun Tzu’s “ grandson.” Excellent introduction and footnotes Sun Pin – The Art of Warfare, (DC Lau & Roger T Ames, translation & commentary)

(NY: Ballantine Books, 1996), ISBN 0-345-37991-8

Elaboration of Art of War by Sun Tzu’s “grandson.” Excellent introduction and footnotes.

Mastering the Art of War: Zhuge Liang & Liu Ji, (Thomas Cleary, translation & commentary)

(Boston: Shambhala, 1988), ISBN 0-87773-513-1 [Reissue 2000 ISBN 1-59030-264-8]

Among the Chinese, Zhuge Liang is as well known as Sun Tzu

See especially the chapter “The Art of War and the I Ching: Strategy & Change,” pp.10-29 One Hundred Unorthodox Strategies: Battle and Tactics in Chinese Warfare, (Ralph D Sawyer,

translator), (CO: Westview, 1996), ISBN: 0-8133-2861-6

The “Pai-chan Ch’I-lüeh,” a 15 th century Ming dynasty work attributed to Liu Po-wen Excellent survey of topic Pulls together Chinese “operational” thinking

Reminiscences of an ancient strategist The mind of Sun Tzu (Foo Check Teck, author) (Aldershot, UK:

Gower, 1997), ISBN 0-566-07970-4

A pseudo-autobiographical diary, written as Sun Zi, which attempts to explain the mind of Sun Tzu Author also wrote “Sun Tzu on Management.”

Chinese Strategists Beyond Sun Zi’s Art of War (Ooi Kee Beng, trans.), (Singapore: Marshall

Cavendish, 2007), ISBN 981-261-371-4

The two Chinese classics in this consist of Wu Zi's “Art of War” and “Conversations with Tang Taizhong,” written a thousand years apart General Wu Zi, who lived in the earlier part of the Warring States period (475-221 BC) never lost a battle in his life, and Emperor Taizong

managed to found the long-lasting Tang Dynasty (AD 618-906) that southern Chinese still

proudly refer to as the basis of their culture

Part VII – Introduction to Classical Chinese Thinking

For the Chinese (certainly during Sun Tzu’s era and arguably still today) the “universe” is, indeed, a uni-verse, a “one” thing What “is” is Neither we humans nor anything else stand “outside” existence

Moreover, everything that “is,” is chi/qi in constant transformation While the West might distinguish

“matter” from “energy,” the Chinese note that “matter” is merely “materialized” or easily observable qi, like a stone or military formation, and “energy” is not-yet-materialized chi/qi, like Spring and Summer,

“spiritual holiness,” or the strategic plan in the commander’s mind What “is” is matter/energy (chi/qi) in constant, mutually influencing/interacting transformation (yin/yang) Thus, the one book that captures this, and continues to baffle the Western mind, is the thousands-year old I Ching, the “Book of Changes.”

For the Chinese, and Sun Tzu, this means that we humans do not stand “outside” our universe In

contrast to Western epistemology, there is no possibility of a privileged Archimedean “outside” standard

by which to observe, judge or understand “reality.” For the Chinese, the “state” or “configuration” of

the universe - that is, matter/energy (chi/qi) in constant, mutually influencing/interacting transformation (yin/yang) at any given moment in time is called Tao/Dao “We” “are” in a particular state or condition

“now,” and “we” “are” in a particular state or condition “then.” Thus, “we” “are” best understood as a particular set of relationships at a particular time and place That the essence of “war” is fundamentally a relationship is, in principle, familiar to any Western strategist The common Western phrase “system of systems” would probably be translated conceptually into Chinese as “the relationships among the

relationships.”

Understanding Sun Tzu, then, requires some appreciation of the Classical Chinese “world view.” A few suggested books:

François Jullien, The Propensity of Things Toward a history of efficacy in China (Janet Lloyd, trans.),

(NY: Zone Books, 1995) ISBN 0-942299-94-9

The most important book toward understanding Sun Tzu in the context of the Chinese

philosophical or metaphysical world view The author discusses Shih [Sun Tzu’s Chapter 5 title, variously translated as disposition, propensity, momentum or situation] in all aspects of Chinese thought See the book review at:

http://www.armedforcesjournal.com/2006/04/1813794

Originally published as: François Jullien, La propension des chose: Pour une histoire de l’efficacité en Chine, (Editions du Seuil, 1992)

See the same author’s Detour and Access: Strategies of Meaning in China and Greece, (Sophie Hawkes,

trans.), NY: Zone Books, 2000), ISBN 9-781890-951-108

Roger T Ames, The Art of Rulership: A Study of Ancient Chinese Political Thought,

(NY: State University of New York Press, 1994), ISBN 0-7914-2062-0

Roger T Ames & Henry Rosemont, The Analects of Confucius: A Philosophical Translation,

(NY: Ballantine Books, 1998), ISBN 0-345-40154-9

Arthur Waley, Three Ways of Thought in Ancient China,

(first published in 1939 - many editions available)

Classic introduction to major 4 th century BCE Chinese philosophies: Taoism, Confucianism, and Realism

Sebastian De Grazia, (ed.), Masters of Chinese Political Thought: From the Beginnings to the Han

Dynasty,

(NY: Viking Press, 1973) ISBN 670-00357-3

Selections from the “Six Classics,” the “Four Books,” Sun Tzu, Lord Shang, and others

Benjamin Schwartz, The World of Thought in Ancient China,

(MA: Harvard Univ Press, 1989), ISBN 0-674961919

Relates Chinese concepts to equivalent Western modes of thinking

Johnston, Alastair Iain, Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History,

(Princeton University Press, 1998), ISBN0691002398

Excellent, if controversial, commentaries on the “Seven Military Classics.” The book argues that

a textual analysis of older Chinese literature, using the "Seven Military Classics," will lead to the conclusion that the Chinese have essentially two distinct mentalities regarding the use of

violence The traditional view, Confucian-Mencian, is of a cultural adversity to the use of force Johnston claims that this view, while perhaps a valid perspective in Chinese history, is

exaggerated in the face of actual historical evidence

Dennis Bloodworth & Ching Ping, The Chinese Machiavelli: 3000 years of Chinese statecraft,

(NY: Dell, 1976), ISBN 0-440-31267-1

Title says it all A fun read demonstrating continuity in strategic thought

Ralph D Sawyer, The Tao of Deception Unorthodox Warfare in Historic and Modern China, (NY: Basic

Books, 2007), ISBN 0-465-07205-4

The definitive work on ancient military principles and their relevance to the War on Terror, the war in Iraq, and the rise of China as a geopolitical power The normal American military

understanding of deception is trivial compared to the range of Chinese theory and practice building on Sun Tzu’s insight that “warfare is the Way of deception.”

Ralph D Sawyer, The Tao of Spycraft Intelligence theory and practice in traditional China, (Boulder,

CO: Westview Press, 1998) ISBN 0-8133-3303-2

Wang Chen, The Tao of War, (NY: Barnes & Noble, 2006), ISBN: 0-7607-9095-7

Translation and commentary by Ralph D Sawyer of the T’ang Dynasty era Wang Chen’s

interpretation of the Art of War in terms of the Taoist T’ao Te Ching / Dao de Jing

William H Mott IV & Jae Chang Kim, The Philosophy of Chinese Military Culture Shih vs Li, (NY:

MacMillian, 2006), ISBN 1-4039-7187-0

Shih, Sun Tzu’s key concept in Chapter 5 is explored in detail

Emerson M S Niou & Peter C Ordeshook, “A game-theoretic interpretation of Sun Tzu's Art of War,”

Journal of Peace Research 1994 May; 31(2):161-174

Edward O'Dowd & Arthur Waldron, “Sun Tzu for strategists,” Comparative Strategy 1991; 10:25-36 Laure Paquette, “Strategy and Time in Clausewitz's On War and in Sun Tzu's The Art of War.”

Comparative Strategy 1991; 10:37-51

Christopher C Rand, “Chinese military thought and philosophical Taoism.” Monumenta Serica 1979;

34:171-218

David Lai, “Learning from the Stones: A Go approach to mastering China’s strategic concept, shi,” (US

Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2004)

Benjamin E Wallacker, “Two concepts in early Chinese military thought,” Language 1966;

42(2):295-299 (reviews possible meanings of “orthodox” & “unorthodox.”)

Arthur Waldron, “The Art of Shi,” The New Republic 1997: June 23, pp 36-41

A review of Cultural Realism: Strategic Culture and Grand Strategy in Chinese History Carnes Lord, “A Note on Sun Tzu,” Comparative Strategy 2000; 19(4): 301-8

Caleb M Bartley, “The Art of Terrorism: What Sun Tzu Can Teach Us about International Terrorism,”

Comparative Strategy 2005; 24(3): 237-51

Kenny Ratledge, “Football According to Sun Tzu,” Coach & Athletic Director 2003: 72(10): 24-27

Chester W Richards, “A Swift, Elusive Sword: What if Sun Tzu and John Boyd did a National Defense

Review?” DC: Center for Defense Information, 2001:1-84 See:

www.cdi.org/mrp/swift_elusive_sword.pdf

Douglas M McCready, “Learning from Sun Tzu,” Military Review 2003:May-June: 85-88

Ralph D Sawyer, “Chinese Strategic Power: Myths, Intent, and Projections.” Journal of Military and

Strategic Studies 2007; 9(2): 1-63

Ralph D Sawyer, “Chinese Warfare The Paradox of the Unlearned Lesson,” American Diplomacy

1999: 13, on line:

http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_13/china_sawyer.html

Readers of this Website are encouraged to submit additional journal references.

Part IXa-Sun Tzu websites (as urls come and go, some of these may disappear)

http://www.chinapage.com/sunzi-e.html#01Giles translation and Chinese text

http://artofwar.thetao.info/china/text.htmGiles translation and Chinese text

http://classics.mit.edu/Tzu/artwar.htmlGiles translation, easily downloadable

http://www.kimsoft.com/polwar.htmGiles translation, with Chinese generals’ comments

http://www.sonshi.com/learn.htmlSonshi translation, with forum for comments Billed as largest Sun Tzu website