MODAL VERBS USED TO SHOW LEVELS OF PROBABILITY LEVEL OF PROBABILITY MODAL VERB TIME = PRESENT & FUTURE TIME = PAST CERTAINTY WILL Be He'll be here by Friday.. MODAL VERBS USED TO PERFOR
Trang 1
In order to understand English modal verbs, it is important to recognise how they can be used. Modal verbs in English can be used in TWO WAYS:
1. To show LEVELS OF PROBABILITY (deduction)
2. To perform SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS (additional meaning) like obligation, permission etc
MODAL VERBS USED TO SHOW LEVELS OF PROBABILITY
LEVEL OF
PROBABILITY
MODAL VERB
TIME = PRESENT &
FUTURE
TIME = PAST
CERTAINTY WILL (Be) He'll be here by
Friday That will / would havebeen Susan who called
CERTAINTY
WON'T (Be)
She won't be here
It won't / wouldn't have been John, I think he's in São Paulo
IMPOSSIBILITY CAN'T Be
COULDN'T Be
It can't be Fred, he's
in the USA
It couldn't be right
He can't / couldn't have written this, he doesn't speak Arabic
PROBABILITY
(LOGICAL) MUST (Be) He must be right, he'san expert in this area He must have finishedby now, he's a fast
worker
PROBABILITY
(LOGICAL +
PREFERENCE)
SHOULD (Be) He should be
finishing now, he's a fast worker
He should have finished
by now, the exam's nearly over
POSSIBILITY MIGHT (Be) They might win, but I
doubt it If they had played better,they might have won POSSIBILITY MIGHT NOT (Be) It's very cloudy, but I
might not rain
If I hadn't read that book
I might not have passed the exam
POSSIBILITY MAY (Be) We may go to Greece
for our holidays
She may have got lost
POSSIBILITY MAY NOT (Be) I may not arrive on
time He may not have done it.
POSSIBILITY COULD (Be) You could be right,
but I doubt it
He could have had an accident even though he's a very good driver
Trang 2MODAL VERBS USED TO PERFORM SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION
MODAL VERB
TIME = PRESENT&
FUTURE
TIME = PAST
COMPULSION MAKE SB (Do) She makes them tidy
their room
The teacher made them write it out six times
PROHIBITION CAN'T/NOT
ALLOWED TO
My dad says that I can't see you anymore
She wasn't allowed to see him anymore
PERMISSION MAY (Be) May I go now? I was allowed to go
STRONG
OBLIGATION
MUST (Do) I must remember to
pay the phone bill
I had to apologize
STRONG
OBLIGATION
MUSTN'T (Do) Mother: "you mustn't
play with matches."
The children weren't allowed to play outside
NO OBLIGATION DON'T HAVE TO
(Do)
I don't have to wake
up early on Saturdays
I was happy that I didn't have to see him again
NO OBLIGATION NEEDN'T (Do) You needn't pay it
now if you don't want to
You needn't have done
it, but I'm glad you did
NO OBLIGATION DON'T NEED TO
(Do)
I don't need to study French anymore
He didn't need to revise for the exam
DUTY SUPPOSED TO Your supposed to
arrive at work at 8am
You were supposed to have done this by now DUTY NOT SUPPOSED
TO You not supposed tobe here! I wasn't supposed tohave been at the
meeting
FORMAL
ADVICE
WOULD (Do) I'd arrive on time if I
were you
I would have arrived on time if I'd been him
FORMAL
ADVICE WOULDN'T (Do) I wouldn't do that if Iwere you I wouldn't have donethat if I'd been him
INFORMAL
ADVICE
SHOULD (Do) You should always
dress well at interviews
You should have dressed well at the interview
INFORMAL
ADVICE SHOULDN'T (Do) You shouldn't speakto him like that You shouldn't havespoken to him like that INFORMAL
ADVICE
OUGHT TO (Do) You ought to be here
earlier
You ought to have been there earlier
INFORMAL
ADVICE
NOT OUGHT TO
(Do)
You didn't ought to touch that
You didn't ought to have done that
REQUESTS CAN (I/you) Can/Could you help
me, please?
I asked him to help me
ABILITY CAN (Do) I can speak English I could speak English
when I was five
ABILITY BE ABLE TO (Do) Will you be able to
come? She was able to answerall the questions
Trang 3ABILITY MANAGE TO (Do) Does he manage to
get here on time?
He managed to rescue her
NORMAL
BEHAVIOUR
WILL She'll always do her
homework
She would always do her homework
OFFERS WILL I'll help you with
that
I'd have helped you
OFFERS SHALL Shall I give you a
hand
I should have helped you
SUGGESTIONS SHALL (LET'S) Shall we meet at
9pm?
I suggested meeting at 9 WILLINGNESS WON'T (Do) I won't do it! She wouldn't do it
Before using a modal verb, you must decide whether you are using it to show probability or
possibility
If the answer to this question is YES, then the present and future form will be:
+ VERB + OBJECT
MODAL VERB + BE + NOUN / ADJECTIVE + BE + GERUND
E.g. They may arrive on time. or
He might be the right person for the job. or
She should be arriving in a few minutes
and the past form will be:
MODAL VERB + PRESENT PERFECT
E.g. It must have been a very difficult exam, everyone's looking worried
If the answer to the question above is NO then things are much more complicated and you will have
to learn the modal verb used, and its past tense form, depending on the function
Modal verbs Difficult cases
Probability and possibility
CAN
'Could be' or 'could have been' mean that something is possible but you are NOT CERTAIN
E.g. "Where's John?"
"I don't know. He could still be at home" or
"I don't know. He could have gone home" (I've got no idea, it's just a guess)
BUT 'Can't be' or 'can't have been' are used to say that something is not possible: you are CERTAIN
Trang 4E.g. "Where's John?"
"I don't know. He can't still be at home because I've just come from there." or
"I don't know. He can't have gone home because his car's still here." or
"I don't know. He couldn't have gone home, I've just seen his car."
('Couldn't be' has the same meaning but is slightly weaker)
Specific functions
MUST AND HAVE TO
'Must' is used when the speaker has AUTHORITY to oblige someone to do something
E.g. (Doctor to patient) "You must stop smoking immediately."
(Mother to child) "John. You mustn't speak like that to your grandmother."
(To yourself) "I must remember to buy my mother a present."
THE PAST OF 'MUST' IS 'HAD TO'
E.g. I had to remember to take my car keys with me when I went to the airport
When the obligation comes from another person or organization, HAVE TO is used
E.g. "I have to get up early tomorrow." (My job or a trip is obliging me to get up early)
"How many years do you have to work before you can retire?" (Obligation from rules)
Note! the pronunciation of 'have to' is /HAFTA/
Only 'Have to' is possible in the will future or the present perfect
'MUSTN'T' means that there is an obligation NOT TO DO SOMETHING
BUT 'DON'T HAVE TO' means that there is NO OBLIGATION
E.g. (Teacher to student) "You mustn't forget to revise your modal verbs before the exam,
but you probably won't have to answer any difficult questions"
The past of mustn't is 'not be allowed to'
E.g. "My mother told me that I wasn't allowed to talk to strange men."
CAN FOR ABILITY
'Can' (do something), 'can't' (do something) and 'couldn't' (do something) are used with stative verbs and when the ability is GENERAL
E.g. "When the light went off I couldn't see anything." (stative verb)
"I could swim when I was six years old." (I could swim at any time after 6 years old)
When you want to talk about ABILITY ON ONE SPECIFIC OCCASION you must use BE ABLE
TO or MANAGED TO
Trang 5E.g. I wasn't able to fix the engine because I didn't have the parts I needed
Managed to is used to stress the successful completion of the activity
E.g. The girl was drowning, but the lifeguard managed to save her
In the present 'can' and 'be able to' are sometimes interchangeable, but in the will future or in perfect tenses, 'be able to' or 'managed to' must be used
REQUESTS
The modal verb which is used for a request depends on THE LEVEL OF FORMALITY
In FORMAL SITUATIONS you can use WOULD or DO YOU MIND (DOING STH.)
E.g. "Would/Do you mind if I open the window?" or
"Would you mind turning down the music a bit?" (Talking to someone you don't know well)
In INFORMAL SITUATIONS use CAN (YOU DO STH.)
E.g. "Dad, can we go to the cinema on Saturday?" or
"John, can you pass me that book?" (Talking to a good friend or a member of your family)
In nearly ALL SITUATIONS you can use COULD (YOU DO STH. FOR ME)
E.g. "Could you help me with this exercise, please?" or
"Could I have six pounds of potatoes, please? (At home, in class or in shops)
OFFERS
WILL and SHALL are used when making offers
WILL means I'M OFFERING TO HELP YOU
It is usually used when you are talking to someone you know well, and it is obvious that you can help them
E.g. "Oh dear. There are so many dishes to wash!"
"I'll help you do the washing up."
SHALL means I'M ASKING YOU IF YOU WANT ME TO HELP YOU
It is usually used when you are talking to someone you don't know very well or when it is not clear that you can be of help
E.g. "Oh dear! These suitcases are very heavy."
"Excuse me. Shall I help you with them?" (Two people who don't know each other) or
"I'd like to go to a party next Friday, but I haven't got anyone to look after my son."
"Shall I babysit for you?" (I'm not qualified, but I'll help you if you like)
Trang 6
WILL FOR CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOUR
When using this structure it should be contracted when writing and not stressed when speaking
E.g. "He'll always be there when you need help."
If it is stressed when speaking, it means that the behaviour is annoying
E.g. "He will keep on interrupting me."
NEEDN'T HAVE DONE v DIDN'T NEED TO DO
Needn't have done sth. means the action was completed, but was unnecessary
E.g. "You needn't have bought any butter. We've got lots of it."
Using 'didn't need to do sth.', we don't know if the action was completed, just that it wasn't necessary E.g. "I didn't need to do any shopping because I was eating out that night."
Modal verbs practice exercises (advanced level)
Back to Grammar worksheets
Home