Longman grammar express intermediate high intermediate

Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense l was studуing' / I studied' seIfтest Il Pдпт lll: Present Perfect and Pаst Perfeсt Present Progressive l am studуing' Simple Present Tense l studу

About the Book

Pдпт |: Present and lmperative

SelfТest l Pдпт lI: Past

(l didn't studу / Did уou studу?) Used to

(l used to study.) Past Progressive (l was studуing.) Past Progressive and Simple Past Tense (l was studуing' / I studied')

seIfтest Il Pдпт lll: Present Perfect and Pаst Perfeсt

Present Progressive (l am studуing') Simple Present Tense (l studу.)

Non.Aсtion Verbs (l understand.) Present Progressive and Simple Present тense 14 (l am studуing / I studу.)

!mperative (Study! / Don't study!)

Simple Past Tense: Affirmative Statements(t studied.)

Simple Past Tense: Negative Statements and euestions 2g

4650

Present PeЁect: Since and For (I have studied since Maу' / l have studied for a month-) Present Perfect: Alreadу and Yet

(l have alreadу studied / l haven't studied уet.) Present Perfect: lndefinite Past

Pаst Perfeсt (l had studied.) Past Perfeсt Progressive (l had been studуing.) SelfTest III

Pдпт lV: Future and Future Perfect

SelfTest V Pдпт Vl: Modals (l)

74

78

Future: Be going to and Will (l am going to studу / I will studу') Future: Contrast

Be going to, Will, Simple Present Tense, Present Progressive Future Time Clauses

(l will call уou after I studу.) Future Progressive (|wi|lbe studуing.) Future Perfeсt and Future PeЁect Progressive 96

(l will have studied' / l wi|l havе bееn studуtng')

100

102 106

88

SetfTest tV Pдпт V: wh- Gluestions' таg Gluestions' Additions

l4lh Gluestions: Subjeсt and Prediсate(Who studied? / Who did уou studу?)Тag Gluestions

(You studied, didn't уou? / You didn't studу' did уou?)Additions with So, Too, Neitherand Not either 110(l studied, and so did shе' / l didn't studу, and neither did she.)

lv

Pдпт Vll: Modаls (ll)

SelfТest Vll

Pдпт Vtll: Adjeсtives and Adverbs

Neоessity: Have (got) to and Мust (l've got to studу harder / l must studу harder.) Choiсe: Don't have to; No Ghoiсe: Must not and Can,t 146 (l don't have to leave / I must not leave.)

(l,m supposed to studу') Future Possibilityz Мaу, Мight' Could 154 (I maу studу there next уear.)

Assumptions= May, Might, Could, Must, 1 5 8Have (got) to, Can't

(She must be a good student.)Advisabitity in the Past: Should have, Ought to have, 162Could have, Might have

(l should have studied harder when l was уoung.)SpecuIations about the Past: MaУ have, Мight have' 166Can't have, Could have, Must have, Had to have

(Нe maу have been a good student in his уouth.)

142

Adjectives and Adverbs(quick / quicklу)

PaЁicipial Adjectives(interesting / interested)Adjectives and Adverbs: Equatives(as quick as / as quicklу as)

Adieсtives: Comparatives(quicker than)

Adjectives: Superlatives(the quickest)

Adverbs: Comparatives and Superlatives(more quicklу than / the most quicklу)

Gerunds: Subjeсt and objeсt(Studуing is important, / l enjoy studуing.)Gerunds after Prepositions

(interested in studуing / tired of studуing)lnfinitives after Certain Verbs

192t96SelfТest VlIl

Pдпт lX: Gerunds and lnfinitives

lnfinitives aftеr Ceftain Adjeсtives and Cedain Nouns 21o(easу to studу / time to studу)

lnfinitives with Тoo and Еnough(too late to studу / earlу enough to studу)lnfinitives of Purpose

(go home to study)Gerunds and tnfinitives(stop studying / stop to studу)Make, Have, Let, Help, and Get(make him studу / get him to studУ)SelfТest !X

Pдnт X: PhrasaI Verbs

Phrasa! Verbs: |nsepaгab|e (run into a classmate)

Phrasаl Verbs: Seoarable

(look a word up)

SelfTest X Pдпт Хl: Nouns, Gluantifiers, AЁiсles, Reflexive

and ReсiproсaI Pronouns Nouns

(сollege, Boston College' chalk, students) Gluantifiers

(a lot of, a few, a little)

AЁiсIes: lndefinite and Definite

(a / the)

o (No AЁicle) and тhe (students / the students)

214 218 222 226 zзo

2з2 2з6

246

Reflexive Pronouns and Reciprocal Pronouns ZSB (ourselves / each other)

SelfTest Xl Pдвт Xll: The Passive

The Passive: Overview(is done / was done / has been done)Тhe Passive with Moda|s

(must be done)

(have something done)

vl

Pдпт Xlll: Тhe Conditional

Faсtual Gonditionаls: Present (lf I studу, l get good grades') Faсtual Conditionals: Future (If l studу' l will get good grades.) Unreаl GonditionaIs: Present

(lf I studied I would get good grades.)

Unreal Conditionals: Past

(lt I had studied I would have gotten good grades.)

Wish: Present and Past (l wish I studied here / I wish I had studied here.)

278282286290294298

Adjeсtive Clauses with objeоt Relative Pronouns 304

or When and Where

(something that l StUdУ / the school where I studу)

Adiective clauses: ldentifying and Non-|dentifying з08

(l have a friend who studies here /

Му best friend, who knows уou, studies here.)

lndirect Speech: Statements (2) з22

(She said she had studied.)

Commоn Verbs Followed by the Infrnitive (Ъ + Base Form ofVerЬ)

Verbs Followed bу objeсts and the Infinitivе Common Verbs Fоllowed by the Gеrund or the Infrnitive Common Verb + Preposition Combinations

Common Adjeсtive + Prеposition Combinatiоns Common Adjeсtives that Can Be Followеd by thе Infinitive Irregular Comparisons of Adjeсtives' Adverbs, and Quantifiers Cоmmon Partiсipial Adj eсtivеs

Some Adjeсtives that Form the Comparative and Superlative

in TWo Ways Common Reporting Verbs Common Timе Word Changes in Indireсt Speeсh Common Phrases Intrоduсing Еmbеdded Questions Verbs and Ехpressions Commonly Used Rеfleхivеly Somе Common Phrasal Verbs

Some Common Irregular Plural Nouns Spelling Rules fоr the Prеsent Progтessive Spelling Rules for the Simple Prеsent Tensе:

Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it) Spеlling Rulеs for the Simрle Past Tense оf Regular Verbs Spelling Rules for the Comparative (-er) and

Supеrlative (-esl) of Adjeсtives Spelling Rules fоr Adverbs Ending in -ly Cоntraсtions with Verb Forms

Punсtuation Rules fоr Direсt Speесh Pronunсiation Tablе

Pronunсiation Rulеs for thе Simple Present Tense:

Third-Person Singular (hе, shе, it) Pronunсiation Rules for the Simple Past Tеnse of Regular Vеrbs

3з6 зз7 зз7 з38 338 з38 з38 338 3з8 зз9 з39 339 з40 340 з40 з40 з41 з4з з43 з4з зц 3Ц зЦ з45 з47 з47 з4a 348 349 з55

vlll

About the Authors

LaGuardia Community Collegе of the City University of New Yоrk and ЕFL

at thе Spraсh Studio Lingua Nova in Мuniсh, Germany She holds a Mаster's

Degтee in Applied English Linguistiсs and a Certifiсate in TESOL from the

University of Wisсonsin-Madison She has authored or сo-authored many

widеly used ESL textbooks, notably ОnYour Waу: Building Basic Ski|ls in

Еnglish, Crossroаds, Top Tшеntу ESL Word Games: Bеginning Vocabulary

Gаmes for Languagе Lеаrnеrs, Focus on Grammar: Аn Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе

for Rеfеrеncе and Practice, Foсus on Grammar: A High-Intеrm,еdiatе Coursе

for Rеfеrеnce and Praсtice, and the woтkbooks to thе Longman Dictionary of

Amеrican English, the Longmаn Photo Dictionary, Thе Охford Picturе

Dictionarу, and Focus on Grаmmar: Intermеdiatе and High-Intеrmеdiate.

of Manhattan Community Coilege of the City University of New York, at

Taiwan National University in Taipei, and at Virginia Commonwealth

University in Riсhmond Shе holds a Master's Degтеe in Library Sсienсe from

Columbia University, and she has done work towards a Ph.D in English

Literature at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York Shе

has сontributed to a number of ESL and EFL projeсts, inсluding Making

Connеctions, ОnYour Waу, and the Curriсulum Renewal Projeсt in oman,

where she wrote tеxtbooks, workbooks, and teaсhers manuals for the

national sсhool system Shе authored Stеp into Writing: A Basic Writing Tехt,

and сo-authоred Focus on Grammar: An Intеrmеdiatе Coursе for Rеferеncе

and Practicе, Focus on Grammar: A High-Intеrmеdiаtе Coursе for Refеrеnce

аnd Practice, Foctt,s on Grammar: High-Intеrmеdiatе Workbook, and

Thе Охford Picture Dictionary Intеrrnеdiatе Workbook.

lx

About the Book

Grommor Express features

r Short, easy-to-usе four-page units

r Grammar points presented and сontextualized through сartoons, photos, and othеr iliustratiоns

r Clear Grammar Charts showing the forms of the gтammar point

r Chaft Cheсks to help you usе the grammar сharts

' Clear Grammar Explanations and Еxamples

l Usage Notes telling you how Еnglish speakers use the gтammar point

r Bе сareful! Noteз showing typiсal mistakes students make

r Pronunсiation Notes to help you pronounсe words сorreсtly

r A variety of exerсise types to praсtiсе the grammar points

r SelfTests to сheсk youl progress

l ApPendiсes with helpful lists and information

r An lndеx to help you quiсkly find grammar points

r An Answer Key so you сan сheсk your answеrs

Uшlтs

presentation and two pages of praсtiсe Here's how a typiсal unit looks:

Presentation

The grammar point is presented in three steps.

1 !llustrаtion

Еaсh unit begins with an illustration-a сartoon, сomiс strip, photo with

speeсh bubbles' newspaper headline-whiсh introduсes the grammar point

in a real-life, real-language сontеxt It also introduсes the topiс of the unit (For ехamplе, in Unit 8 thе cartoon introducеs thе grammаr point used to, and thе unit topic, fаshion.)

A Cheсk Point helps you think about the meaning of the grammar pоint in the illustration.

2 Charts

Grammar Charts show the forms of the grammar point (In Unit 8 уou cсIn Sее

Chart Che<ks ask questions about the gтammar сharts Thеy help you notiсe important infоrmation about the forms and uses of the grammar point you are studying.

An Еxpress Cheсk foliows thе Grammar Charts This is a quiсk and easy way for you to try out the forms in the сharts.

3 Notes

Grammar Notes present Grammar Explanations on the left and Examples on the right Timelines show the meaning of verb forms (For eхаmplе, in Unit 8 thе timеlinе for osed to shoшs that уou сan usе it onlу for thе past.)

Usagе Notes tell you how English speakers use thе grammar point (In Unit 8 thе Usаgе Notе for used to ехp|ains that this form is morе сommon in affirmatiuе statеmеnts than in nеgаtiuе statеmеnts or quеstions.)

Bе <areful! Notes point out typiсai mistakes that English students make.

(onе of thе Be carеfiil! Notеs in Unit 8 tеlls уou not to confusе lsed to шith

be used to or get used to.J

Pronunсiation Notes tell you how to сorreсtly pronounсe the grammar point

in everyday spеeсh These notes use easy pronunсiation spellings.

Cheсk it out! tells you whеre to look in thе book (appеndiсes or othеr units) to find more information about the grammar point.

Practiсe

Two pages of exerсises give you praсtiсe in understanding and using the

grammar point A typiсal unit has four eхerсises.

Еxerсise 1

The frrst еxerсise is always a,,for reсognition only'' exerсise This means that you will have to find or understand the grammar point, but you will not have

to use it yet (For ехаmplе, in [Jnit 8 уou tllill rеad а short magazinе articlе

to past habits.)

Exercises 2 and 3

In thesе eхerсises you aсtively praсtiсe the grammar point Thеre are a

variety of exerсisе types, inсluding multiplе сhoiсe, fill-in-the-blanks,

desсribing piсtures, sentenсe сombining, and asking and answering questions The exerсises always show the grammar point in a сontext that is rеlated to the unit topiс (In Unit 8, Eхеrcisе 2, уou Lоill complеtе sеntеncеs about fashiotl

in thе pсlst шhilе уou dеsсribе picturеs In Eхеrcisе 3, уou tоill usе an old

o'duеrtisеnlеnt to аs|е and аnSLDеr qu,еstions about snеаkеrs')

xl

In the baсk of the book, you will find 28 Appendiсes with useful information, suсh as lists of сommon irregular verbs, vеrbs followed by the gerund, verbs followed by the infinitive' and spelling and pronunсiation rules.

Aшswвн Kвv

The Answer Key providеs answers to the Cheсk Points, Сharts Cheсks, Express Cheсks, all the praсtiсe exerсises, and the SelfTests.

Unit 1 and work through thе entire book, or сhoose the units you want to foсus oll Grommor Express сan help you reaсh your language goals quiсkly.

Your journey through English gтammar сan be an adventure of disсovery.

We hope you will enjoy traveling witЬ, Grommor Ехpress.

AIlAboord!!!

xll

Photographs

p 70 AP/Widе World Photos;p 76 APAМide World Photos;p 88 @ Jennie

p |24 @ The New Yorkеr Cоlleсtiоn 1988 Charles Addanrs frоm сartoonbank.соm A1l Rights Reserved.; p 132 ЕII-AYII Photo by Joe Hoсhner; p |42 Courtesy of the New York Statе Govеrnor's Tlaffiс Safety Committee;p |62 @ Galа/SuperStoсk, Inс.;

p 166 @ Petеr Guttman/CoRBIS; p 169 @ Kevin Sсhafer/CoRBIS; p |75 Courtesy

of Beth Boyd; p 176 RubbеrBall Produсtions; p 192 AP/Wide World Photos;

p r95 @ Kevin R' Morris/CoRBIS; p.2o2 @ SuperStoсk, Inс.; p 206 RubberBall

Phоtоs; p 235 Liaison Agenсy, Inс.; p 238 Library of Congтess; p 244 PhotoDisс, Inс.; p 25в @ Miсhael Dwyеr/Stoсk Boston, Inс.; p 258 @ The New Yorker

pp.264,266 Reprinted with permission from Rеader,s Digеst Copyright @ The

Readеr's Digest Assосiation, Inс.;p 268 APlWide World Photos; p 286 PЕАNUTS

@ UFS; p 290 @ John Springer Cоlleсtion/CoRBIS; p 304 @ Hultоn-Deutsсh

Collесtion/CoRBIS;p.306 (top) photo bу Dutton Signet, a divisiоn of Penguin

Freеman./PhotoЕdit.

lIlustrаtors

Ronald Chironnaz pp.27 ,34, З5,65, 160, 190' 191; Brian Hughes: pp 20, 188;

Joсk МaсRae: pp 53, 180; Paul MсCusker: pp 38, 98,294 Andy Myer: pp 10,

3 0 0 , 3 1 4 , 3 2 2 , 3 2 6 ; D u s a n P е t r i с i с : p p ' 2 , 6 , 8 , L 4 , 1 6 , \ 7 , \ 8 , 2 L , 3 6 , 4 0 , 5 0 ' 5 8 , 6 0 ,

p 136 Sourcе: Roper Reports Worldwide 1998 Global Сonsumer Study

хlll

of f ane are waiting

for The Аirhaado

The Аirheadэ are dropping from Nhе okу!

Whiсh part сhanges

with different subjeсts?

Vвпв + -lшс

a m' mwaiting

He/Shе/|t is

,sWе/You*/Тheyarе,rе

*You is both singular and plural

a m, mnot waiting.He/5hе/|t l s,s

Wе/You/Тhey ,rеarе

! s snеAre you

Eх'PRЕssж

Сomplеtе thеsе sеntеncеs with thе prеsеnt progrеssivе form of the verbsin porenthesеs,

1 Usе thе presеnt progressivе to dеsсribe

somеthing that is happening rioht now

r |,m standing outside the King Тheatеrright now

r Аs l,m talking to you, thе fans are gathering

in front of thе theаtеr

No** stonding Past ' xl ' >

2 Usе thе presеnt progrеssivе to dеsсribе

somеthing that is happеning thеse days, evеn if

it's not hаppеning right now

|,m studying guitar this semеstеr

3 Usдсв Noтв: Тhе сontrасted form is usually

used in speесh and in informa| writing

A: Bye, Jana, wе,re leaving now

B: Wait! |,m сoming with you

Сheсk it out!

For diffeгent forms of negative сontraсtions with bq see Appendiх 24 on page 345

Foт spеlling тules for the present progтessive' see Appendix 19 on pagе 343

IDENтiЕY o Rеod this lеttеr Underlinе the presеnt progrеssivе verbs thot dеsсribe

somеthing hoppеning right now, Сirclе thе prеsеnt progrеssive vеrbs thаt describе things thаt ore hаppening thеse doys (but not nесеssorily right now).

Т@veгyhaгd.thesеd'ays,butIhavesome$ood'nеws.Ri$htnoщ

I'm sittinЕl at a desk in the Еntertainment Seсtion of thе Tribune| of couтsе I'm still taking journalism сlasses at ni$ht as wel] Thе job is temporaТУ-"Ioe sims, the геЕпrlaг reporter' is taking this month off to wгite a book' This week We'rе pгeparing to intervj'ew youг favoritr gтoup, thе Airheads' In faсt, at this vеry moment they'гe flying lnto town by hеliсopter They're pеrfoгming at the King Theater all wеek How aгe you doing? Aгe you still Writlng musiс? oops! The сrrw is сalling me They're leavin$ foг the theateг now Wгitе soon!

Great! WЪу don't you take tlrе dоg оut with уоu?

Whу dоn,t уou take hirn? It's yоur turn.

abоut my work Can't thе dоg run with you?

Bвv: Nо, beсause aftеrwards wе want to go to tlre Plaza The Airheads

therе this wеek, and Ann wants to get their autographs'

9 (stаy)

also

You know she's a big fan of thеirs.

рresent Рrоgressive r 5

Аsl( & ANsvlER Stеph is interviеwing the leod singer of the Airhеods, PаuI, Writе

quеstions using thе words in porеnthеsеs Givе short onswers.

Sтвpн: PaoI, are Уou in|roducino anУ new эonoЭ on |hio t.our?

1 (introduсe / any new 5ong5 on this tour?)

Pдur.: Yeэ, we are We're intrоduсing some songs from our

2

new album ' In thе Аir

Sтвpн: Yоur fans are so exсited to sеe you after suсh a long time.

3 (Why '1 tour / аgaiп?)

Pдur,: We want to play for livе audienсes Wе neеd that.

Sтшpн:

4 (Whаt / Work on / these days?)

Some exсiting new material But tмe'rе not talking about it yet.

5 (Who '/ 5ing ,' With ),otr nОw?)

She has a niсe voiсе.

Sylvia Sylva is singing some of the songs from the album.

6 (slrР ' геp|асе 1 Тоti?)

Toti has a new babv but shе'llbе baсk in

a few months.

ЕDlT Rеod this lеttеr Find ond сorrесt six mistokеs in thе usе of thе prеsеnt

progrеssivе The first mistokе is olrеodу сorrеcted.

7

DеаrTo|i,

'm writing

l.wri*eto t70и +rom m\ hord room euеryonе е|5е is s|ееp, bиt I sitting herе аnd wаtching

thе oceaо Wе,rе stауtng аt thе P|аzл in Аttantic Bеаch, а0dtnе vleu/ is beaиtitиl Ihetoцr is

goе5 we|| Ihе aцdiеncе is crazу abot,lt thе nеw songs, bцt Ihе tаns is alulavs аskinq for yoи

How is thе bаbt( 5hе hаs а grеаl uoice Do \oцirеаching hеr to sinq уd? Мауbе both afl yoи

wi|| comе аIong tor thе nехI Ioцr|

Sv|viа

Simple Present Tense

Hank is always in a hurry and hе doеs

еvеrything at onсе

Сhеck thе best titlе for thе саrtoons,

П Hank at Work This Weеk

t Hank's Working Habits

He works aII thе timе-hе nеvеr rеlaxеs

I

|/We/You*/Тhеy workHе/Shе/It works

NЕGAтlvE sтAтЕlt.IENтs 5uв;вст | oo n,, | влsв Foпм

|/Wе/You/Тhеy do not

work

Hе/She/|t doеs not

*Уoи is both singular and plural

ne doеs ne doesn't

6

Simple Present Тense r 7

l Usе the simpte prеsеnt tensе to talk about

what rеgular|y happens

*?-Past ' Х х x Х х ' > Future

rish

r Some pеop|e rush through Iife'

r Thеy don,t relax

r othеr peop|е arе саIm

r Тhey don,t fееl tensе

2. Usе advеrbs of frеquеnсy with thе simp|e

prеsеnt tense to еxpгеss how oftеn something

Оo/o

Br сдпвгut-! Adverbs of frеquеnсy usua|ly

сome bеforе thе main verb, but thеy go aftеr

thе vеrb be

r She лeyer rеlaxеs

l You usuolly takе |ifе еasier

r Wе sometimеs slееp |atе

r Thеy seldom take а vaсation

l Wе usuolly rush around too muсh

r Wе,re often stгessed out

3 Usе the simp!е presеnt tensе to talk about

sсiеntifiс faсts r Strеss (ausеs high b|ood pressurе

l Water frееzеs at З2"F

Сheсk it out!

Еor spelling rules for the third person singular (hе / shе /it) of the simple present

tense, see Appеndix 20 on page 343

For pronunсiation rules for the third person singular hе / shе l it) of the simple

present tense, see Appendiх 27 on page 348,

8 r u n i t a

IDENTIFY o Reod this port of o book rеviеw' Undеrlinе thе simplе prеsеnt tеnse vеrbs,

Сircle the odvеrbs of frеquencу.

с0|{iPIEтE o Mеgon ond Greg hove complеtеlу diffеrent tуpes of personolity (A ond B).

Rеod obout one, writе obout thе othеr.

Мegan doеsn't rеlaх easily.

She doеэn't |ake timе to еnjoy

through the day doеsn't rush through the day She

7

nervous nevеr in

Cдlм Dowш ! , o,".Sara Roads

psr,сhologiсall1', but aссoгding to

Dr Rоads, artthor of thе new

as pills For ехamplе, brеathing еxегсisеs both rеlax уоu and

lorvег уotlг Ьlood Prеssurе It orrly takеs

a fеw minutеs!''

1 0

pressure due to stress.

simp|e Present Тense r 9

Asl( t, ANiWER C Todd is on oсcountont, Look ot his sсhеdule Write quеstions ond

onswers obout his doу,

Ш?}iff*ll8

6:00-7:00 9еt up ехеrсisе

8:00-9:00 work on геports

9:00-12:00 seе сliеnts

When / get up?

|Nhen doeэ he get up?

2 eхеrсisе in the morning?

Doeg he exeraiэe in the morninа?

12:o0-12',З0 |unсh12:30-5:00 rеturn phone сalls5:30-7:00 attеnd night sсhoоl

He ge|э up at 6:00,

Yеэ, hе doeo,

3 work on reDorts in the aftеrnoon?

4' When / see сlients?

5 takе a lunсh brеak?

6 What / do / from 12:30 to 5:00?

7 Where / go / al5:30?

EDIT Reod Todd,s journol еntrу Find ond сorrесt tеn mistokеs in thе usе of thе simplе

prеsent tеnse The first mistoke is аlrеodу сorrectеd.

never nave l,m so fired.l harc.я*еrtime to rel,aх.I work aI| daу and вtudieв all nighf Iv1у bosв tell

me that l need,a,,,,uaсafion l agree, buf l afraid to fake one, Doea my boas thinkв that

the otfiсe ca,n,f,unсfion wifhout me? l dont want fhem fo think l'm not neceEыarу.

But mY wife ia unhappУ too,She сomplain fhat вhe never aee6 me anуmore |v1,у

всhedule are-',,сr'azу.l don't thiлk l can keep fhiв up muсh ,Ioлgen l don't wanfв to quif

nighf school, thouAh, I think offen fhat there has fo be a better way,

& Non-Action Verbs

vERBs WIт}|

NoN-AстloN It,lEAN lNGs

I want to go fishing

Hе owns a big boat

Тhe weathеr sеems finе'Thеy hatе fish

EхPREssж

Сomplеtе thеsе sеntеnсеs with thе corrесt form of the vеrb tastе.

ш:::-:::: P0lNт Сhеck thе сorrеct аnswеr Aссording to thе fish, the Worm

П hus thе flavor of сhiсken.

П aсts like a сhiсkеn.

Wе think it,s a good day for fishing

This fish ta'tеs de|iсious

Тhis food smells qood

AстloшHе's weighing the fish now

Wе,re thinking about going

|,m tаsting thе fish now

Тhе сook is smеI|ing thе food

10

Non.Aсt.on Verbs r 11

1 Many vеrbs desсribe stаtеs or situations instеad r |ohn has а boat

of aсtions Thеse verbs arе сalled non.aсtion (Thе vеrb hos dеsсribеs John,s situotion, not

verbs (or stativе verbs) somеthing hе is doing')

Most non-асtion verbs are not usual|y used in l He wants fish for dinnеr

thе pгеsеnt progrеssive evеn whеn they desсribе Noт t{еisзгrraвting-ffiifii1еl

a situation that is happеning right now

2 Non.aсtion vеrbs arе usually verbs that:

a dеsсribе a state of being r ,|anе is tirеd but happy

b exprеss еmotions A: Do you likе my new drеss?

(hаtе, likе, lovе) B: I lovе it!

с dеsсribе menta| statеs r I know а |ot of good rесipes

(know, rеmembеr, beliеvе, think [= beliеve], l Ari rеmеmbеrs your number

supposе, undеrstond) l I think you,гe right

d show possession l сеsaг has a hеadaсhe'

(havе, own, possess, bеlong) l Somе students own miсгowavеs

е dеsсribе perсeptions and sensеs l l hear thе tе|еphonе

(hеor, seе, smell, tastе, feеl, notiсе, sеem, r Dina sееms tirеd

look [= sееm], oppеor, sound)

f dеsсribе nеeds and preferеnсеs r l neеd a pеn

(neеd, wаnt, prefer)

g dеsсribе measurеmеntt l HoW muсh doеs it сost?

(weigh' сost, сontoin)

3 Bв сдпвгul! Some verbs сan have non-aсtion Noш-Астtoх

and aсtion mеanings (tostе, smell, feel, look, r I taste gaг|iс Did you put some in hеrе?

think, Itovе, wеigh) (I notiсе gorliс,)

r Тhe soup tastes good' Тry some

12 r Unit з

lDENтltY o Rеod this сonvеrsotion, Undеrlinе oll non-аction vеrbs thot dеscribе o

situotion thot is in progrеss, Сirclе oll non-oсtion vеrbs thot desсribe а situotion

thot is genеrolly truе,

Ar,rшв: This stеak tastеs deliсious Your salmon looks gоod too.

Bвш: Here, I'm putting some on your plate I think yоu'll like it.

Ar,rшв: Mmm I likе it Funnу, I l ,,ully(JБ.'ТIГd fi.h.

Bвш: Red has that effeсt on pеople.

Arrшв: I have no idea what you,ге talking about What do yоu mean?

Bвш: Well' сolоrs сan сhange the way we feеl tr'оr example, people often feel

hungтier in a red room I notiсe that yоu're looking right at the red wallpaper Ar,rшв: And I сеrtainlу feel hungтy right now I'm eating half your salmon.

Bвш: That's oK' I,m tasting your steak.

сн00sE о Сomplеte this mogozinе ortiсIе with thе сorrеct form of the verbs

in porenthеses.

Lenny Kramer is in a sports store н"

.' i.o.i#iJ uo ,.nаi flоwers, but he isn't really paying attention to the aroma vеry muсh beсausе he a t a

2 (looks / is looking)

pair оf running shоes Th"У -_Т

.ul.* " a lot moгe than he usuallу pays, but Lenny really, really thosе shоеs He's thе viсtim of smart sсents.''

4 (Wаnts / is Wаnting)

aromas that stores use to make сustomеrs buy more.

Aсross tоwn' Lenny's daughter Myra is taking a history tеst in a сlassroom that was reсently painted yellow Although Мyra histоr5l, she

5 (hаtes / is hating)

to bе dоing well on this tеst' She the new

6 (sееms / is seeming) 7 ( l i k e s / i s l i k i n g )

9 (know / arе knowing)

еven our health In faсt, right now Lеnny's wife, Cindy' about

1 O ( t h i n k s / i s t h i n k i n g )

Lenny and Myra' Shе's surе that Lenny is spending tоo muсh on shoеs and that Myra is failing another history test Cindy suffers from migтaine headaсhes, but she - a headaсhe today Shе,s in the gardеn, and shе

1 1 ( d o e s n ' t h a v e / i s n ' t h a v i n q )

сolorofherсlassroom'.n"ffithatit'shelpingheronthеtest'

but it is Sсientists have shown that уellow imp.о,,eJ Ьoth mеmory and сonсеntration.

l2 (hеаrs i is hearing) birds and inseсt sounds Thev alwavs сalm hеr down.

Non.Aсt.on verbs r 13

сOff|PLEтЕ o Rеod this convеrsotion Сompletе it with the сorrеct form of thе

vеrbs in porenthesеs Usе thе presеnt progrеssive or thе simplе prеsеnt tеnsе,

at the reсipe, and it says you сan add milk How about that?

the tomatoеs instеad.

ЕDlI o Rеod this journol entrу тhеrе orе eight mistokеs in the usе of oсtion ond

non.oсtion verbs, Find ond сorrесt thеm, The first mistokе is аlreodY correctеd'

lnфpе q 4ffеrе,!!eJL!qщ.1te4|] tnщKlrn уe+'еry,оglo еаt 1ц1grhngуhе-9 !lgе!do1!Щ.'' -._ 9_щ l WOr(Уthф!p у-g0!:0Т|oo lnцch:2p'_ф tlrлo'Ц?nt J-navе a-щ?_$-'?'е??еrpint-tea wrth

\Pлgl'-l-e-аtуJps-:g!2l0фl!9 ?P999!-фя,nA_hеJ?2уoу-9в lеэ:'\Цe:t]JАqn1lкщW фJЦt

thgt! ф!9q.o1фе'lQеэr'еgцэц04g9'59у!42 ?qfi! goф1gh\ т'b-aцI w) It,s-sсpmiqgthаt

-rhеrе аrе o0 еаs\] so|ulions'

Present Progressive and Simple Present Тense

Cross-Cultural Confusion

Friеnds from differеnt сuItures oftenhavе differеnt ideas about timе Sometimеs soсiaI distanсе, they don't agrее abouteither

l€нЕ€l<| P0INт Сirclе T (Truе) or F (Folsе)'

т F Karl is arriving late tоnight.

т F In Sami's сulture, people rarely stand сlose to eaсh other.

arriving now

Wе/You*/TheyareHе/She/|t ts

*You is both singular and plural

Whу iэ Taro

|еaning back

|,ow arе уou2,

Whу iэ Эami эtanding eo

t4

H е

1 Usе thе present progressive for things

happеning right now

{o(o

Now -^ to ': *d$n'past ;.S9.].- -Future

iUse the simplе рreJеnt tеnJе to desсгibе

what rеgu|arly happеns

*?*

Past ' 'Х x i x x '> Future

Hе tolks to hiim еverу doу.

r Sami is talkin9 to Тaro

r Аt thе momеnt, Тaro is spеaking Еng|ish

r Sami talks to Taro еvery day

l Тaro spеаks Japanеsе at homе

2 Usе the prеsеnt progrеssivе for things

happеning these days

Pаst

Now

We.rе studying in thе U.S this month

Laura,s studуing in Franсе this уeor,Arе you studying hard thеse doуs?

ItI

Futurе >

3 RвмвмввR! Most non-aсtlon vеrbs аrе

not usually usеd in thе Prеsent progrеssivе

еven whеn thеy dеsсribе a situation that exists

аt thе moment of spеaking

r |anе wants to go homе right now

Noт

4 Use the simple present tеnse to talk about

sсiеntifiс faсts аnd physiсal laws

r Stress Causes high b|ood prеssure

r Watег boils аt -l 00.с

Cheсk it oul!

For a list of сomrnоtr non-aсtion verbs, seе Apperrdiх 2 on page 337

16 r Unit zr

IDENтIЕY о Rеod thеsе journol еntriеs bу Brion, а Сonodion summer ехсhongе studеnt studуing in Argеntino Сirсle oll thе vеrbs thot dеscribе whаt is hoppening now.

Undеrlinе thе vеrbs thot desсribе whot gеnerаllу hoppеns.

сOffiPIEтE о Studеnts orе tolking outsidе o сlossroom Сomplеtе thеir сonvеrsotions

with thе prеsеnt progrеssivе or the simplе prеsеnt tеnse of thе verbs in porеnthеsеs.

,.ll-! u ' ] ! l r \ + ч -J

June Эo: It'e 7:ЭО, gу hoэt parеnLeare эti|l workinq, Сar|oo, mу fathеr,wОrkэ a| hоnзe Mу |i|||e broLherKiсаrdo iэ cu|е, Ае |ooke (andaсta) a |o| |ike bobbу, Kiqht now,hе'e |ookinq Оver mу эhoulder andtryinq to rеad mу journa|,

Ju|y 4: The wea|hеr ie cold now,

l ueua||у эpend thе firot wееkend

of JuIу at the bеach, Todaу |mwa|king around in a heavу ;vlea|er,Аuguэt 6z I fee| eo Ltred tonighL

Еveryonе r|эe feе|o qrеat in Nhееven|nq becauee thеу take lonqnapэ in |hв aftеrnoon,

Nrшд: Yes They

b (tаkе)

Flreserrt Рrogressivr and simple Рresent Tense r 17

very сlose to еaсh other.

EDIT Reod this student,s journol, Find аnd сorreсt еlevеn mistаkеs in thе use of thе presеnt

progressivе or simple prеsеnt tеnse' The first mistokе is olrеаdу corrеctеd'

|'m oi|ъ|ng lt.s '|l:3o ац_dtФ+iц |he lib1а1y right цow Мy с!аssmаfes q1e qаl_i1q lunф toget!р1'

I miss' my old roиtinе Аt homе we always are eаting а Ьi9 щq4! аt |:1Оo in- the

Еverу daу,l аlmost fа[!

сoЧrse |m ngt borqd I jus-t 4eed my аfternoo'4 nqp! Т,!is с!аs-s g!уv'qyg-i.q tчn' Тhiq

seцеste.r, щe work on a p1ojeсt чvith v!d.eg саm-е-ца's' $L teaц j.s-fitmirr.g grgups o.|

people in different с9r!tures' We are ana|уze -soсlat distаnсe'- Тhqt meац-s how 9!9_se to

eасhothеrthesepgoplestaцd.Асс'ordingto

for my l:oo q!gрs Тeq-с'hers h-9re real|y arеn't likiц9 ryhqц у.oч 9oцe-|9tq]-'

& lmperative

{Е:{Ст{ | POINт

Сhесk thе corrесt onswеr.

Thе woman in the photo is

П inviting someonе tо learn thе Jab.

П gi,,ing instruсtions on how to do thе Jab'

П ordering someone to do the Jab.

AЕFlRll'AтlvE Bдsв Foпм l

VЕ

Don't bеnd your Knеes

punсh with your fist

18

to thе musiс.your [oes.straight.

1 Тhе impеrativе foгm of thе veгb is always the r Marlа, pIеase get rеady

bаsе form lt is the samе whethег it is dirесted r Gеt ready, guys!

to onе or sevеrаI peop|е

2 Тhе subjесt of an impеrative statemеnt is you r Stand up straight

Howеvеr, we do not sаy or writе yoи in NoT }ffit

impеrative sеntеnсеs

3 Тhe impеrativе form has a number of usеs

Usе thе impеrativе to:

a givе dirесtions and instruсtions l Turn Iеft at thе traffiс |iqht

b give ordеrs or сommands l Don,t movе!

с make rеqцests (Use plеose in addition to l Pleosе rеad this aгtiс|e

the imperative form.) r Rеad this aгtiс|e, pleosе

d givе adviсe or make suggеstions r Don,t eхеrсisе whеn you,re siсk

е givе warnings r Bе сaгеfuI! Don,t trip!

f invitе someone r Work out with us tomoгrow

Look bоth ways.

Dress warmly!

Don't bend your knees.

Mark eaсh answer true or false.

Come in Make yourself at home.

Try a little morе peppеr.

Сolumn A Add

Sliсe Wash Cut Blеnd Pour

Situation Someonе is visiting a friend Someone is going out into the сold Someone is сrossing a street Someonе is taking an еxam Someonе is ехerсising.

Somеonе is tasting some fоod Sоmething is hot.

a b

C

d e

z.

lIiAтсI| C You,rе going to give instructions for moking o bonаnа-strowbеrrу smoothiе,

Motсh o verb from сolumn A with o phrosе from сolumn B'

LABЕL Now writе thе sеntеnсеs in ordеr under thе сorreсt piсtures.

7

f

9

Column B the ingтediеnts until smooth.

siх strawberries.

a banana.

orange juiсе intо thе blender.

the strawberries in half.

the fruit to the orange juiсe.

3 2.

lmperаtive r 21

сl]00sE a с0мPLEтE o Reаd this аdvеrtisеmеnt for o mortiol аrts sсhool' Сomplete it

using the offirmotivе or nеgotivе impеrotivе form of thе verbs in thе boх.

beсome сhoose deсrease inсrеase |earn miss register take }A< wait

Don'tthink that martial arts is only about physiсal training A goоd

t

martial arts progтаm offers many other benefits as well.

self-defense and morе at the Martial Arts Aсademv:

stress Martial arts training helps you relax.

сonсentration Martial arts students foсus better.

fit Strength and fleхibility imprоve aS you learn.

5

We are оffering an introduсtory trial membership.

7

a ninth-leve] Blaсk Belt Master.

сlasses from our сonvenient sсhеdule.

now

9.

for a two-week trial.

oNLY 52o - UNlFoR/t INсLUDED.

2

3

4.

EDII o Rеаd port of o mаrtiаl orts studеnt,s еssoу.

usе of thе impеrotivе Thе first mistokе is olrеodу

(с) go (D) goes

(C) do yоu leave (D) you lеaving

(С) smеll (D) smelling

(С) you like (D) do vou iike

(C) Wears (Dl You wear

(С) hearing (D) hеars

(С} Don't (D) You don't

4 Something - good Is that fresh bread in thе oven?

tA) smells

{B) is smelling

(A) are you liking

(B) you are liking

6 - loosе сlothes to eхеrсisе You,ll be mоrе сomfortablе.

3 Why -? Class isn't over yet.

(A) are you leaving

(B) you are leaving

s I - sоmething outside Are thе doоrs loсked?

9

10.

[С) don't (D} likе 22

A B с D

lsвffil тw0

Eoсh sentеnсe hos four undеrlinеd words or phrosеs, Thе four underlinеd parts

of thе sеntencе orе morkеd A, B, с, ond D СirсIе thе lеtter of the one undеrlined

word or phrose thot is Noт сoRRЕст'

l1 Harry wоrks all the time Hе

(A) never relaxеs

{B} relaxes nevеr

12 What these days?

(A) are you doing (C) you are doing

13 The baby,s so big! How muсh - now?

(C) often relaxes (D) relaxes sometimеs

(C) is shе weighing (D) dоes she weigh

(C) do (D) am

(C) boiled (D) is boiling

Simple Past Tense:

Affirmative Statements

жPOINт Сhесk thе yеor thеsе sеntеncеs oppеored in o nеwspoper, Poet Albеrt Rimes ]ivеs in Belяium.''

How many forms

does the past tense

of hehave?

П o''" П t."o

What dо you add to

the base form of

*Yorz is both singular and plural

тHE sllt'PLE PAsт ТЕNSЕ: RЕGULAR vЕRBs

l Usе thе simрlе рast tense to ta|k about things

that arе now finished

in the twentieth сentury

2 You сan u5е thе simplе past tense with

timе exprеssions that refеr to thе past

(Iost wееk, bу 1980, in thе twentieth сеntury,

fifty уеors ogo)

Bу |93o, he was famous

Hе diеd more than tеn yеors ogo,

I I

3 Тhe simple past tеnsе of rеgu|ar verbs is

formеd by adding -d or -еd,

} Bв сдпвгul! Тhеrе are often spelIing сhanges

whеn you add ed to the vеrb

Мany сommon verbs arе irrеgular

Тhеir paSt tеnsе is not formеd by adding

.d or -еd

Bдsв FoпмIivejoinpraystudyhopbеhavеgetgo

Slмplв PдsтIivedjoinedplayedstudiеdhoppеdwas/wеrеhadgotwеnt

26 l Unit о

iDENтiFY o Rеаd obout lаponesе poеt Mаtsuo Bosho Undеrlinе аll the rеgulor post

tеnsе vеrbs, Сirclе oll the irrеgulor post tensе vеrbs,

Matsuo Basho@БDmore than 1'000 three-line poems' or haiku.'' He сhose topiсs fiоm nature, daily life, and human emotions He bесame оne of Japan's most famous poets, and his work established haiku as

an impоrtant art form.

Matsuo Basho was born near Kyоtо in 1644' His father wantеd him tо beсome а sarnurai (warrior) Instеad, Matsuo movеd to Edо (presеnt-day Tokyo) and studied pоetry By 1681' hе had many studеnts and admirers.

Basho's home burned down in 1682 Thеn, in

1683, his mothеr diеd After these events, Basho felt restless Starting in 1684, he travеlеd оn foot and on horsebaсk al] over Japаn Sometimes his friends joined him, and they wrоtе poеtry together Travel was diffiсult in thе seventeеnth сentury, and Basho often got siсk He died in 1694, during a journey to Osaka At that time he had 2,000 students.

сl]00sE & сOff|PLEтЕ o Reod this biogrophу of onothеr poet, Еmilу Dickinson'

Сomplеtе it using thе simplе post tеnsе form of thе vеrbs in thе boхеs.

Еmily Diсkinson, one of thе most pоpular Ameriсan poets,

lived from 1830 to 1886 Shе

t about love naturе and time These

favorite themеs' Diсkinson an unusual life,

After just one year of сoliege, she a

Simple Past Тeпse: Affirпlаtive Stаtеmeгlts l 27

1 1

without her knowlеdge or permissiоn.

Now сomplеtе these lines from o poеm bу Emilу Dickinson,

bite }"Ф drink eat hop

To let a beetle pass.

ЕDlT C Reod port of а studеnt,s journаl, Find ond сorreсt еight mistokes in the use of thе

simplе post tеnsе Thе first mistoke is olreody сorrеcted.

enjoуed Todау in c|a.ss wе rеаd a ?oеm by Robert Fros| I really eqэу it lt was aboцt а

?еraon who choosеd bеIlllеео Iwo roаds in а torеst ' Bdore hе mаdе his decision, hе

s?еnts a lot at tirne tn7ing to decidе which roаd to fotlow Мany peopte IhoughI thе

?еrson wеrc Frost |n rhе еnd, hе Iаkе Ihе roаd IhаI wаs |еss Irаvе|еd on |1e dеcidеd

to bе а poеt.Ihаt dеcision cnangе his tite a lot.

Somеtimеs I lеe| а tittle tike Frost ' тwo \еars ago I decidе to come Io this coцnIr\.ThаI werе Ihe biggеst dеcision ot rny tife.

Simple Past Тense:

Negative Statements and Questions

Тнв Dдtrr,Nь-rr,s

DID sHЕ сRASH???

-Lдл,, Nвw Gurшвд, Jurv 2, 1'9З7 Аmdria ЕarhаrtЪ smali

planе lеft thе island of Laе at ехaсtly 12:00 midnight Shе was

not alonе on thе flight, Ьut shе and Frеd Noonan, hеr

navigator, wеrе vеfy tirеd Shе rеportеd hеr last position

at 8:1,4 p.м AГtеr that, shе did not makе radio сontaсt

again \Vhy did thеy disappеar? W.еrе thеy ехhaustеd? Did

thеy run out oГ gas? Thе U.S Coast Guard stаrtеd its

sеarсh Гor thе аnswеr аt 10:15 p.м

l l PoINт

Сirclе T (True), F (Folsе), or ? (thе ortiсlе doesn,t soу)'

т r ? The plane сrashеd.

т F ? Earhart made radio сontaсt after 8:14 p.м.

т F ? Еarhart had a navigator with her.

slMPLE PAsт тENsE: NEGAт|VЕ SтATEMENТs

BE

S u в ; в с т | , | ш o 'I/He/Shе/It was

not hеre |ast yеar

П лot J did not

What do you add tо

other verbs to form а

nеgativе statеment?

J not J did not

REGULA Suв,вст

R AND IRRЕGULAR vl

I Bдsв Foпм Dto t,toт | oг Vвпв

ЕRBs

I/He/She/lt

We/You/Thеy did not

сaIltty last night.

2a

Simple Past тense: Negative statements anсi QuestioПs l 29

slMPLЕ PAsТ TENsE: QUEsTIoNs

l,t/f'- QuЕsтIoNS: OтHER vЕRBs

l l l

Wн- Woпo I Dlo l Suв,пст I Bдsв Foпм

why did it disappеar?

ЕxPREssжж

Unscromblе thesе words to form o question ond on onswеr.

navigator she have о Did a

сan begin уеslno

questions with be?

Yes, she was. No, she wasn't.

they werе they wеren,t

I I

Dlo I Suв!вст l Bдsв Foпм IDid 5nе t|у to Меxiсo?

1 Usе the simplе past tеnse to makе negativе r Shе wasn,t a|one

statements аbout aсtions or situations that arе r Тhey weren,t on an island

now finishеd.

Now :

P a s t Х i >

wqsn't olone i

r Тhey didn,t find the pIanе

r Hе didn't Call that niqht

2 Usе thе simpIe past tеnse to ask questions r Was shе a|onе in thе p|аnе?

about aсtions or situations that are now finished l Whеre did she leave from?

Cheсk it out!

Еor questions about the subjeсt, see Unit 24 on pages 102_103