THIẾT KẾ BÀI GIẢNG HÓA HỌC 12 TẬP 2

cau triic tinh the kim loai a Mang tinh thi luc phwffng - Cac nguyen tii, ion kim loai nam tren cac dinh va tam cac mat cua hinh luc giac diing va 3 nguyen tu, ion nam phia trong ciia

CAO C U GlAC (Chii bien)

Thiet kebdi gidng

ffi

N H A X U A T B A N H A N 0 I

TS CAO CU G I A C (Chu bien) - ThS HO THANH THUY

*• _r e% -«

THIET KE BAI GIANG

m

TflTP HW

NHA XUAT BAN HA NOI

Chirong 5 DAI ClTOfNG VE KIM LOAI

T U A N H O A N V A C A U T A O C U A KIM LOAI

A MUC TIEU BAI HOC

1 Kiln thii'c

HS biit:

• Vi tri cua kim loai trong bang tuan hoan

• Cau tao cua nguyen tu kim loai va cau tao tinh the ciia kim loai

• Lien ket kim loai

HS hieu:

Mot so kieu cau true tinh the kim loai (mang tinh the luc phucmg, lap phuang tam dien, lap phuang tam khoi)

2 KT nang

• Suy dien: Tu vi trf cua kim loai suy ra cau tao va tinh chat

• So sanh: Lien ket kim loai vai cac loai lien ket khac

3 Tinh cam, thai dp

Vai tro kim loai trong cuoc s6ng, bao ve va khai thac hop li tai nguyen, khoang san cua dat nuac

B C H U A N B! C U A GV VA HS

• GV: - Bang tuan hoan cac nguyen to hoa hoc

- Bang phu ve so do cau tao va ghi ban kinh cua nguyen tu cua cac nguyen to thuoc chu ki 2

- Tranh ve 3 kieu mang tinh thi cua kim loai

» HS: - Xem truac noi dung bai hoc

- Tap lam mot so mo hinh ve tinh thi kim loai

C TI^N T R I N H DAY - HOC

Hogt dgng 1

I VI TRI CUA KIM LOAI TRONG BANG TUAN HOAN

GV chieu bang tuan hoan co to mau

cac kl hieu nguyen to len man hinh

(hoac treo bang tuan hoan len bang)

cho HS thao luan

GV huang dan HS tim ra vi tri cua

kim loai trong bang:

- Kim loai la cac nguyen to dugc to

mau vang a trong bang tuan hoan

- Phi kim la cac nguyen to dugc to

mau tim a trong bang tuan hoan

Yeu cau HS xac dinh vi tri cua kim

loai

GV bd sung: Ngoai each xac dinh a

tren thi kim loai nam a:

- Khoi nguyen to s (trir H, He)

- Mot so a khoi nguyen to p

- Toan bo khoi nguyen to d, f

GV yeu cau HS riit ra ket luan ve vi

tri ciia kim loai

HS quan sat thao luan cho ket qua:

Vi tri kim loai gom:

- Nhom IA din VIA (Nhom IA nhom IIIA tru B) va mot phan IVA,VA, VIA

- N h o m l B d I n V I I I B

- Hai ho Lantan va Actini

HS thao luan cho ket qua:

tru H nhom

Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cda HS

- Kim loai chiem da so vi tri trong bang tuan hoan

- Kim loai nam a phia dual ben trai cua bang tuan hoan

II CAU TAO CUA KIM LOAI

Hogt dgng 2

I Cau tao nguyen tu"

GV: Yeu cau HS viet cau hinh

electron nguyen tu ciia cac nguyen to

kim loai nNa, ^Mg, 13AI, 26Fe va

cac nguyen to phi kim jjP jgS, 17CI

GV: So sanh so electron a lop ngoai

Cling cua cac nguyen tii kim loai, phi

kim tren va riit ra ket luan

GV diing bang phu ve sa do cau tao

va ghi ban kinh ciia nguyen tii thuoc

chu ki 2 (ban kinh nguyen tii dugc

bilu dien bang nanomet, nm):

HS viet cau hinh ciia cac nhom

- Kim loai:

iiNa: Is 2s 2p 3s i2Mg: Is 2s 2p 3s*' nAl: ls"2s 2p 3s 3p 26Fe: ls''2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s

- Phi kim:

15P: Is 2s 2p 3s 3p igS: Is 2s 2p 3s 3p 17CI: ls"2s 2p 3s 3p

So electron a Idp ngoai ciing cua kim loai tii 1-3 electron con phi kim thi thuang co nhieu electron (tir 4-^7 electron tru H va khi hiem)

Ket luan: Nguyen tir ciia hau hit cdc

nguyen td kim logi deu cd it electron a lap ngodi cung (1-3 electron)

Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cda HS

llNa i2Mg 13AI u S i ]5P 16S 17CI

0.157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099

Yeu cau HS riit ra nhan xet ve su bien

thien ciia dien tich hat nhan va ban

kinh nguyen tu

HS quan sat cac so lieu va nhan xet:

Trong cung chu ki, nguyen tic ciia nguyen

to kim logi cd bdn kinh nguyen tic lan han

vd dien tich hat nhdn nhd han so vai nguyen tic cita nguyen to phi kim

Hogt dgng 3

2 Cau tao tinh the

GV nhic lai mgt s6 kilu tinh thi da I HS nghien cuu SGK va len bang ve lai

hgc a lap 10 Sau do HS nghien ciiu

SGK ve noi dung cau tao tinh the kim

loai

Yeu cau HS:

- Neu cau triic cac loai tinh the (mo ta

hinh ve)

- Nhan xet ve do dac kbit cua mang

tinh the kim loai

- Lay vi du mgt so kim loai

- So sanh cac loai tinh the kim loai

cau triic tinh the kim loai

a) Mang tinh thi luc phwffng

- Cac nguyen tii, ion kim loai nam tren

cac dinh va tam cac mat cua hinh luc giac diing va 3 nguyen tu, ion nam phia trong ciia hinh luc giac

- Nguyen tii va ion chiem 74% con lai 26% la khong gian trong

- Vidu: Be, Mg, Zn,

b) Mang tinh thi lap phirffng tam dien

Hogt dgng cda GV Hogt dgng cua HS

GV giai thieu: Trong tinh the kim

logi, nguyen tu vd ion kim logi ndm a

nhiing nut mang tinh the Cdc

electron hod tri lien kit yeu vai hat

nhdn nen de tach ra khdi nguyen tic vd

chuyin dgng tu do trong mang tinh

thi

- Cac nguyen tu, ion kim loai nam tren

cac dinh va tam cac mat cua hinh lap phuang

- Nguyen tu va ion chiem 74% con lai 26% la khong gian trong

- Vidti: Cu, Ag, Au, Al,

c) Mang tinh thi lap phutfng tdm khdi

- Cac nguyen tu, ion kim loai nam tren

cac dinh va tam ciia hinh lap phuang

- Nguyen tu va ion chiem 68% con lai 32% la khong gian trong

-Fz't/w.-Li,Na,K,V,Mo,

Hogt dgng 4

3 Lien ket kim loai

GV: Dua tren c4u tao mang tinh the

kim loai, phan tich, dien giang kien

thiic lien ket kim loai

Cl trang thai long va ran, cac nguyen

tii kim loai lien ket vai nhau bang mgt

Hogt dgng cua GV

kieu lien ket hoa hgc rieng ggi la lien

kit kim logi

GV yeu cau HS nghien ciiii SGK va

neu khai niem lien ket kim loai

De kliac sau kien thiic ve lien ket kim

loai vai cac lien ket khac GV yeu cau

HS so sanh:

- Lien ket kim loai vai lien ket cong

hoa tri

- Lien ket kim loai vai lien ket ion

Hogt dgng cua HS

HS nghien ciiu SGK va nhan xet:

- Lien ket kim loai la lien ket dugc hinh thanh giQa cac nguyen tii va ion kim loai trong mang tinh the do su tham gia ciia cac electron tu do

HS thao luan cho ket qua

+ Lien ket kim logi v&i lien kit cong

hod tri

Gidng nhau: Deu co su gop chung, diing

chung electron

Khdc nhau:

- Lien ket cong hoa tri chi gop chung

mgt so cap electron

- Lien ket kim loai gop chung hau het cac electron tu do cua nguyen tir kim loai

+ Lien kit kim logi v&i lien kit ion

Giong nhau: Deu co ban chat la lire hut

tinh dien giira ion duang vai phan tir mang dien tich am

Khdc nhau:

- Lien ket ion la luc hut tmh dien giiia

ion am vai ion duong

- Lien ket kim loai la luc hut tmh dien giira electron vai ion kim loai

Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS

Hogt dgng 5

CUNG CO B A I V A B A I T A P V E N H A

GV chieu cac bai tap sau len man

hinh cho HS thao luan ciing c6 noi

dung bai hgc:

Bai 1 Lien ket kim loai la lien ket

dugc hinh thanh do:

A Su gop chung electron hoa tri ciia

cac nguyen tir kim loai

B Cac electron tu do trong kim loai

phan xa tot nhiing tia sang tai

C Do su gop chung mgt so cap

electron hoa tri

D Sir gop chung toan bg electron cua

cac nguyen tir kim loai

Bai 2 Cho cac nguyen to co so hieu

nguyen tir la 12, 17, 1, 26, 24, 9, 7,

15 So nguyen tir la kim loai la

A 12, 17, 1.26,24

B 17, 1,9,7, 15

C.12, 26, 24, 7

D 12,26,24, 7, 15

HS quan sat theo luan cho ket

Dap an A

Dap an C

qua

Bai tap ve nha: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (SGK)

D HU-aNG DAN GIAI BAI TAP TRONG SGK

4 Chgn dap an B

5 Chgn dap an D

6 Chgn dap an B

7 Chgn dap an C

nNaOH = 0,03.1 =0,03 (mol) n^^so, = 0,15.0,5 = 0,075(mol) Phuang trinh hoa hgc:

M + H2SO4 -^ MSO4 + H2 (1) H2SO4 + 2NaOH -^ Na2S04 + 2H2O (2)

0,015(mol) <- 0,03 (mol) nH,so,«(i) = 0 , 0 7 5 - 0 , 0 1 5 = 0,06(mol) ^ UM = 0,06 (mol)

1 44

M = -— = 24 (Mg)

0,06

8 Chgn dap an A

UH = 0,6 (mol) Tir phan tir HCl ta thdy co 0,6 mol nguyen tir H bay ra thi cung co 0,6 nguyen

tir Cl tao muoi

nimu6i = nikim loai + mg6c axit = 15,4 + 35,5.0,6 = 36,7 (gam)

9 Phuang trinh hoa hgc:

A + CI2 -> ACI2

Fe + ACI2 -^ FeCb + A

1 A - 5 6 0,8 Taco: — = => x X 0,8 A - 5 6

Theo bai ra, ndng do FeCl2 trong dung dich la 0,25M nen so mol FeC^ la

0,25.0,4 = 0,1 (mol)

-^ - ^ ^ = 0,1 => A = 64 (Cu)

A - 5 6

^cn=T^cua, = - ^ = 0,2(mol)

0,2

Nong do cua muoi B (CUCI2) trong dung dich C la = 0,5(M)

0,4

10

Bai 18. T I N H C H A T CUA KIM LOAI DAY DIEN HOA CUA KIM LOAI

A MUCTIEUBAI HOC

1 Kiln thiFC

HS biet:

• Tinh ch4t vat li chung va tinh chit hoa hgc chung ciia kim loai

• Day dien hoa ciia kim loai

HS hiiu:

Nguyen nhan gay ra tinh chit vat li chung va tinh chit hoa hgc chung cua kim loai

2 KTnang

• Ren luyen kT nang suy dien: Tir vi tri cua kim loai trong bang tuan hoan, suy

ra ciu tao va tir ciu tao suy ra tinh chat ciia kim loai

• Ren luyen kT nang giai cac bai tap ve kim loai

3 Tinh cam, thai do

Hiiu dugc tam quan trgng cua kim loai trong cugc song tir do co biet cac sir dung kim loai mgt each hgp li va tiet kiem

B C H U A N Bj CUA GV VA HS

• GV: - Hoa chit: Dinh sit, day sit, day dong, day nhom, hat kem, binh dimg

khi clo, dung dich HCl, dung dich H2SO4 loang, dung dich HNO3 loang

- Dung cu: Dung cu thi nghiem chung minh cac kim loai c6 do dan nhiet khac nhau (neu c6)

- Ong nghiem, c6c thuy tinh, den c6n, gia thi nghiem

• HS: Xem truac noi dung bai hgc

11

C T | £ N TRiNH DAY- HOC

Hocit dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS

Hogt dgng 1

I TINH CHAT VAT LI

1 Tinh chat vat li chung

GV giai thieu: 0 dieu kien thuang, cac

kim loai deu a trang thai ran (trir Hg),

CO tinh deo, dan dien, dan nhiet va co

anh kim

Vay the nao la tinh deo, tinh dan dien

tinh dan nhiet, anh kim? va tai sao kim

loai CO cac tinh chat tren chung ta se

nghien ciru timg tinh chat cu the

HS lang nghe

2 Giai thich

a) Tinh deo

GV yeu cau HS nghien ciru SGK va

cho biet:

- The nao la tinh deo?

- Giai thich?

GV bo sung: Kim loai co tinh deo Ion

nhat la Ag sau do la Al, Cu

HS thao luan nhan xet va cho ket qua

- Tinh deo cua vdt lieu la tinh bi bien

dang khi chiu ap luc ben ngoai hoac nhiet tac dung va van giir dugc trang thai bien dang do khi thoi tac dung

- Gidi thich: Kim loai co tinh deo la vi

cac ion duang trong mang tinh the kim loai CO the trugt len nhau de dang ma khong tach ra khoi nhau nha nhiing electron tu do chuyen dgng dinh ket chung vai nhau

: Elect

®:Ion (

©.e;©

©:©!©

©:©•©

• • * •

©:©.©

a) ron tu dc duang ki

T h©:©©|

— M © © © ^ F©:©*©r

l» • ^ 1

!©*©.©[

b) )

m loai

12

Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS

b) Tinh dan diin

GV yeu cau HS nghien cim SGK va

cho biet:

- The nao la tinh dan dien?

Giai thich?

GV bo sung: Kim loai dan dien tot nhat

la Ag, sau do den Cu, Au, Al, Fe,

c) Tinh ddn nhiet

GV yeu cau HS nghien cim SGK va

cho biet:

- The nao la tinh dan dien?

Giai thich?

GV bo sung: Thuong cac kim loai dan

dien tot ciing dan nhiet tot

- Tinh ddn diin la tinh chat cua vat lieu

khi gan vao 2 dau vat lieu mgt hieu dien the thi tao thanh dong chuyen dai co huang ciia electron tir cue am sang cue duang

- Gidi thich: Do trong kim loai c6 cac

electron ty do chuyen dgng hon loan trong mang tinh the, khi c6 hieu dien the lap tire cac electron tu do chuyen dgng thanh dong co huang tao ra dong dien

- Tinh ddn nhiet la tinh chat ciia vat

lieu CO the truyen nang lugng (nhiet) tir

vi tri nay den vi tri khac

- Gidi thich: Do kim loai co mat cac

electron tu do trong mang tinh the Cac electron trong viing nhiet do cao co dgng nang Ion, chuyen dgng hon loan

va nhanh chong sang vimg co nhiet do thap hon, truyen nang lugng cho cac ion duong a vimg nay nen nhiet lan truyen dugc tir vimg nay den vimg khac trong khoi kim loai

13

Hogt dgng cda GV

d) Anh kim

GV yeu ciu HS nghien ciiu SGK va

cho biet:

- The nao la anh kim?

- Giai thich

GV giai thieu: Ngoai cac tinh chit tren

kim loai con co mgt so tinh chit vat li

khac nhu: Tinh cimg, khoi lugng rieng,

nhiet do nong chay, nhiet do soi

Vidu:

Kim loai cimg nhat la Cr

Kim loai nang nhat la Os

Kim loai co t°^ thip nhit la Hg(-39°C)

Kim loai c6 t°^ cao nhit la W(3410°C)

GV huang dan HS ket luan vin dl

Nguyen nhan gay ra tinh chat vat li

chung cua kim loai?

Hogt dgng cua HS

HS thao luan cho ket qua:

-Anh kim la anh sang thu dugc khi kim

loai hap thu anh sang trang va phan xa

ra anh sang c6 buac song dac trung cho timg kim loai

- Gidi thich: Do cac dam may electron

tu do trong tinh the kim loai hap thu phan xa hau het nhiing tia sang nhin thay dugc, do do kim loai co ve sang lap lanh ggi la anh kirn

HS nhan xet: Tinh chdt vdt li chung ciia

kim logi gdy nen bdi su cd mat cua cdc electron tu do cd mat trong tinh thi kim logi

14

Hogt dgng cua GV Hogt dgng cua HS

Hogt dgng 2

II TINH CHAT HOA HOC

GV huong dan HS nit ra tinh chit hoa

hgc ca ban cua kim loai:

- Dac diem cau tao cua nguyen tir kim

loai (so electron hoa tri)

- Du doan xu huang ciia kim loai de c6

dugc cau hinh ben cua khi hiem

- Suy ra tinh chat chung cua kim loai

Hogt I

1 Tac dung

a) Tdc dung v&i clo

GV lam thi nghiem: Dot day sat nong

do sau do dua vao binh dung day khi

clo, yeu cau HS quan sat:

- Neu hien tugng

- Giai thich

- Viet phuong trinh hoa hgc minh hoa

- Su thay doi so oxi hoa cua Fe va CI2

HS thao luan nhan xet cho ket qua sau:

- Kim loai thuong co it electron(l-3e)

a lap ngoai ciing

- Xu huong cho electron de dat dugc cau hinh ben

- Tinh chit chung cua kim loai la tinh khir:

M > M"* + ne

long 3

vol phi kim

HS quan sat thi nghiem va riit ra nhan xet

- Hien tugng: Day Fe chay manh trong

khi clo tao ra khoi mau nau

- Gidi thich: Vi Fe da khir clo tao ra

nhiing hat chit ran sat (III) clorua mau nau

- Phuong trinh hoa hgc 2Fe° + 3CI2 - ^ ^ 2 FeCL,

- Trong phan ung nay:

0 , -1

Fe da khir tir Clj xuong Cl

0 0 + 3

Clj da oxi hoaFe len Fe

15

Hogt dgng cda GV

GV nhan xet bo sung:

- Hau het cac kim loai deu tac dung

true tiep vai clo

- Vai cac halogen khac thi tuy vao

mire do oxi hoa ciia halogen va tinh

khir cua kim loai ma cho san pham

khac nhau

Vidu: Fe + L — ! ^ F e l 2

Hogt dgng cua HS

b) Tdc dung v&i oxi

GV giai thieu:

Hau het cac kim loai deu tac dung true

tiep vai oxi (trir Ag, Au, Pt )

Trong cac phan img kim loai thuong

0 - 2

khir oxi tir: 0 >0

Tuy vao dieu kien phan irng ma san

pham san pham thu dugc la khac nhau

GV yeu cau HS viet cac phuong trinh

phan img minh hoa

HS thao luan cho ket qua cac trinh phan ling:

Al + O2 ^ ^ AI2O3

Fe + O2 — ^ Fe203

— ^ Fe304

j O

—-—> FeO

(Fe + O2 -> nhieu san pham)

c) Tdc dung v&i luu huynh

GV yeu cau HS nhan xet kha nang oxi

hoa ciia nguyen to S

GV nhan xet bo sung:

- Nhieu kim loai tac dung dugc vai S a

nhiet do cao, rieng Hg tac dung dugc a

nhiet do thuong

HS thao luan:

phuang

- S la phi kim trung binh thuang phan img a nhiet do cao, kha nang

trung binh

" 0 - 2 7

S ^ ^ - > S s

- Phuong trinh phan img

A] + c '° •> M c'

./Vi '^ 0 ? / ^ i 2 ^ 3

Hg + S '°"'^''"'^ ) HgS

oxi hoa

16

Hogt dgng cda GV Hogt dgng cua HS

~ Kim loai bi oxi hoa len so oxi hoa

trung binh nhu: Fe -^-^ FeS

Yeu cau HS viet cac phan img minh

hoa

Fe + S -> FeS (khong tao ra Fe2S3 va FeS2)

Hogt dgng 4

2 Tac dung vol dung dfch axit

a) V&i dung dfch HCl, H2SO4 hang

GV neu van de: Cac dung dich axit

HCl, H2SO4 loang co tinh oxi hoa

Nhung tai sao chi tac dung dugc vai

cac kim loai dung truac H trong day

hoat dgng?

San pham phan irng thu dugc la gi?

GV huong dan HS Giai quylt vin dl,

Viet cac phucmg trinh hoa hgc minh

hoa

GV bo sung: Cac kim loai da hoa tri

thuang bi oxi hoa len so oxi hoa trung

0

Fe

+2

Fe binh nhu: Fe, Cr.,

b) V&i dung dich UNO3, H2SO4 dgc

GV dat vin dl: Tai sao HNO3, H2SO4

dac lai tac dung dugc vai hiu hit cac

kim loai (trir Au, Pt) Trong khi axit

HS thao luan de giai quyet van de:

Cac phan tir axit HCl, H2SO4 loang c6 tinh oxi hoa do nguyen tir H trong phan tir axit the hien nen chi tac dung vai cac kim loai co tinh khir manh hon hidro San pham phan ung la muoi va H2 Phuong trinh phan img:

Fe +HC1 -^ FeCl2 + H 2 t

Mg + H2SO4 -^ MgS04 + H s t

17