ngữ pháp tiếng anh.doc

Thể phủ định của so that còn được biễu diễn thông qua: for fear that, hoặc trong tiếng Anh người Anh dùng in case hơn ở thể phủ định; lest là một liên từ rất trang trọng khi đề cập đế

Question 1: We stopped at a motel _ we wouldn‟t arrive in Chicago in the middle of the night

A so that B because C for fear that D in case

Answer: A so that

Question 2: The more exercise you do, _

A so fitter you become B you become fitter

C the fitter you become D fitter you become

Answer: C the fitter you become

*So sánh kép: càng…càng

Eg: The plant grew taller and taller

The roads are getting more and more crowded

The further you travel, the more you pay

The older you get, the more difficult it becomes to find a job

S+V+

𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒋/ 𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝒆𝒓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝒆𝒓

𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 + 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗 𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝒂𝒏𝒅 + 𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗

The+

𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒋/ 𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝒆𝒓 + 𝑺 + 𝑽, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 + 𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝒂𝒅𝒋/ 𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝒆𝒓 + 𝑺 + 𝑽

𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 + 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝑺 + 𝑽, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 + 𝒎𝒐𝒓𝒆 + 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗 + 𝑺 + 𝑽

𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 + 𝒊𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒂𝒅𝒋/𝒂𝒅𝒗

*So that, in order that: để mà

Eg: Advice is given in order that / so that students can choose the best courses

Thể phủ định của so that còn được biễu diễn thông qua: for fear (that), hoặc

trong tiếng Anh người Anh dùng in case hơn ở thể phủ định; lest là một liên từ

rất trang trọng khi đề cập đến mục đích

Eg: They left early for fear that they would meet him

=They…so/in order that they wouldn‟t meet him

Question 3: factories continue to comply with the law, improved air quality will not

diminish

A As soon as B As far as C As long as D As little as

Answer: C As long as

*As/so long as= Provided/ providing (that): miễn là

Eg: You can renew a book in writing as long as/so long as you give its number

I don't mind you using my bike provided (that) you take care of it

We are willing to accept your offer providing (that) payment is made within

Question 4: So _ become, that all mountain roads were closed

A dangerous did weather conditions B dangerous conditions did weather

C dangerous weather conditions did D dangerous weather did conditions

Answer: A dangerous did weather conditions

*Đảo ngữ với so…that: quá… đến nỗi mà

Eg:

So dangerous did weather conditions become, that all mountain roads were closed

So intelligent is that she can answer all the questions in the interview

Question 5: The lawyer insisted that his client never have been arrested in the first place

A should B must C ought to D would

Answer: A should

*Bàng thái cách: (should+ V-bare/ V- bare)

Formal subjunctives: ((should)+V-bare infinitive) được dùng sau các động từ: accept, admit, advise, agree, announce, assure, beg, claim, command, comment, complain, conclude, confess, confirm,

demand, deny, explain, inform, insist, mention, object, order, persuade, promise, recommend, remark, reply, request, respond, rumor, state, suggest, threaten, urge, warm, propose, ask, move (trong cuộc họp mang ý nghĩa đề nghị), require,…

Eg: He suggested that you (should) go to the shrine to pray for something

So+ adjective/ adverbs+ aux+ S+ V (bare-inf) + that+ clause

So+ adjective+ be+ (noun) + that+ clause

Question 6: Let's hope the volcanic eruption _ before we arrive on the island

A will have been finished B will finish

Answer: D will have finished

* Thì tương lai hoàn thành (Future Perfect Tense)

a) Form: S+ will/ shall+ have+ P.P+ O/A

b) Cách dùng:

*Diễn tả một hoạt động sẽ xảy ra trước một thời điểm hoặc một hành động trong tương lai

Eg: I will have finished my homework by the time I go out on a date tonight

+ Sau by the time / before ta dùng hiện tại đơn hoặc hiện tại hoàn thành trong mệnh đề chỉ thời gian + Với thì tương lai hoàn thành already có hai vị trí đứng như sau đều đúng:

Eg: I will have already finished/will already finished my homework

Question7: We _ the film, but then we forgot about it

A are going to watch B went to watch

C were going to watch D would watch

Answer: C were going to watch

*Was/were going to:

Chúng ta có thể dùng was/were going to diễn tả một kế hoạch hay dự định đã được trù tính trước ở quá khứ nhưng sau đó không thực hiện nữa vì một lí do nào đó

Eg: Mr Dudley was going to retire, but then he found another job

The bus pulled away just as I was going to get on it

I was going to means that I intended to

 Dùng would như là hình thức quá khứ của will

Eg: They set off at daybreak They would reach the camp before night fall

Question 8: There were _ accidents during the holiday weekend that the government is

bringing in tough new driving laws

Answer: D so many

*So …that: quá đến nỗi mà.

Eg: There was so much steam (that) we couldn't see a thing

Question 9: Since I here, I my neighbors

C have lived-don‟t see D lived-haven‟t seen

Answer: D lived-haven‟t seen

*Since trong thì hiện tại hoàn thành:

Eg: I haven‟t seen Mary since we graduated/ have graduated

Question 10: The man if the ambulance _ so quickly

A would have died/ hadn't arrived B could have died/ had arrived

C would have died/didn‟t arrive D would die/ hadn‟t arrived

Answer: A would have died/ hadn't arrived

* Type 3 conditionals: không thể xảy ra ở quá khứ.

IF + S+HAD+ P.P+…, S+ WOULD/COULD+V(BARE)

Eg: If you had taken a taxi, you would have got here in time

If I'd phoned to renew the books, I wouldn't have had to pay a fine

The man would have died if the ambulance hadn't arrived so quickly

Question 11: They‟re early risers, so they‟re unlikely _ at this hour

A that they are sleeping B having slept

Question 12: a fire, hotel guests are asked to remain calm

A As a result of B In the event of C By reason of D In the time of

Answer: B In the event of

*In case/ In the event that: trong trường hợp, nếu (việc gì) xảy ra: dùng để diễn tả một việc gì đó có thể sẽ không xảy ra, nhưng có khả năng xảy ra

Eg: I‟ll be at my uncle‟s house in case/ in the event that you need to reach me

 In the even that trang trọng hơn in case, ta dùng should trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ nhằm nhấn

mạnh sự không chắc chắn của người nói về điều gì sẽ xảy ra

Eg: I‟ll give you my phone number in case/ in the event that you (should) need to get in touch with me

 In case of/ In the event of+ noun/ noun phrase/ V-ing: thường dùng trong những trường hợp

khẩn cấp như cấp cứu, hỏa hoạn,…

Eg: In case of/ In the event of emergency, dial this number immediately

Question 13: We could go and visit Sue, _that we have to drive past her house anyway

A seeing B viewing C because D judging

Answer: A seeing

* Because, seeing that +clause: bởi vì

Eg: We must be near the beach, because I can hear the waves

We could go and visit Sue, seeing that we have to drive past her house anyway

 Thường đặt “because” đứng đầu câu để mở đầu cho một mệnh đề chỉ lí do

Eg: Because everything looked different, I had no idea where to go

 Seeing that được dùng trong tiếng Anh không trang trọng, trong văn nói nhiều người cũng sử dụng seeing as

Eg: He just had to apologize, seeing that/as he knew he'd made a mistake

Question 14: “What would you do in my place?”- “Were _ treated like that, I‟d complain to

the manager.”

S+ BE+ UNLIKELY+ TO-V (PERSONAL) IT+ BE+ UNLIKELY+ THAT+ S+ V(IMPERSONAL)

A Were B I to have been C I have been D I to be

Answer: D I to be

* Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện loại 2:

+ +

+ + }+ S+ could/ would +V (bare)

Eg: It would be embarrassing, were she to find out the truth

Were I in your position, I wouldn‟t do that

Question 15:“ you were ill, we would haven‟t come.”-“Don‟t be silly! I always enjoy your

company”

A Were we to know B Should we have known

Answer: C Had we known

* Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện loại 3:

Had+ S+ (not)+ P.P, S+ could/ would+ have+ P.P

Eg: Had they not rushed Dan to hospital, he would have died

Question 16: we not succeed, the consequences would be disastrous

Answer: D Should

Đảo ngữ của câu điều kiện loại 1:

Should+ S+ (not) + V (bare-inf), + +

+ / , Eg: Should he appear, please tell him to wait for me

Should anyone ring, could you take a message?

Question 17:“It‟s time you in bed It‟s almost midnight, isn‟t it?”-“You‟re right.”

Answer: C were

* It‟s (high/ about) time: đã đến lúc

It‟s (high/ about) time+ 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒕𝒐 𝒅𝒐 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈

𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒊𝒅 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈

Eg: It‟s time we left It‟s high time something was done about this!

It‟s about time for us to go to bed

Question 18: If only I the bill, we wouldn‟t have been cut off

A had paid B have paid C had been paid D paid

Answer: A had paid

* If only: giá như= wish: ước cách dùng như wish

a Present/ Future: chia động từ ở thì quá khứ sau If only

Eg: If only I had a motorbike

If only you weren‟t leaving

If only I was going to on holiday with you next week

If only he would change his mind and marry Jane

b Past time: chia động từ ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành sau If only

Eg: If only he hadn‟t bought this second-hand car

Question 19: “Susan looks ready to cry”-“It looks as if Peter her birthday again.”

A has forgotten B has been forgetting

C had forgotten D had been forgetting

Answer: A has forgotten

* As if/ as though: như thể, dường như: động từ theo sau tùy thuộc vào tình huống có thật hay không

có thật mà chia cho phù hợp:

 Có thật: You look as if you‟re having second thoughts.(true: you are having second thoughts)

 Không có thật:

Eg: He acts as if he were in charge.(unreal: He isn‟t in charge)

I feel as though an express train had hit me (It didn‟t hit me)

19.1 “Why you are glaring at me?”-“You treat me as though I _ your slave.”

A have been B was being C were D had been

Answer: C were

Question 20: “You are looking tired.”-“I‟m exhausted I wish my neighbors _ loud music

when I‟m trying to sleep.”

A haven‟t played B won‟t play C wouldn‟t play D hadn‟t played

Answer: C wouldn‟t play

* Wish: ước

a Present/ Future: chia động từ ở thì quá khứ sau wish (không xảy ra ở hiện tại or tương lai)

Eg: I wish I had a motorbike

I wish you weren‟t leaving

I wish I was going to on holiday with you next week

I wish he would change his mind and marry Jane

b Past time: chia động từ ở thì quá khứ hoàn thành sau wish

Eg: He wishes he hadn‟t bought this second-hand car

c Hope: ước muốn một sự việc có khả năng xảy ra ở trong tương lai, có thể chia hiện tại hoặc tương

lai sau hope

Eg: I hope it doesn‟t rain tomorrow

I hope you („ll) have a lovely time in Portugal on your holiday next week

Question 21: “Do you mind if I _ Mary about your trip?” –“Well, I‟d rather you _ anyone

else about it.”

A tell/ didn‟t tell B told/wouldn‟t tell

C not tell/ not to tell D didn‟t tell/ haven‟t told

Answer: A tell/ didn‟t tell

*Do you mind if I …?/ would(„d) rather I…: có làm phiền …không?/thích hơn

Question 22: Sally would prefer to pursue her studies _ to look for a job

Answer: C rather than start

*Cấu trúc: would prefer… rather than…: thích làm hơn làm…

Question 23: Suppose the stock market _ how much money would we have lost?

A crash B had crashed C has crashed D would crash

Answer: B had crashed

* Imagine, Suppose/ supposing= what…if: nếu …thì sao.

a.I‟d rather: dùng như câu điều kiện

+Giả định ở hiện tại:

Eg: I would rather you call me tomorrow

+Giả định không thực hiên được ở hiện tại:

Eg : I‟d rather you didn‟t smoke in here

+Giả định không thực hiên được ở quá khứ:

Eg: Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday

Hoặc có thể dùng như sau:

Eg: I‟d rather be a sailor than a solider (present)

I‟d rather have live in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome (past)

b Do you mind if+ S+ V (present)+…?

Would you mind if+ S+ V (past)+…?

Eg: Would you mind if I closed the window?

Do you mind if I smoke in this room?

would prefer to do something rather than do something

*Understood conditions: khi sử dụng chúng thì một phần của câu điều kiện được hiểu ngầm chứ

không nói ra (hiểu ngầm)

Eg: Imagine we won the pools (means Imagine what would we do if we won the pools

Suppose someone told you that I was a spy! (means Suppose someone told you that I was a spy, what would you say?)

*Present or past: giống như câu điều kiện

Eg: Imagine we had never met

*Nếu đề cập đến sự việc có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại ta chia động từ ở hiện tại

Eg: Suppose it starts raining, what will we do?

Question 24: Thinking over a decision can be a disadvantage: by the time our boss made up his

mind about the price the contract to Brown & Sons

A has gone B had gone C did go D would have gone

Answer: B had gone

*After và before trong thì quá khứ hoàn thành:

Eg: I had done my homework before I went to school

After I had done my homework, I played video game with my friends

Question 25: We are not going to stop The campaign should go on until every bike marked

with the new reflective paint Just think how many lives it may save

A will have been B was

C has been D will be

Answer: C has been

* Không chia thì tương lai đơn trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian

Eg: I'll come and see you as soon as I've finished work

S+ V (past perfect)+ before/ by the time+ S+ V(past simple)

S+ V (past simple)+ after+ S+ V(past perfect)

S+ V(present tense/ future tense)+ Conjunction+ S+ V(present tense)

S+ V(past tense)+ Conjunction+ S+ V(past tense)

When I arrived, the party was in full swing

Have some coffee before you go

Question 26: Of one thing I am sure: at no time _ her father‟s name

A didn‟t she use B she has used C she did use D did she use

Answer: D did she use

* Đảo ngữ với cụm từ có No: at no time, in no way, on no account, under/ in no circumstances,…

Eg: For no reason shall you play truant

At no time did they actually break the rules of the game

Under no circumstances are passengers permitted to open the doors themselves

No longer does he work in that shop

On no account must this switch be touched (dù bất cứ lí do nào)

In no way could I agree with you (không sao có thể)

By no means does he intend to criticize your idea (hoàn toàn không)

On no condition shall we accept their proposal (trong bất cứ trường hợp nào)

Question 27: I think my wife and I _ on a small farm when I am retired

A will have lived B will be living C are living D have lived

Answer: B will be living: đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm ở tương lai

* Thì tương lai tiếp diễn (Future Progressive Tense)

a) Form: S+ will/shall+V_ing+O/A

b) Cách dung (cơ bản):

*Diễn tả một hành động xảy ra tại một thời điểm cụ thể ở trong tương lai

Eg: Right now I am sitting in the class At the same time tomorrow I will be sitting in class, too

*Hành động trong tương lai đang xảy ra thì hành động khác xảy đến

Eg: I will begin to study at seven You will come at eight I will be studying when you come

𝒂𝒕 𝒏𝒐 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒐 𝒘𝒂𝒚, 𝒐𝒏 𝒏𝒐 𝒂𝒄𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕, 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓/𝒊𝒏 𝒏𝒐 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒔, 𝐨𝐧 𝐧𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐧𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐬𝐨𝐧, 𝐧𝐨 𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠𝐞𝐫, 𝐛𝐲 𝐧𝐨 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐬

+ aux+ S+ V

*Hành động xảy ra và kéo dài liên tục trong một khoảng thời gian ở tương lai

Eg: My parents are going to London, so I‟ll be staying with my grandma for the next two weeks

Question 28: It didn‟t rain in the spring I think we _ water next summer

A will run out of B are going to run out of

Answer: B are going to run out of

*Phân biệt will và be going to:

Be going to + V(bare infinitive): thì tương lai gần

-Diễn đạt một hành động diễn ra trong tương lai gần hoặc một quyết định sẵn có (đã có kế hoạch hay

dự định từ trước)

Eg: He is going to be a dentist when he grows up

Còn will đưa ra quyết định ngay lúc nói

-Dự đoán sự việc ở tương lai dựa trên dữ kiện có thật ở hiện tại/ quá khứ

Eg: Look at! The sky is a lot of dark cloudy It‟s going to rain

-Còn dựa trên kinh nghiệm thì dùng will chứ không dùng be going to

Eg: One day people will travel to Mars

- Không dùng với come và go (verbs of movement) mà ta dùng thì hiện tại tiếp diễn để thay thế

Eg: Jim are going to meet his friends on the weekend

Question 29:The flow of immigrants into Britain _ to a small number since the new laws

A will be reduced/ have introduced

B have reduced/ had introduced

C has been reduced/were introduced

D were reduced/ have been introduced

Answer: C has been reduced/were introduced: bị động thì hiện tại hoàn thành+ thì quá khứ đơn

* Hình thức bị động của các thì

TENSES ACTIVE FORM PASSIVE FORM

Present perfect Has / have + P.P Has / have + been + P.P

Simple past V2 / V-ed Was / were + P.P

Eg: The drugs were found by the police

Cocaine has been seized by the FBI

Question 30: They the advantages of the takeover when I them an hour or so late

A were discussing/ rejoined B have discussed/ am rejoining

C are discussing/ will rejoin D would discuss/ rejoined

Answer: A were discussing/ rejoined

* When và while trong thì quá khứ tiếp diễn:

Question 31: She was still working at 8 o‟clock yesterday evening She since six o‟clock in

the morning

Answer: B has been working: nhấn mạnh tính liên tục của hành động

*Thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn (Present Perfect Progressive Tense)

a) Form:

b) Cách dùng:

* Hầu như không có nhiều khác biệt giữa hai thì hiện tại hoàn thành và thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn Trong nhiều trường hợp, chúng ta có thể sử dụng hoặc thì hiện tại hoàn thành hoặc thì hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn đều được với các động từ: work, live, study, rain, learn,

Eg: They've been working here for a long time but Andy has worked here for even longer

(Tôi làm việc ở đây cũng khá lâu rồi, nhưng Andy làm ở đây còn lâu hơn.)

Eg: I've lived here for 10 years and she has been living here for 12 years

(Tôi sống ở đây được 10 năm, còn cô ấy sống ở đây đươc 12 năm rồi.)

* Để nhấn mạnh diễn biến hay quá trình của sự việc, chúng ta dùng hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn

S+ have/ has+ been+ V_ing+ O/A

S+ V(past continuous)+while+ S+ V(past continuous)

S+ V(past continuous)+ when+ S+ V(past simple)

Eg: We've been working really hard for a couple of months

(Chúng tôi đã làm việc cật lực trong mấy tháng nay.)

c) Dấu hiệu nhận biết: since, for, all day, all long time, all her/his life time,all the morning/afternoon/

evening,…

Question 32: With a better goalkeeper they almost certain to win the cup But even with

poor old Joe Wright they are a very likely winner

A would have been B would be C were D will be

Answer: B would be

* With+ noun/ noun phrase: Với…thì: dùng như câu điều kiện loại 2, loại 3

Eg: With a bit more time, we could do a proper job (= If we had a bit more time, )

Question 33: It‟s a tremendous task so I‟m rather pessimistic about Roger‟s chances Even if he

how to begin

A Shows B were shown C has shown D showed

Answer: B were shown

* Even if: cho dù, ngay cả khi

Eg: Even if I get an invitation to the reception, I‟m not going to go

Joanne wouldn't want a dog even if she had room to keep one

Question 34: If Karol Wojtyia _ elected Pope, there wouldn‟t be so many Poles visiting Rome

every year now

A Wasn‟t to be B weren‟t C hadn‟t been D had been

Answer: C hadn‟t been: câu điều kiện trộn

* Mix conditionals

If+past perfect, would(n‟t)+ V(bare) If I‟d saved more, I‟d be rich

If+past simple, would((n‟t) +have +P.P If I was sensible, I‟d have saved more

If+ past perfect, would(n‟t)+ be+ V_ing If I hadn‟t saved, I would be going on

 “past time” và “present time”

*The present result of a hypothetical past situation or action (hay thi)

Eg:

,

(= I didn‟t take his advice so now I don‟t own a small fortune) *Past result of a hypothetical situation in the present Eg:

,

(=you don‟t get on with your father so you didn‟t listen to his suggestions  Past time+ future time * The future result of a hypothetical past situation or action Eg:

,

(= I did break the wrist so I am not playing tennis)  Future time+ present time * The present result of a hypothetical future situation or action Eg: ⏟

, ⏟

(= I am meeting my manager later, so I am not at conference now) * Future result of a hypothetical situation in the present Eg:

,

(= I am not at home in American so I won‟t be seeing my mother)

Question 35: Because they fly, bats are often mistaken for bird; _, bats are mammals, not

birds

Answer: D however

* However/ nevertheless: tuy nhiên nói về sự tương phản, khi đứng giữa câu chúng được ngăn cách

bởi các đấu câu: dấu chấm phẩy (;) và dấu phẩy (,)

Eg: The Great Fire destroyed much of London However/Nevertheless, only six people lost their lives

Các từ này mang sắc thái trang trọng hơn so với though/although, chúng có thể đứng đầu câu hoặc cuối câu, đôi khi lại đứng giữa câu hoặc sau chủ ngữ

 However theo sau là tính từ hay trạng từ cũng có nghĩa là “although”

Eg: We just don't have the money to do the work, however necessary you think it is

Question 36: Let‟s face it! We can‟t get the house painted by the date of our golden wedding

anniversary we hire professionals or paint it ourselves There‟s just not enough time

Answer: B whether

* Whether or not: dù có thế nào đi chăng nữa

Eg: I have to go to work tomorrow whether I feel better or not

Question 37: We have to employ a few more workers, we won‟t be able to get the order

ready by the arranged date

Answer: C or else

* Otherwise = or…else: nếu không…thì

 Otherwise+ unreal condition (không có thật ở hiện tại hoặc quá khứ)

Eg: You are obliged to refund my money Otherwise I shall take legal action

 Otherwise+ real condition (có khả năng xảy ra ở hiện tại)

Eg: We must be back before midnight; otherwise I will be locked out

Question 38: you eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, and get plenty of exercise can

you be really healthy

A Supposed that B Only if C If only D Even though

Answer: B Only if

* Only if diễn tả ý chỉ có một điều kiện duy nhất để dẫn đến kết quả cụ thể

Eg: I'll stay at home only if it rains

-Nhưng khi only if đứng đầu câu thì ta phải dùng hình thức đảo ngữ

Eg: Only if it rains will the picnic be canceled (không dùng dấu phẩy ngăn cách hai mệnh đề)

Question 39: We will get their order another company quotes them a lower price, which I

doubt will happen

A so long as B otherwise C unless D providing that

Answer: C unless

* If not~ unless: nếu không thì

-Sau unless ta luôn dùng thể khẳng định không bao giờ được sử dụng thể phủ định

Eg: I'll go swimming tomorrow if it isn't cold

= I'll go swimming tomorrow unless it is cold

-Cả only if và unless đều diễn tả ý: rằng chỉ có một điều kiện duy nhất để dẫn đến kết quả cụ thể

Eg: I'll stay at home only if it rains

-Hầu hết các tài liệu cho rằng if not= unless điều này thực sự không hoàn toàn chính xác Trong một

số trường hợp ta không thể dùng unless thay cho if not

Eg: If it hadn't been for Zelee daring rescue, we wouldn't be here

≠Unless it hadn't been for Zelee daring rescue, we wouldn't be here

=Without Zelee daring rescue, we wouldn't be here

 Trong hầu hết các câu điều kiện không có thật ( như ví dụ ở trên)

Eg: He would be happier if he didn't take things so seriously (not unless she took )

If she hadn't gone to university, she would have gone into the police force (not Unless she had gone )

 Khi nói về cảm xúc (emotion)

Eg: I'll be amazed if Christie doesn't win (not unless Christie wins.)

 Trong hầu hết các câu hỏi

Eg: If you don't pass the test, what will you do?(not Unless you pass )

Ta có thể not unless với nghĩa là only if:

Eg: A: Are you going to join us? Not unless you apologize first

(Phần kiến thức nâng cao không thi, khi thi gần như đề cho unless=if…not)

Question 40: Samson crept into the house very quickly _ his parents wouldn‟t notice how

late he was

A for fear that B in order that C in case D since

Answer: B in order that= so that+ clause: để mà

Question 41: Theatre audiences should turn off their mobile phones _ distract the actors

should they ring during the play

A On account of B nevertheless C in order not to D in contrast to

Answer: C in order not to

*Một số cụm từ chỉ mục đích:

Eg: I'd just sat down to read the paper

The company borrowed money in order to finance their advertising

Paul wore a suit to his job interview so as to make a good impression

Thể phủ định:

Eg: I wrote it in my diary so as not to forget

 Không dùng phủ định khi chỉ có một mình to- infinitive

Eg: I carried the knife carefully in order/so as not to cut myself, (not carefully not to cut )

 Dùng to-infinitive để đề cập đến một nhu cầu hay hành động cụ thể

Eg: I need a saw to cut this wood

I got the scale out to weigh the letter

Question 42: the time change, it will now be getting dark an hour earlier

A Despite `B Owing to C Just as D Instead of

Answer: B Owing to

* Because of, due to, owing to: bởi vì

Các cụm từ này đều được dùng để đưa ra nguyên nhân, theo sau là một danh từ hoặc cụm danh từ

- Because of: bởi vì

Eg: We won't be able to come because of the weather

The Prime Minister returned home because of growing unrest in the country

-Due to và owing to cũng có mang nghĩa như “because of”

So as not to/ In order not to + V(bare)

So as to/ In order to/ To+ V(bare)

Eg: She was unable to run owing to/ due to a leg injury (=because of a leg injury.)

We have less money to spend owing to/ due to budget cuts (=because of budget cuts.)

-Tránh dùng owing to sau tobe

Eg: The company's success is largely due to the new director, (not owing to )

Question 43: _ so many of the team members were ill, it‟s not surprising that we lost the

game

A In contrast B Due to C Nonetheless D Since

Answer: D Since

* As, because, seeing that/ as, since+clause: bởi vì

Có thể dùng các từ trên để mở đầu một mệnh chỉ lí do (reason)

Eg: As it was getting late, I decided I should go home

We must be near the beach, because I can hear the waves

Since he was going to be living in Sweden for some times, he thought he should read something

about the country

We could go and visit Sue, seeing that we have to drive past her house anyway

Question 44: You must always have a good breakfast every morning _ late you are

A however B no matter C even if D whatever

Answer: A however

* Đảo ngữ với however

Eg: However poor he is, he still lives happily

Question 45: all the problems she encountered, she managed to finish her homework on

time

A By the time B In spite of C Even though D Apart from

Answer: B In spite of

* In spite of/Despite

-Sau In spite of+ V-ing/ Noun (phrase) có cùng nghĩa với although: mặc dù

Eg: In spite of playing with ten men, we won easily

In spite of being full of water, the boat sailed

𝑵𝒐 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒉𝒐𝒘

𝑯𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒓 } + adjective+ S+ V, clause

In spite of their poverty, the children seemed happy

-Despite dùng để thay cho In spite of thường được dùng trong lối văn viết

Eg: Despite falling/In spite of falling midway through the race, she won

-Bên cạnh đó còn có thể dùng In spite of/ Despite the fact that+ clause

Eg: Despite/ In spite of the fact that she fell midway through the race, she won

Question 46: Some authors hope to enlighten or instruct their reader, _ others only want to

Eg: I'm right-handed whereas/ while my brother is left-handed

Question 47: _ his illness, he still went to school yesterday

A Much to B Much as C Though C Regardless

Answer: B Much to

*Much to+ noun(phrase)= in spite of+ noun(phrase)

-Much as+ clause= although/though/ even though

 Much as cũng được dùng tương tự đứng trước một mệnh đề và đặc biệt dùng để thể hiện cách

chúng ta cảm nhận về ai hay cái gì đó

Eg: Much as I enjoyed the holiday, I was glad to be home (Although I enjoyed )

Question 48: had the plane taken off it began to develop engine trouble

A More-than B Hardly-when C Both-and D Not only- also

Answer: B Hardly-when

* No sooner…than= Hardly …when: đảo ngữ

Eg: No sooner had Martin sat down than the phone rang

No sooner+ had +S +P.P+ than +S+V(past simple) Barely/Scarely / Hardly +had+ S+ P.P +when+ S+ V(past simple)

Hardly had I started work when I felt a pain in my back

Question 49: is this tradition observed as keenly as it is in this town

A Only if B Only when C Whenever D Nowhere

Answer: D Nowhere

* Đảo ngữ với Nowhere

Eg: Nowhere in Vietnam is the scenery as beautiful as that in my country

Question 50: If you are unable to speak a foreign language almost your mother tongue, you

cannot describe yourself as “fluent” in that language

A so natural that B more natural than

C as naturally as D naturally enough

Answer: C as naturally as

* So sánh bằng: as…as

Eg: Andrew came round to my flat as quickly as he could

The gap between the sides is not as wide as it was

The bees are plentiful, but not so common as last summer

Was the film as funny as his last one?

Question 51: Many a strong man _ disheartened before such a challenge

A has B have C are having D is having

Answer: A has

* Many:

Nowhere+ aux +S+ V (bare infinitive)

S+ V+ 𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑠/𝑠𝑜+adjective/ adverb+ as+ … 𝑎𝑠

Many+ plural count noun+ singular verb Many+ a+ singular noun+ singular verb

=Many’s the 𝒔𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒃𝒐𝒅𝒚 𝒘𝒉𝒐

𝐬𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐰𝐡𝐚𝐭 +singular

verb

Question 52: Despite his disability, he tried to lead _ possible

A as normal as a life B as normal a life as

C as a normal life as D as normal life as

Answer: B as normal a life as

*Chú ý cấu trúc đặc biệt sau:

Eg: She was as patient a teacher as anyone could have had

Thể phủ định ngoài dùng not as/so ta cũng có thể dùng not such:

Eg: He's not as good a player as he used to be

They're not such terrible children as we'd expected

Mở rộng: Hoàn toàn dùng được hình thứ trên cho các từ: so, too, how

Eg: How significant a role did he play in your life?

It's not quite so straightforward a problem as it might at first seem

'Conspiracy' is perhaps too strong a word

Question 53: There is a small number involved, possibly a hundred

A as a few as B as far as C as long as D as few as

Answer: D as few as

* Dùng much/ many/ few/ little trong so sánh bằng để nói về số lượng

Eg: She earns at least as much as Mark, and probably more

Question 54: She‟s looking for a roommate as she can‟t get used to everything on her

own

A have to do B have been doing C having done D having to do

Answer: D having to do

*Be/ Get used to + V-ing: quen với.

Question 55: She‟s just bought three new dresses, her if she gains weight

𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒂𝒔/𝒔𝒐+adjective/ adverb+ (a/an)+ countable noun+ as+ …

A none of them will fit B that won‟t fit

C but none of them fit D none of which will fit

Answer: D none of which will fit= but none of them will fit her

* Giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ:

- Trong trường hợp động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ có giới từ, ta đem giới từ đặt ra trước mệnh đề quan

hệ (trước whom, which)

Eg: The man to whom Mary is talking is Mr Pike

The shop from which I got my stereo has lots of bargains

- Ta cũng có thể bỏ whom, which và đặt giới từ ra sau động từ của mệnh đề quan hệ xác định (defining

relative clause)

Eg: The man Mary is talking to is Mr Pike

The shop I got my stereo from has lots of bargains

- Khi dùng that hoặc who, ta không đưa giới từ ra trước

Eg: The man that/ who Mary is talking to is Mr Pike (NOT The man to that/ whom Mary is talking is

Mr Pike.)

- Khi giới từ đứng cuối mệnh đề quan hệ là thành phần của cụm động từ (phrasal verbs) thì ta không đem giới từ ra trước whom, which

Eg: This is the book which I'm looking for

That is the child whom you have to look after

- Khi dùng whom, which các giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (ngoại trừ without)

Eg: The man whom Mary is talking to is Mr Pike

That is the man without whom we'll get lost (NOT the man whom we'll get lost without.)

-Đại từ whose có thể dùng giới từ đứng trước nó mang tính trang trọng và lịch sự

Eg: Tom is the boy in whose house we live.

-Các cụm từ chỉ số lượng: none of, all of, most of, some of, many of, half of,…+which/ whom mà không dùng that

Eg: I bought a lot of books, all of which are on animals

Question 56: It‟s vital that we act to stop the destruction of the rainforests

Answer: B should

*Subjunctive form: Sau các cấu truc câu: It‟s important that, It‟s desirable/ crucial/ advisable that, It‟s obligatory/ vital/ necessary/ mandatory/ imperative/ essential that,…

Eg: It‟s essential that she arrive/ should arrive before 6:30

Question 57: _ to pass the test is something that surprised everyone who knows him

A How did he manage B That he manage

Answer: B That he manage

* Mệnh đề danh ngữ (Noun clause):Mệnh đề mở đầu bằng that

He is a good actor

The world is round

I think that he is a good actor

We know (that) the world is round

Mệnh đề danh ngữ đóng vai trò tân ngữ nên

“that” không có nghĩa thường bị lượt bỏ đi

She doesn‟t understand

spoken English

The world is round

That she doesn‟t understand spoken E is obvious

It is obvious (that) she doesn‟t understand spoken E

That the world is round is a

“it” dùng làm chủ ngữ thì đặt mệnh đề danh từ cuối câu

Question 58: I realize you _ to the meeting today, but I‟m glad you did Your input was

invaluable

A must not have gone B didn‟t have go

C shouldn‟t have to go D couldn‟t have to go

Answer: B didn‟t have go: không cần thiết

*Didn‟t have to: diễn tả về điều gì đó không nhất thiết phải thực hiện trong quá khứ

Eg: Chris and June phoned to say that they couldn't come to eat, so I didn't need/have to cook dinner (= I didn't cook the dinner)

Question 59: Sometimes when I look into the sky, I feel like _ a trip somewhere

A making B to make C make D will make

Answer: A making

*Feel like+ doing something: muốn làm gì

Question 60: Anyone ticket has been stolen should contact the airline

Eg: Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager

The student whose composition I read writes well

-Dùng with+Noun= whose

Eg: A house with glass walls (=whose walls were made of glass) is easy to break

Question 61: Mrs Archer is known the finest collection of twentieth century art in

Dạng : PEOPLE/ THEY+ V1 (SAY, REPORT,…) (THAT) +S+ V2

S+ BE+ P.P (SAID, REPORTED,…) +

{

+ + + + + + + Eg: The army was reported to be crossing the frontier

The prisoner is known to have behaved violently in the past

Stonehenge is thought to have been built over a period of 500 years

Rice is believed to be grown well in the Mekong Delta

He is said to be 100 years old

Question 62: He looks like he‟s going to recover, but the doctor says it‟s to tell

A sooner than B sooner C too soon D soon enough

Answer: C too soon

* Too…to: quá…không thể

Eg: The test is too difficult for me to do on time

(NOT The test is too difficult for me to do it on time)

Question 63: “Is that your car?”-“Yes, it needs , doesn‟t it?”

A washing B to wash C to washing D wash

Answer: A washing

* Bị động với các cấu trúc câu: Need, want, desire:

Eg: The house needs to be repaired/ repairing

The cupboard wants tidying out

Question 64: If tutoring is I‟m sure Sarah would be glad to help you

A What you need B that you need C what do you need D needing

Answer: A What you need

*Mệnh danh từ bắt đầu bằng một từ để hỏi

Who lives there? I don‟t know who live

there

Trật tự từ trong câu hỏi và mệnh danh từ giống nhau do who là chủ ngữ của hai câu

S+ 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑏 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 + too+ 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑏 + for (S.O)+ to-infitive

Need/ want/ desire+ to be P.P/ V_ing

(chủ ngữ của want và desire phải là vật)

Who is she? I don‟t know who she is She là chủ ngữ trong câu hỏi nên

được đặt trước động từ to be

What did she say? What she said surprised

me

What she said là chủ ngữ của câu (chia động từ theo sau số ít nếu ở thì hiện tại)

Question 65:“I haven‟t seen Mark in weeks.” – “Neither have I he on vacation.”

A should have gone B had better have gone

C must have gone D would have gone

Answer: C must have gone

*Modal verbs in the past time:

 must+ have+ P.P: chỉ một suy luận hợp lí, logic trong quá khứ

Eg: You must have been upset when you heard the news

 Should/ Ought to+ have+ P.P: diễn tả một sự việc đáng lẽ xảy ra ở quá khứ nhưng vì một lí do gì

đó mà không xảy ra

Eg: If the flight was on time, he should / ought to have arrived in Jakarta early this morning

 Would + have+ P.P: hình thức tương lại trong quá khứ thường được sử dụng trong các câu giả

định

Eg: If he hadn't been evicted by his landlord, he wouldn't have been sleeping in the streets

+Đề cập một sự kiện đáng lẽ xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng thật sự lại chưa diễn ra

Eg: I would have accepted this job, but I didn‟t want to move house

Question 66: “I can see you‟re not used to getting up this early, ?”

A don‟t I B couldn‟t I C are you D didn‟t you

Answer: C are you

* TAG QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi đuôi)

- Câu nói và phần đuôi luôn ở dạng đối nhau

Eg: The children are playing in the yard, aren‟t they?

câu nói khẳng định, đuôi phủ định?

câu nói phủ định, đuôi khẳng định?

- Chủ từ của câu nói là đại từ, ta lặp lại đại từ này

Eg: She is a doctor, isn‟t she?

- Chủ từ là danh từ, ta dùng đại từ tương ứng thay thế

Eg: People speak English all over the world, don‟t they?

- Đại từ bất định nothing, everything: được thay bằng “it”

Eg: Everything is ready, isn‟t it?

- Các đại từ no one, nobody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody: được thay

bằng “they”

Eg: Someone called me last night, didn‟t they?

- Đại từ this / that được thay bằng “it”; these / those được thay bằng “they”

Eg: That is his car, isn‟t it?

These are your new shoes, aren‟t they?

- “There” trong cấu trúc “there + be” được dùng lại ở phần đuôi

Eg: There aren‟t any students in the classroom, are there?

- Câu nói có trợ động từ (will / can / shall / should / is / are …): trợ động từ được lặp lại ở phần đuôi

Eg: You will come early, won‟t you?

- Câu nói không có trợ động từ: trợ động từ do / does / did được dùng ở phần đuôi

Eg: It rained yesterday, didn’t it?

She works in a restaurant, doesn’t she?

- Câu nói có chứa các từ phủ định thì phần đuôi khẳng đ5nh

Eg: He never comes late, does he?

Note: Động từ trong phần đuôi ở phủ định thì luôn được viết ở dạng rút gọn

Question 68: “How was your presentation?” – “Fine I _ worried

A wouldn‟t have B mustn‟t have C needn‟t have D might not have

Answer: C needn‟t have

*Modal verbs in the past time:

 need+ have+ P.P: sự việc đáng lẽ không nên xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng đã trót xảy ra

Eg: I got up early because I had to get ready to go away But in fact it didn‟t take me long to get ready So, I needn‟t have got up so early I could have stayed in bed longer

Question 69: _ people are writing blogs on the Internet, it is possible to learn about

current events without using the established media

A Now that B While C As soon as D Until

Answer: A Now that

*Now that: dùng để chỉ lí do trong mệnh đề trạng ngữ

Question 70: he is the top scientist, he will find the solution soon

A Given that B Granted C Although D Even so

Answer: A Given that

*Given that / Granted that = by the fact that : “Với việc … là”

+Given that và granted that có thể dịch là “với việc … là” dùng để giải thích câu kế tiếp

Eg: Given that he is the top scientist, he will find the solution soon

+Nếu bỏ “that” ra thì ta “không dùng clause” mà dùng “phrase”, nghĩa sẽ khác đi đôi chút và gần giống với despite of

Eg: Given his health condition, it‟s a miracle that he can play footballs (Với sức khoẻ như thế mà anh ta

chơi đá banh được)

Question 71: It‟s was his own fault, but I couldn‟t help _ sorry for him

A feeling B to feel C having felt D to have felt

Answer: A feeling

* Can‟t help (không thể không), can‟t stand / can‟t bear (không chịu đựng nỗi)+ V-ing

Question 72: If you finished the dictionary, I‟d like it

A to have used- having borrowed B.to use- borrowing

C using-to borrow D having used- borrow

Answer: C using-to borrow

*Finish+V-ing: kết thúc, hoàn thành/ would like+ to- V: muốn

V + V-ing: admit, hate, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, anticipate (đoán trước), complete, dislike, understand, save, finish, keep, mention, mind, postpone, prefer, miss,

practice, quit, recall, report, resent, recollect, resume, risk, suggest, endure, face, involve, excuse,