25/2/2016 Relative Clauses Upperintermediate +Relative Clauses Upperintermediate + By Viv Quarry www.vivquarry.com There are two types of relative clause: defining and nondefining..
Trang 125/2/2016 Relative Clauses (Upperintermediate +)
Relative Clauses (Upperintermediate +)
By Viv Quarry (www.vivquarry.com)
There are two types of relative clause: defining and nondefining
Defining Relative Clauses
These clauses are an essential part of the meaning of a sentence, so the clause cannot be left out. In defining relative clauses there is no comma before the relative pronoun, which may change depending on whether the clause refers to the subject or object of the sentence
Here are the relative pronouns used in defining relative clauses. If the pronoun is in brackets it means that it is possible but not
as common
The subject of the sentence who (that) that (which) The object of the sentence XXX (that) XXX (that)
When the clause defines the subject of a sentence the relative pronoun can't be missed out:
The man who helped me was Mr. Jones
The thing that helped me most was revising my phrasal verbs
When defining the object of a sentence the relative pronoun (that) is not usually used:
The man I found most helpful was Mr. Jones
The thing I found most useful was a thesaurus
'That' is usually used after superlatives, compounds of some & any and with only & all:
I wrote some of the best compositions that I've ever written
Don't do anything that's likely to distract you
The only thing that matters is that you do your best
All that you need to do is relax
When a dependent preposition is used, it usually comes in final position and the relative pronoun is dropped:
This is the book I was talking about
The people I work with are very professional
The hotel we stayed at was a bit disappointing
If you use two relative clauses separated by 'and' or 'but' in the same sentence, 'who' or 'which' is used instead of 'that'
Someone that I greatly admire, but who I've never met, is Dr. Smith
Nondefining relative clauses
These clauses add additional information of secondary importance and therefore the sentence is still grammatically correct if the clause is missed out. Nondefining clauses are more common in written English and sound rather formal in spoken English The relative pronoun must come after a comma and you should pause when saying them
Here are the relative pronouns in nondefining relative clauses:
The subject of the sentence ,who ,which The object of the sentence ,who ,which
'That' can't be used in nondefining clauses, and the relative pronoun cannot be left out when defining either the subject or object of the sentence
Mr Smith, who has written several books, spoke at the meeting
My favourite book is 'Lord of the rings', which I've read at least three times
Mr Smith, who we have invited to the meeting, is a famous author
Trang 225/2/2016 Relative Clauses (Upperintermediate +)
Prepositions come at the end of the clause in less formal English and before the relative pronoun in very formal structures:
Dr Jones spoke for two hours on the theory of relativity, which none of us knew anything about
Agricultural reform, to which this government is committed, is not universally popular
'Which' can be used to refer to the whole of the preceding clause:
She passed the exam with grade A, which surprised everyone
Special cases
Whom
'Who' is not used after a preposition. 'Whom' is used in both defining and nondefining clauses, but this structure is only used
in very formal written English:
To whom it may concern, (starting a letter of reference)
The plaintiff, about whom nothing untoward has been revealed, is required to be present in court
Whose
This can be used in both types of relative clause to show possession
There's the man whose daughter won the lottery
ABC airways, whose fares were the cheapest, has recently gone bankrupt
What
'What' can be used as a relative pronoun meaning 'the thing that'
Has she told you what's worrying her?
I have to do what I believe is right
When
In defining relative clauses 'when' can be left out
Can you tell me the exact time (when) you hope to arrive?
In nondefining clauses it can't be omitted
The meeting will start at 5pm, when everyone has arrived
Where
'Where' can only be missed out in defining relative clauses if there is a preposition added
That's the place where we're staying
That's the place we're staying at
In nondefining clauses 'where' can't be missed out
She goes to university in the city centre, where her sister lives
Why
'Why' can be used in defining relative clauses. When it follows 'the reason' it can be left out
Do you remember why we are arguing?
Do you remember the reason (why) we are arguing
Participle clauses
The present participle (doing) and the past participle (done) can replace relative clauses
I met a woman who was riding a donkey
I met a woman riding a donkey
The money that was stolen from the bank robbery was never recovered
The money stolen from the bank robbery was never recovered
Participle clauses are often used to describe two actions that happen:
Trang 3
25/2/2016 Relative Clauses (Upperintermediate +)
at the same time: She sat by the fire reading a book. / He went to the party dressed as a nun
one after the other: Opening his suitcase, he took out a pen
(if one action must finish first, the perfect participle is used Having finished lunch, we set off)
one because of another: Not knowing what to do, I waited. / Weakened by bad health, He died
Participles can be used as adjectives. Present participles describe an action still happening
He dived into the sea to save the drowning child
She poured boiling water into the dish
They watched the burning forest helplessly
Past participles describe the result of an action that has happened
She looked at the broken chair, wondering if it could be mended
The completed statue looked very lifelike
After the storm the tent was ruined
Relative clauses exercises
Back to Vocabulary worksheets
Home