Unit 3 Language focus

Two syllable word 1 Stress on first syllable Verbs end with OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ISH to open, to follow, to hurry, to struggle, to flatter, to finish 2 Stress on last syllable Most 2-s

English 12 Unit 1 & 2 – Review

A Pronunciation: Word Stress

I Two syllable word

1 Stress on first syllable

Verbs end with OW, EN, Y, EL, ER, LE, ISH to open, to follow, to hurry, to struggle, to flatter, to finish

2 Stress on last syllable

Most 2-syllable verbs to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN

II Three or > three syllable words

1 General rule: Stress 3rd syllable - counting backwards

Example celebrate, curriculum, to unify

Exception to develop, imagine, banana

2 Special case:

- Stress on second syllable from end if words end with -ic, -sion, -tion

Example GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic, teleVIsion, revelation

- Stress on the third syllable from end if words end with -cy, -ty, -phy, -gy, -al

Example deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy, CRItical, geological

- Stress on the following syllable: ADE, OO, OON, EE, EEN, EER, ESE, ISE, IZE, AIRE, SELF

Example pickaboo, millionaire, cocoon, analyze, engineer, themselves

3 Compound words (words with two parts)

- Compound nouns, the stress is on the first part

Example BLACKbird, GREENhouse

- Compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part

Example bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned

- Compound verbs, the stress is on the second part

Example to underSTAND, to overFLOW

B Grammar: Reported speech

I Statements

Do not change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Present (e g He says) Note, however, that

you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular)

Example “I speak English.”

 He says that he speaks English (no backshift)

 He said that he spoke English (backshift)

You must change the tense if the introductory clause is in Simple Past (e g He said) This is called backshift.

Example He said, “I am happy.”  He said that he was happy

Present Progressive S + am/ is / are + Ving S + was/were + Ving

S + had + PII

Present Perfect S + have/ has + PII

Past Progressive S + was/were + Ving

S + had been Ving

Present Perfect Progressive S + have/ have been Ving

Past Perfect Progressive S + had been Ving

Conditional type I If S + V (es/s), S + will/ shall + V If S + Ved, S + would + V

Conditional type II and III If S + Ved, S + would + V

If S + had PII, S + would have PII No Change

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn’t, ought to, used to do not normally change.

English 12 Unit 1 & 2 – Review

Example: He said, “She might be right.”  He said that she might be right.

II Questions in Reported Speech

For pronouns, tenses and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech

Besides, note that instead of ‚that‘ you use the interrogative If there is no interrogative, use whether/ if

statement He said: “She lives in London.“ He said that she lived in London

question with interrogative He asked:” Where does she live?“ He asked where she lived

question without interrogative He asked: “Does she live in London?“ He asked whether she lived in London.He asked if she lived in London.

It is also important that you use an indirect question in reported speech, i.e after the interrogative or

whether /if you continue the sentence as if it were a statement (subject-verb etc.) The auxiliary verb do is not used

in indirect questions

Example: He asked: “Where does she live?“  He asked where she lived.

III Requests in Reported Speech

For pronouns and place / time expressions see statements in reported speech

Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use ‚to‘ + infinite verb.

Example: She said, “Say hello to your mum.“  She asked me to say hello to my mum

For negative requests, use ‚not to‘ + infinite verb.

Example: He said, “Don’t give up, Bob.“  He advised Bob not to give up

IV Reported speech with gerund:

* Suggest:

“Shall we go for a swim now?”

 She suggested going for a swim then

“What about playing tennis?”

 He suggested playing tennis

* Admit:

“I know I am wrong”

 He admitted being wrong

“I’ve broken the mirror”

 He admitted breaking the mirror

* Insist on:

“I really need a break after lunch”

 The boy insisted on having a break after lunch

“Please come on! Lend me some money”

 The woman insists on lending her some money

* Apologize for:

English 12 Unit 1 & 2 – Review

“Sorry! I’ve hurt you”

 He apologized for hurting me

“Sorry I’m late”

 She apologized for being late

Accuse sb of

Dream of

Congratulate sb on sth

look forward to prevent sb from deny

thank sb for think of Blame sb for (doing) sth

Blame sth on sb Warn sb against sth

Change of time expression