english phonetics and phonology

PHONEMES 44CONSONANTS 24 VOWEL SIMPLE VOWEL 12 DIPHTHONG Suprasegmental Features word stress sentence stress SOUND & SPEECH 1.. ADDING SUFFIXES: a Suffixes that attract/ receive stress:

PHONEMES (44)

CONSONANTS

(24)

VOWEL

SIMPLE VOWEL (12)

DIPHTHONG

Suprasegmental Features

word stress sentence stress

SOUND & SPEECH

1 MAIN NEW FEATURES OF PRONUNCIATION.

2 ENGLISH VOWEL SOUND

Tongue Position

Tongue Height

Front (unrounded)

Central (unrounded)

Back (rounded)

Mid

/ə/

/ ɔ:/ /a:/

 EXLPANATION:

1 /i/: high front unrounded tense vowel.

3 ENGLISH CONSONANT SOUND CHART

Place of

articulation

Manner of

articulation

Bilabial (âm môi)

Labiodental (âm môi răng)

Interdental (răng)

Alveolar (âm ổ răng)

Alveorpalatal (vòm ngạc cứng)

Palata

l (ngạc cứng)

Velar (ngạc mềm)

Glottal (âm tắc thanh hầu) Stops

(âm tắc)

Vcl

Fricatives

(âm xát)

Vcl

on the context

Affricative

(âm tắc xát)

Vcl

Nassals (âm

mũi)

Vd

Lateral (âm

Semi-vowel/

gliding/

approximant

(bán nguyên

âm)

 EXPLANATION:

/p/: voiceless bilabial stop.

4 A SUMMARY OF ENGLISH VOWEL CHARTS

5 ADDING SUFFIXES:

a) Suffixes that attract/ receive stress: các tiếp vị ngữ nhận dấu nhấn

NOTE: the suffixes receive stress:

“AIN”

“EE”

“EER”

“ESE”

“ETTE”

“ESQUE”

b) Suffixes that cause stress to shift: các tiếp vị ngữ làm cho dấu nhấn chuyển đổi/ hoán đổi vị trí

NOTE: the suffixes that the stress will fall on the syllable right before it.

“EOUS”

“GRAPHY”

“IAL”

“IC”

“ION”

“IOUS”

“TY” “IVE”

c) Suffixes that do not affect stress: các tiếp vị ngữ không ảnh hưởng đến dấu nhấn

DERRIVED WORDS

STEM +

DERRIVED WORDS

STEM +

Comfortable Childlike powerless wonderful widen

- “AL”

- “EN”

- “ISH”

- “LIKE”

- “NESS”

- “FY”

- “WISE”

- “Y”

6 A DISTINCTION BETWEEN CONTENT WORDS AND FUNCTIONS IN STRESS PLACEMENT:

concept

Are those words that express independent meaning.

Are words that have little or no meanings in themselves, but which

express grammatical relationships

Include:

- Noun

- Main verb

- Adverbs adjectives

- Question words ( ex: why, when, what)

- Demonstratives (this, that, these, those)

- Article

- Preposition

- Auxiliaries

- Pronouns

- Conjunction

- Relative pronouns Are usually stressed Are usually unstressed, unless they

are to be given special attention

Ex: Content words are in bold.

• Mary has lived in England for ten years

• He's going to fly to Chicago next week.

• I don't understand this chapter of the book.

• The children will be swimming in the ocean at five o'clock.

• John had eaten lunch before his colleague arrived.

• The best time to study is early in the morning or late in the evening.

• The trees along the river are beginning to blossom.

• Our friends called us yesterday and asked if we'd like to visit them next month.

• You'll be happy to know that she's decided to take the position.

• I won't give away your secret.

7. PRESENT SHORTLY ABOUT ASSIMILATION, TYPES OF ASSIMILATION AND ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOR EACH TYPE OF ASSIMILATION IN “ASPECT OF CONNECTED SPEECH”.

Assimilation : is when a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows it or

precedes it Assimilation is only found in the most rapid and casual speech; generally speaking, the tendency is again for regressive assimilation and the change in manner is most likely to be toward an “easier” consonant- one which makes less obstruction ( sự tắc nghẽn) to the airflow Thus it is possible to find cases where a final plosive becomes a fricative or nasal

 Regressive assimilation (đồng hóa âm thoái bộ - âm sau ảnh hưởng lên âm trước): it occurs when the

following sound influences the precede sound because the following sound is too dominant

Ex possible impossible ( as possible starts with a bilabial sound, the prefix im-ends in

a bilabial sound )

 Progressive assimilation (đồng hóa âm tịnh tiến - âm trước ảnh hưởng lên âm sau ) : its occurs when the

preceding sound influences the following sound because the preceding sound is too dominant

o Ex Boys /z/ as /i/ : voiced

 Cats /s/ as /t/ : voiceless

 Coalescent Assimilation (đồng hóa âm kết hợp) occurs when two sounds are combined to form a new

or a different sound

o Ex /d/ + /j/ = /ʤ/ Would you /’wuʤu/

 Some rules for assimilation.

a. /t/ assimilates to /p/ /p/

/d/ assimilates to /b/ before bilabial sound /b/

/n/ assimilates to /m/ /m/

Ex: that pen / ‘đæt pen/ /đæ’ppen/

He’s rather fat boy.( /t/ assimilates to /p/) He’s very good boy.(/d/ assimilate to /b/) There are ten men in the class.

b. /t/ assimilates to /k/ before velar sound : /k/, /g/

/d/ assimilates to /g/

Ex: that cat / đæ’k kæt/; good concert / ‘gug kog’so:t/

c. /n/ assimilates to /ɳ/ before velar sound /k/, /g/

Ex: I’ve been going out too much lately.

d. /s/ assimilates to /ʃ/ before /ʃ/

Ex: this ship /điʃʃip/

e. /z/ assimilates to /ʒ/ before /ʃ/

Ex: cheese shop / ‘tʃiʒʃɔp/

f. /t/ + /j/= /tʃ/

Ex: last year / la:st/+/jiᶕr/ = /lastʃiᶕr/

/d/ + /j/ = /ʤ/

Ex: Would you /’wuʤu/.

8. PRESENT SHORTLY ABOUT INTRUSION AND SOME ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES FOR THE INTRUSION IN ‘ASPECTS OF CONNECTED SPEECH’.

Intrusion: when two vowel sounds meet, an extra consonant is added at the end of word and links it to another

word starting with vowel sound

Ex Chine and Japan /tʃainᶕ(r)ᶕn ʤᶕpæn/

 Some rules of instrusion:

+ add /r/ when the first world ends in /ᶕ / ; /a:/ ; /ɔ:/

Ex:

Mr John was a victim of media exploitation /ᶕre/

The media are to blam./ᶕra:/

I saw it happen /ɔ:ri/

+ Add /j/ when - the first word end in / i:/

- Diphthong ends in /i/

Ex: I agree with you / aijᶕri ‘wid ju:/

+ add /w/ when - the first word end in / u:/

- Diphthong ends in /u/

Ex Go on / gᶕuwon/, Who is? / hu:wiz/ , you are / ju:wa:/

INTONATION

9. Present shortly about in intonation, some types of intonation contour normally found English and illustrative examples for each type of intonation.

Intonation is the rise and fall of voice or changing the pitch of voice: high voice, medium and low

Intonation is closely connected with stress There is different way to mark intonation

Symbols used in describing intonation:

Intonation marking: (dấu ngữ điệu )

I : stress mark

 : falling mark

: rising mark

Rising-falling:

Falling-rising:

 TYPES AND FUNCTIONS OF INTONATION CONTOURS.

1. Falling intonation 

Used for + Information question words such as: Who, Which, etc Ex: what’s your name? 

+ statements

Ex: He lives in New York

+ Imperatives

Ex: sit down

+ Tag questions expecting confirmation

Ex she is tall, isn’t she 

2. Rising intonation :

Used for : + Yes/No Question

Ex Do you like chicken? 

+ Tag Questions used for tag questions showing less certainty

Ex you’re Vietnamese, aren’t you? 

3. Rising, rising and finally falling   : Used for lists of items.

Ex I need a pen, a ruler, and a pencil 

4. Falling-Rising intonation : v yes, v no

The falling-rise used in a lot in English and has rather special function In present context it

could be described as limited agreement or response with reservation.

Ex: A: John is a good student

B: v yes

B’s reply would be taken to mean that he would not completely agree with what A said and A would probably expect B to go on explain why he was reluctant to agree

5. Rising – falling ~yes, ~no

This is used to convey rather strong feelings approval, disapproval or surprise It is not usually

considered to be an important tone for foreign learners to acquire, though it is useful to practice

learning to distinguish it from other tone

A: I think Ho Chi Minh city is very beautiful

B: ~Yes

A: Isn’t he handsome?

B: ~No

10. INTONATION IN CONTEXT

 OPEN QUESTION & CHECK QUESTION

• An open question is where we ask for information we didn’t have before, and the voice usually goes down at the end.

• A check question is where we make sure that the information we have is correct, and the voice usually goes up at the end.

Ex:

A: What’s your name?

B: Judy

A: Julie?

B: No, Judy

A: Where are you from?

B: Beijing

A: Is that in China?

B: Yes, that right

A: How old are you? B: Thirty

A: Thirteen? B: No, I am thirty A: What do you do? B: I am a businessman A: You’re a businessman? B: Yes, I am

 OLD INFORMATION & NEW INFORMATION

 Old information is what we often refer back to something we said before, and the voice normally goes up at the end.

 New information is what we also tell the listeners things we haven’t mentioned before, and the voice normally goes down at the end.

 EX:

 A: Let’s go to the beach at this weekend

 B: But the beach is crowded at weekend

 A: Let’s go hiking

 B: But hiking is not good for my leg

 A: So, where do we go this weekend?

 B: Why don’t we go to the cinema?

 A: Cinema is not a bad idea

 B: I’ll meet you at 7p.m

 A: Ok, we will meet at 7p.m

