The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the second noun.. The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the noun.. The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the noun.. The
Trang 1I Classification
1 Common nouns: man, table, banana
2 Proper nouns: Vietnam, Hong Kong, Tom
3 Abstract nouns: beauty, fear, happiness
4 Collective nouns: crowd, group, team.
II Functions in a sentence
1 The subject of a verb
E.g.: Doctors work hard
2 The object of a verb
E.g.: He likes coffee.
3 The object of a preposition
E.g.: She is good at math.
4 Complement of the linking verbs
E.g.: I wish to become an actor in the future.
III Gender
• Actually, the English language doesn’t have a clear distinguished point between different genders In other words, there is NO GENDER in English
• However, some words still have the feminine and masculine forms
Different forms for personal nouns:
boy, girl husband, wife widower, widow
prince, princess king, queen bridegroom, bride
nephew, niece gentleman, lady father, mother
Actor, actress hero, heroine host, hostess
waiter, waitress steward, stewardess
Domestic animals and many of the larger wild animals have different forms:
bull, cow cock, hen duck, drake gander, goose
IV Countable Noun and Uncountable Nouns
1 Countable noun: Things that we can count
Trang 2E.g.: person, man, bottle, dollar, plate
a Countable noun can be singular or plural:
E.g.: My dog is playing.
My dogs are hungry.
b We can use the indefinite article a/an with singular countable noun:
E.g.: A dog is an animal.
2 Uncountable nouns: Substance or concept, etc that we can’t divide into separate element, it
means we can’t count them
a Names of substances
* Food: bread, salt, pepper, cheese, sugar, meat.
* Liquids : water, wine, milk, oil
* Metals : gold, silver, copper
* Weather : rain, snow, lightning
b Abstract nouns
E.g.: advice, death, experience, hope, information, knowledge, mercy, relief
c Illnesses
E.g.: measles, mumps
- Measles is a very unpleasant disease
- BUT: Alice has got a cold/ the flu
d Subjects ending in -ics
E.g.: mathematics, linguistics, gymnastics, economics, physics, statistics
e Some other things
E.g.: camping, damage, furniture, luggage, baggage, hair, money, time
NOTE
*** Uncountable nouns are always in singular, followed by singular verb.
Mathematics is my favourite subject at school.
*** Uncountable nouns are not used with a/ an.
I like to eat a bread ( but some bread or a loaf of bread)
*** Uncountable nouns are preceded by some, any, no, much, a little, a lot, lots of, etc or by nouns such as bit, slice, piece, kilo, jar, glass, etc (BUT they are not used with these above words when we are talking about things in general):
• He has no experience in this work.
• She is very worried She needs to get a piece of advice
• He has just eaten a slice of cake.
2
Trang 3• Please buy me a kilo of sugar BUT: We make cheese from milk.
V Plurals of nouns
1 The plural of a noun is usually made by adding _S to the singular root
teacher teachers ; egg eggs ; table tables
2 Nouns ending in o, ch, sh, ss, x , their plural has _es
potato potatoes ; church churches ; brush brushes kiss kisses ; box boxes
* Exceptions :
dynamo dynamos ; kimono kimonos ; piano pianos kilo kilos ; photo photos
3 Nouns ending in y following a consonant form their plural by dropping y and adding _ies
country countries ; baby babies ; lady ladies
* Noun ending in y following a vowel form their plural by adding s:
Boy boys ; key keys
4 Nouns ending in f, fe, drop f or fe and add ves:
leaf leaves ; loaf loaves ; self shelves (life, knife, thief)
* Exception: cliff cliffs ; handkerchief handkerchiefs.
5 Some irregular plurals
foot feet goose geese louse lice
tooth teeth series series woman women
3
Trang 46 Collective nouns “group, family, team” can have a singular or plural verb:
E.g.: Our football team is very excellent (word means single group)
Our football team are wearing new pullovers (a number of individual)
7 Some nouns are always in plural and have plural verbs:
E.g.: clothes, trousers, glasses, scissors, spectacles, pyjamas, shorts, jeans
8 Some nouns with original Greek or Latin have plurals in the rules of Greek or Latin:
crisis crises oasis oases terminus terminimemorandum memoranda phenomenon phenomena datum data
VI Possessive case:
* The possessive case can be used to talk about ownership or the relationship between people It
is formed in two ways:
1 with ‘s for people and animals
E.g.: John’s book, women’s house, table’s leg, dog’s basket
• Singular nouns + ‘s E.g.: Jim’s car.
• Plural nouns ending in -S + ‘ E.g.: the boys’ hats
• Plural nouns not ending in –S + ‘s E.g.: the children’s toys
• Compound nouns + ‘s E.g.: my father-in-law’s garden
• We use ‘s after the last of the two or more names to show common possession.
E.g.: John and Helen’s house (the house belongs to both of them)
• We use ‘s after each name to show individual possession.
E.g.: Mary’s and Diana’s bags (each girl has her own bag.)
2 with of + inanimate things
• of + inanimate thing or abstract noun
E.g.: the window of the house
The cost of living
• a/the/this/that + noun + of + possessive
E.g.: He’s a friend of Jack’s
* When we refer to a certain place or time, the possessive case is formed as follows:
• phrase of place (shop/home/business, etc.) + ‘s
E.g.: butcher’s, barber’s, Mary’s
• phrase showing length of time/specific moment or event + ‘s
E.g.: an hour’s delay
Two days’ work
4
Trang 5• we can use either ‘s or of when we talk about places or organizations
E.g.: NASA’s headquarters/the headquarters of NASA.
VII Compound nouns
* Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two or more parts and are formed as followed:
1 Noun + Noun: the first noun behaves like an adjective The plural is usually formed by adding
S/ES to the second noun.
E.g.: London Transport sky jacket winter clothes river bank
2 Noun + Gerund The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the word.
E.g.: Weight- lifting coal- mining
3 Gerund/Adjective + Noun: the gerund is for the purpose of the thing The plural is usually
formed by adding S/ES to the noun.
E.g.: - Dining- room (room for dining)
- Swimming pool (pool for swimming)
4 Noun + V_ER The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the noun.
E.g.: tin-opener, fire-fighter
5 Noun + IN_LAW The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the noun.
E.g.: brother-in-law (brothers-in-law)
6 Noun + Adverb: The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the noun.
E.g.: passer-by (passers-by)
7 Verb + adverb particle The plural is usually formed by adding S/ES to the word.
E.g.: breakdown (breakdowns)
VIII Noun ending
* These are certain word endings which show that word is a noun
Trang 7I Add –s or – es to the following words to spell them correctly.
2 Thunder and lightning are ……… of nature
3 Before the students began their chemistry experiments, they started theories to explain what was going to happen in their experiments In other words, they made ………
4 The government of that country is unstable The country has faced many political
……… in the last ten years It has had to face one problem after another
5 The office supervisor, Ms Hall, is well-known for the large number of ……… shesends to her staff She believes it is necessary to write many notes to remind the staff of things that need to be taken care of
6 The mass ……… include radio, television, newspapers, and so on
7 The teacher wanted to make sure the students understood the standards by which she would make her judgments She carefully explained the ……… she would use to judge the students’ work
7
bacterium
oasis
Trang 88 All of the departments at the university provide descriptions of their ……… in theschool catalog Look there to find out what courses each department offers.
9 Certain factors cause plants to grow These ……… are light, water, and fertile soil
10 Very small living things that can cause disease are called germs Germs are forms of
………
11 In a desert, there are places where water is available and a few plants grow These areas are called ………
12 The researcher assembled numerous acts through months of investigation She used the
……… she had gathered to write a report for a scientific journal
III Complete the sentences with the possessive form of the nouns in parentheses.
1 (Mrs Smith) Mrs Smith’s husband often gives her flowers.
3 (boys) The ……… hats are red
4 (children) The ……… toys are all over the floor
5 (child) I fixed the ……… bicycle
6 (baby) The ……… toys are in her crib
7 (babies) The ……… toys are in their cribs
8 (wives) Tom and Bob are married Their …… names are Cindy and Jane,
respectively
9 (wife) That is my ……… coat
10 (Sally) ……… last name is White
11 (Phyllis) ……… last name is Young
12 (yesterday)Did you read ……… newspaper?
IV Look at the nouns in bold Write C above count nouns and NC above noncount nouns.
1 I bought some chairs, tables and desks In other words, I bought some furniture.
2 Ann likes to wear jewelry Today she is wearing four rings, six bracelets, and a
necklace.
3 We saw beautiful mountains, fields, and lakes on our trip In other words, we saw beautiful scenery.
8
Trang 94 Would you like some food? How about a sandwich and an apple?
5 Ed has black hair and brown eyes.
6 We had meat, rice, bread, butter, cheese, fruit, vegetables, and tea for dinner.
7 Gold and iron are metals
8 I wish you happiness, health, and luck in your life.
9 My hometown has rain, thunder, fog, sleet and snow in the winter months In other words, it has bad weather.
V Make compound nouns from the following phrases
1 a table made of wood
2 people living in the country
3 a meeting held during the night
4 a book for exercises
5 a glass used to drink beer
6 a room used to sleep
7 a conference grouping 15 countries
8 a car worth 100.000 dollars (a
100.000-dollar car)
9 a talk for 15 minutes
10 a word of many syllables
11 a ticket for a concert
12 a magazine about computers
13 pictures taken on your vacation
14 chocolate made with milk
15 a horse that runs in races
16 a race for horse
17 a question that has two parts
18 a girl who is 7 years old (7-year-old
19 a garden which has flowers in it
20 a handbook for children
21 a baby who is ten months old
22 a check for fifty dollars
23 the house with nine rooms
24 food for dogs
25 a room for guests
9
Trang 10VI Write a noun from each of the following words
equal adventurous beautiful
VII Complete the sentences with nouns in the box Sometimes you need an article.
1 My eyes aren’t very good I need ………
2 This plant is ……… very rare ………
3 Soccer players don’t wear pants when they play They wear ………
4 The bicycle is ……… of transportation
5 The bicycle and the car are ……… of transportation
6 I want to cut this piece of material I need ………
7 Ann is going to write ……… of articles for her local newspaper
8 There are a lot of American TV ……… show throughout the world
9 While we were out walking, we saw 25 different ……… of birds
VIII Choose the correct form of the verb, singular or plural
1 Gymnastics (is/are) my favorite sport
2 The pants you bought for me (doesn’t/don’t) fit me
3 The police (want/wants) to interview 2 men about the robbery last week
4 Physics (was/were) my best subject at school
5 Can I borrow your scissors? Mine (isn’t/aren’t) sharp enough
6 Fortunately, the news (wasn’t/weren’t) as bad as we expected
7 Three days (isn’t/aren’t) long enough for a good vacation
8 I can’t find my binoculars Do you know where (it is/they are)?
species news
Trang 119 Do you think the people (is/are) happy with the government?
10 (Does/Do) the police know how the accident happened?
11 I don’t like very hot weather Ninety degrees (is/are) too hot for me
12 Some of the road (is/are) closed due to flooding
13 Some of the roads (is/are) closed due to flooding
14 A lot of that movie (is/are) full of violence
15 A lot of movies (is/are) full of violence
16 Three-fourths of the pizza (has/have) already eaten
17 Three-fourths of the pizzas (has/have) already eaten
18 Most of the houses (was/were) destroyed by fire
19 Most of the house (was/were) destroyed by fire
20 One of the houses (was/were) destroyed by fire
21 Each of the houses (is/are) in ruins
22 Each house (is/are) in ruins
23 Every one of the houses (has/have) serious damage
24 Every house (has/have) serious damage
25 None of the houses (has/have) escaped damage
26 The furniture in those rooms (is/are) comfortable
27 The chairs in those rooms (is/are) comfortable
28 The chair, as well as the tables, (is/are) made of wood
29 The chairs, as well as the table, (is/are) made of wood
30 The chair, as well as the table, (is/are) made of wood
31 Eating vegetables (is/are) good for you
32 Vegetables (is/are) good for you
Trang 12- Modal : can, may, shall, will
could, might, should, would must, ought to, used to, need, dare
II VERBS FORMS AND VERBS PHRASE
− Many English verbs have 5 forms: the BASE, the _S FORM, the PAST, the _ING PARTICIPLE, and the _ED PARTICIPLE
− Regular lexical verbs have the same _ed inflection for both the past tense and the _ed participle.
− Irregular lexical verbs forms vary from three (e.g.: put, puts, putting) to eight (be, am, is, are, was, were, being, been).
− Modal auxiliaries are defective in not having infinitive, _ing participle, _ed participle, or imperative.
call drink put
- all the present tense e.g.cept 3 rd person
- 3 rd person singular present tense
3 Past
called drank put
- past tense
4 _ing participle
(present participle)
calling drinking putting
- progressive aspect (be + V_ing)
- in _ing participle clauses
5 _ed participle
(past participle)
called drunk put
- perfective aspect (have + V_ed)
- in _ed participle clauses
E.g.:
* The base form:
− I/You/We/They call every day.
Trang 13*** The past form:
− He called yesterday
**** The _ing participle form:
− He’s calling in a moment.
− Calling early, I found her at home.
***** The _ed participle form:
− He has drunk the water.
− Called early, he had a quick breakfast.
III INTENSIVE VERBS AND E.G.TENSIVE VERBS
1 Intensive verbs: followed by subject complements (also called linking verbs or copular verbs), e.g
be, feel, seem, become, etc.
E.g - Mary is my friend.
- His hair goes gray.
2 Extensive verbs: having no subject complements.
a Intransitive verbs: do not permit any object or complement, e.g run, go, sit, etc.
E.g.: - He goes to school.
- She is sleeping now.
b Transitive verbs: take a direct object.
• Mono-transitive verbs: take ONE direct object
• Di-transitive verbs: take ONE direct object and ONE indirect object
• Complex.-transitive verbs: take ONE direct object and ONE object complement.
E.g - The boy is kicking the ball.
- She gives him a bunch of flowers.
- She made him sad.
IV DYNAMIC AND STATIVE VERBS
1 Dynamic verbs: admit the progressive
E.g.: sing-singing, cut-cutting, travel-traveling
2 Stative verbs: do not admit the progressive (non-progressive)
E.g.: know, love, be, etc.
Notes:
- Some verbs can be seen as both dynamic verbs and stative verbs: taste, smell, weigh, etc.
E.g.: - She is tasting the cake It tastes delicious.
- The postal officer is weighing the package It weighs 1 kilo.
B VERBS TENSES
Trang 14a A habitual action in the present
E.g.: - I come to class on time every day.
- He often plays tennis in the morning.
b A general truth
E.g - Water consists of hydrogen and oxygen.
- A magnet extracts iron.
Notes:
- The first use of this tense is often used with adverbs of frequency (Unit 4).
- Adverbs of frequency come:
o Before main verbs
o After TO BE
o After auxiliary and modal verbs.
II Present continuous
- I, WE, YOU, THEY + VERB (without TO)
- HE, SHE, IT + VERB_S/ES
- I, WE, YOU, THEY + DO NOT/ DON’T
- HE, SHE, IT + DOES NOT/ DOESN’T
+V(infinitive)
- DO + I, WE, YOU, THEY
- DOES + HE, SHE, IT + V(infinitive)?
Trang 15a A continuous action at the moment of speaking in the present.
E.g - Listen! Someone is knocking at the door.
- Let’s go now It isn’t raining.
b A near-future action that has already been arranged.
E.g - I am meeting Tom for lunch tomorrow.
Exercise 1: Supply the correct tense, simple present or Present continuous, of the verbs in parentheses.
1 Jim (watch) television every evening.
2 The earth (revolve) around the sun.
3 Please shut the windows The rain (come) in now.
4 We (leave) for Dallas early next month.
5 The sun (not rise) in the west It (rise) in the east.
6 Where the Scotts usually (stay) when they (come) to town?
- At a hotel But tonight they (stay) with us.
7 Mother (cook) some food in the kitchen at the moment She always (cook) in the morning.
8 Be careful! The teacher (look) at you.
9 You (look) for George? I think he (read) in the library.
10 Nothing (be) faster) than the speed of light.
11 On my way to school, I generally (meet) a lot of children who (go) to school.
12 I (have) coffee for breakfast every day
13 My mother.(work) in a shoe store this summer
14 She (go) to school every day
15 We (do) exercise five right at the moment.
16 It (rain ) very much in winter It (rain) now
17 Bad students never (work) work hard.
18 He generally (sing ) in English but today he (sing) in French
19 Be quiet! The baby (sleep)
20 Look! A man (run) after the train He (want) to catch it
21 It (be) very cold now
22 John (travel) to England tomorrow.
23 I (need) some money for my textbooks
24 Tom (love) ice cream
25 Listen! I (hear) someone knocking at the front door
26 I (see ) that you (wear) your best clothes
27 I (do ) an exercise on the present tense at this moment and I (think ) that I (know) how to use it now
III Simple Past
1 Form
Trang 16 Positive:
Negative:
Interrogative:
2 Usage
a A complete action at a definite time in the past/ activities of someone who is no longer alive.
E.g - Mr Brown visited us last night.
- They bought this house two years ago.
b A habitual action in the past
E.g - He played tennis every Sunday last year.
- You often mentioned her in your letter.
IV Past Continuous
a A continuous action at a point of time in the past
E.g.- We were watching television at 8 o’clock last night.
- He was resting all the evening.
b A continuous action in the past, during which another action might occur
E.g - I was reading when the light went out.
- As we were drinking coffee, the dog barked.
Note: The shorter action is in simple past
- I, WE, YOU, THEY
+ V_ED (regular Verbs)
- HE, SHE, IT
+ V_ING
- I, WE, YOU, THEY
+ DID NOT/DIDN’T + V (infinitive)
- WAS + I, HE, SHE IT
+ V_ING
- WERE + WE, YOU, THEY
Trang 17c Two or more continuous actions happening in parallel over the same period of time in the past.
E.g - They were playing ball while I was doing my work.
- Mr Brown was reading a magazine while he was waiting for the bus.
Exercise 2: Supply the correct tense, simple past or past continuous, of the verbs in parentheses
1 I (wake) up at five minutes past ten this morning.
2 While her husband was in the army, Julie (write) to him twice a week.
3 She (study) English for two years, but she doesn’t study it now.
4 “What you (do) at 8 o’clock last night?” - “I (prepare) my English lessons.”
5 It still (rain) when you came in?
6 While I (stay) in London, they (repair) Big Ben.
7 I looked out of the window, some of the children (play) in the park.
8 You (not know) much about Marxism-Leninism at that time?
9 When I was a boy, I often (go) fishing with my uncle Jim.
10 She (look) at the flowers when this fellow (come) up behind her and (snatch) her handbag.
11 Miss Reed (type) some letters in the outer office while Professor Fox (talk) to Eric.
12 The old lady (fall) as she (get) into the taxi.
13 She was fond of him, but I (not believe) she (love) him.
14 The train (not leave) on time yesterday It (be) ten minutes late.
15 They (arrive) at any decision at the meeting last Thursday?
16 I saw Jim in the park He (sit) on the grass and (read) a book.
a An action which began in the past and has consisted up to the present.
E.g - They have lived here for five years now.
- The child has been ill since yesterday.
b An action which happened at an indefinite time in the past.
- I, WE, YOU, THEY + HAVE
+ PAST PARTICIPLE
- HE, SHE, IT + HAS
- I, WE, YOU, THEY + HAVE NOT/ HAVEN’T
+ PAST PARTICIPLE
- HE, SHE, IT + HAS NOT/ HASN’T
- HAVE + I, WE, YOU, THEY
+ PAST PARTICIPLE
- HAS + HE, SHE, IT
Trang 18E.g - Mr Clark has traveled around the world
c An action which was repeated several times in the past.
E.g - We have seen this play several times.
Exercise 3: Supply the correct tense, present perfect or simple past, of the verbs in parentheses.
1 When I last saw him, he (be) in good health.
2 She (do) very little work recently.
3 Miss Clark (be) with this company for two years now.
4 As soon as he (save) five hundred thousand dollars, he will retire from business.
5 When I was a boy, every holiday (seem) ideal.
6 The patient’s condition (improve) considerably since last night.
7 My brother (serve) in the army in 1980s.
8 Jenny (study) French for a few months last year.
9 You ever (ask) yourself what makes life beautiful and worth living?
10 We (not hear) from her for nearly six months.
11 “Is John in?” – “No, he (go) to the cinema”.
12 Men (travel) since they first (appear) on the earth.
13 Tom (meet) Mary in 1998 and they (be) good friends since then.
14 A bus (just, come) round the corner Perhaps we’d better take it.
VI Past Perfect
a An action which happened in the past before another past action.
E.g - The child had died before he was brought to hospital.
- He knew that he had made a serious mistake.
b A complete action before a definite point of time in the past.
E.g - By the age of 25, he had written two famous novels.
Exercise 4: Supply the correct tense, past perfect or simple past, of the verbs in parentheses.
1 By the end of the summer, the farmers (harvest) the whole crop.
2 When I went back to the shop, they (sell) the book I wanted.
3 The manager already (leave) for the conference by the time we got to the office.
S + HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE
S + HAD NOT/ HADN’T+ PAST PARTICIPLE
HAD + S + PAST PARTICIPLE
Trang 194 he told me he (be) very ill since he returned from abroad.
5 Mr Green (phone) the Scotts after they had sold their house.
6 How many countries they (visit) by March last year?
7 Mr Hill (not finish) the report when the Manager came in.
8 Mary was in Paris last Friday She (be) in London two days earlier.
9 Three men, none of whom I (see) before, (come) in to the room.
10 We (live) through terrible times during the war years.
11 Before I could say anything, they (admit) their mistakes.
12 Why you (write) such a long letter? What a waste of time!
VII Simple Future
E.g - His parents think he will become an artist one day
b An on-the-spot decision and offer.
E.g - Will you go shopping with me now?
c An action/ event/ situation which will definitely happen in the future and which we cannot control.
E.g.: Jill will be two years old next month.
d A promise, threat, warning, request, or hope.
E.g.: I hope pollution levels will drop soon.
VIII Near Future
Trang 20b Negative
c Interrogative
2 Usage:
a for plans, intentions or ambitions we have for the future
E.g.: I am going to employ more staff and expand my company That’s the plan for next year’s operation.
b in predictions when there is evidence that something will happen in the near future.
E.g.: Look at him! He is going to win the match.
IX Future Continuous
a A continuous action at a point of future time.
E.g - This time tomorrow, they will be flying to France.
- I shall be waiting for you at 4 this afternoon.
b An action which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement E.g.: I’ll be seeing Sam at the meeting tomorrow I’ll give him this message.
c When we ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future (What we want to know is if our wishes fit in with their plans)
E.g.: - Will you be going out later? Could you get me a sandwich, please?
Exercise 5: Supply the correct tense-simple future, future continuous or near future - of the verbs in parentheses.
1 We (have) our exams next week.
2 At this time next week, all of you (sit) for your exams.
S + SHALL/WILL + BE + V_ING
- HE/SHE/IT + IS NOT GOING TO + VERB (infinitive)
- YOU/THEY/WE + ARE NOT
- AM I
- IS HE/SHE/IT + GOING TO + VERB (infinitive)
- ARE YOU/THEY/WE
SHALL/WILL + S + BE + V_ING
S + SHALL NOT /SHAN’T + BE + V_ING
WILL NOT/ WON’T
Trang 213 Professor Fox said to Erik: “Goodbye, Mr Grin And I (see) you again at our open house this weekend.”.
4 Alfred has just been employed He (work) in our office as a clerk next week.
5 When you return with the car, I still (pack) my suitcase.
6 They say that in 100 years’ time, life (be) far better than it is today.
7 If you don’t do your lessons well, you (go) to bed without any dinner
8 When it (be) convenient for you to start work?
9 My friend and I (get) up early tomorrow morning and go fishing.
10 Though there is violence all around, the world (not end).
11 He (dig) up the potatoes the day after tomorrow.
12 This time next week I’ll be on holiday I probably (lie) on a beautiful beach.
13 My sister (be) 20 years old this Saturday.
14 The new exhibition (open) on April 30 and (finish) on May 31.
15 I’m really thirsty – I know I (get) you a cup of water.
16 I am looking forward to my party I hope every one (enjoy) it.
17 Aunt Maggie (come) to visit us tomorrow.
18 Why are you buying all those vegetable? – Because I (make) vegetable soup.
a A complete action before a point of time, or another action, in the future.
E.g - By noon tomorrow, they will have launched the space ship.
- The games will have finished when we arrive.
b An action which continues up to a point of future time.
E.g - When you return next year, the children will have grown much taller.
Exercise 6: Supply the correct tense, future perfect or simple future, of verbs in parentheses
1 The leaves (fall) from the trees when autumn comes.
S + SHALL/WILL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
S + SHALL NOT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
+ WILL NOT
SHALL/WILL + S + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE
Trang 222 By the end of autumn, most of the leaves (fall) from the tree.
3 He (live) in this city for exactly two years by next Monday.
4 In two years from now, he (take) his university degree.
5 He (not be) able to travel next week, because he has just had an accident.
6 The chief engineer confirms that the bridge (be) rebuilt before the next flood.
7 I haven’t started reading the book yet, but I (get) through it before the semester ends.
8 By the end of the holiday, tom (recover) his strength.
9 By this time next year, you (forget) all your present troubles.
10 There (be) rain over the Mekong delta during the night.
XI Present Perfect Continuous
*** Note: The use of these three tenses is similar to the use of Present Perfect, Past Perfect, and Future
Perfect; but these tenses put more emphasis on the continuous aspect and the duration of time of the action.
o Must can only be used to talk about the present or near future We use have to when we need
to use other tenses.
2 Must – have to/have got to
- Must = it is necessary to do something (we use must when the speaker decides that something is
necessary)
- Have to = it is necessary to do something (we use have to when someone else decides that
something is necessary)
S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V_ING
S + HAD + BEEN + V_ING
S + WILL/SHALL+ HAVE + BEEN + V_ING
Trang 23- Must and have to have different meanings n questions
- Have got to has the same meaning as have to, and it is usually used in everyday speech.
3 Mustn’t – needn’t/ don’t have to
- Mustn’t = it is forbidden to do something/ you are not allowed to do something (prohibition)
- Needn’t = it isn’t necessary to do something (the lack of necessity) (= don’t have to)
4 Didn’t need to – needn’t have done
= lack of necessity
- didn’t need to + infinitive = it was not necessary to do something, the action did not happen in the
past because we knew it was not necessary.
- Needn’t have + P.P = it was not necessary to do something, but it was done.
5 Can/ could
- ability in the present: can = am/is/are able to
- ability in the past: could = was/were able to
- asking permission: can/could I …? = Would you mind if …?
- Giving/ refusing permission
o Can/may = you are allowed to do
o Can’t/ mustn’t/ may not = you are not allowed to do
- Possibility
o Could/may/might + infinitive = it is possible/ it is likely/ perhaps
o Could/may/might + have + P.P = it was possible, but it didn’t happen.
- Can is used in the present, could is the past tense of can We use be able to to form all the other
- criticism: ought to/should + perfect infinitive = it would have been better if you had … (we use
these structures to show that someone did the wrong thing in the past)
Exercise 7: Fill in these sentences with appropriate modal verbs
1 You ……… your homework before you watch TV.
2 ……… I come in? It’s rather cold out here
3 You ……… water the plants this weekend, they look dry.
4 ……… you collect the children from school, please?
5 ……… you play the piano?
6 I ……… buy some milk There isn’t nay left.
Trang 247 When ……… I call you?
8 I ……… swim before I was able to walk.
9 You ……… walk to school I’ll give you a lift.
10 Tim ……… be out There are no lights on
Tense Revision
Exercise 8: Stative vs progressive verbs – use either the simple present or the present continuous of the verbs in parentheses.
11 Tim (have) a car.
12 Tim (have) trouble with his car, so he has to take the bus to work these days.
13 This box (weigh) a lot It’s too heavy for me to lift.
14 I just handed the box to the postal worker Right now she (weigh) it to see how much postage
it (need).
15 I (do) this practice at the moment It (consist) of both nonprogressive and progressive verbs.
16 I (think) about the verbs in this grammar practice right now I (think) all of my answer are correct.
17 Mrs Edwards is at the market Right now she (look) at the apples They (look) fresh.
18 Jack (appear) happy this morning He’s smiling.
Exercise 9: Supply the correct tense of the verbs in brackets:
1 Food, air, and clothes (be) necessary for life.
2 He (pay) a visit to Ha Long Bay in 1965.
3 About a year ago he (be) elected president of a big company and he (not have) a holiday since then.
4 The Prime Minister (be) to Moscow several times.
5 Yesterday my father (buy) a new watch as his old one (be) stolen.
6 “Did you see the thieves?” – “No, they already (run) away by the time I came in”
7 This morning while I (wait) for the bus, the rain (stop).
8 Before he (reach) us, a child had died of fever.
9 “ I (phone) you at 7 tomorrow Will that be all right?”
- “At 7? No, I (eat) out with my boss”
10 The bus drivers’ strike (begin) last week, and it still (go) on today.
11 I (not finish) the work that I was assigned to.
12 I don’t smoke while I (drive) a car.
13 By the end of next week, Christmas (come) and (go).
14 I (not see) him since last Monday, but I (believe) he (write) an essay on Hamlet at present.
15 We (meet) you tomorrow after you (finish) your work.
16 In a few minutes’ time, when the clock strikes six, I (wait) here for an hour.
17 Two straight lines which (meet) at a point (form) an angle.
Trang 2518 When we (go) to see them last night, they (play) cards; they (say) they (play) since 6 o’clock.
19 Every morning, in the city parks, the grass (be) cut, the flowers (be) weeded, and the paths (be) swept.
20 It (rain) a good deal at this time of year As you can see, it (rain) now.
Exercise 10: Complete these passages with the correct form of verbs in parentheses.
1 Yesterday while I (read) in my room, Tom (come) in and (ask) me to lend him a dictionary “I (prepare) tomorrow’s lesson,” he (say), “ and I find several words that I (not know).”
2 I (be) very busy recently Last week I (be) at the office every evening until 7 and this week extra work (keep) me there until 7.30 every evening.
3 “Why are you so late? I (wait) here more than an hour” – “Sorry, but just as I (get) ready to start, a friend (call) and (stay) a long time I (come) as soon as he (leave)”
4 He told his wife that he (be) back about 6 and (ask) her to have dinner ready about 7 He said that he (bring) 3 friends back with him, so he (want) her to prepare a specially good meal.
5 This morning when I (get) to the station, I (learn) that the train I had expected to get (leave) 10 minutes before The station-master (tell) me that the time-tables (be) altered the previous week.
6 Your train (leave) at 11 o’clock Why you (sit) here doing nothing as though you (have) plenty of time? You (pack) your bag yet? I (order) a taxi to come at 10.30 and it (be) nearly 10 now.
7 That man (teach) in this school since 1985 Before he (come) here, he (live) in Hue Now he (live) in the suburbs and (come) to school every day on his bicycle.
CHAPTER 6: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
- Do you like smoking?
• We often put a gerund after prepositions E.g.: He is interested in watching TV.
• The gerund is often used after such verbs as love, like, enjoy, dislike, hate or prefer to express general preference.
• We always use a gerund after such expressions as: can’t help, be/get used to, look forward to, it’s no use, it’s (not) worth, be busy, etc.
Trang 26E.g.: I can't help loving you.
• We must use a gerund after some verbs: consider, avoid, deny, fancy, involve, mention, etc
E.g.: We enjoy seeing him again after so many years.
• We also use a gerund after the verbs see, hear, feel, watch, listen to, notice to describe an incomplete action (but: we use a bare infinitive to describe a complete
Bare infinitive is used:
• After some verbs: let, make, hear, see, feel, in active sentences.
• After had better and would rather.
• after modal verbs.
E.g.: I can swim.
To infinitive is used:
• as the subject of a verb, although usually we use the gerund.
E.g.: To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness.
• as the object of such verbs as want, agree, decide, etc.
E.g.: He wants to go abroad.
• After verbs such as know, decide, ask, learn, remember, want to know, etc,
when they are followed by questions words (who, what, where, when, how, which)
• To express purpose
• After adjectives such as nice, sorry, glad, happy, willing, afraid, ashamed, etc.
• After it + be + adjective (of + noun/pronoun)
• After would like/love/prefer
• after too + adjective, adjective + enough, or the reason why we do something.
e.g.: He is too young to drive.
He is not old enough to drive.
- Tenses of the infinitive
Present e.g.: to give e.g.:
Trang 27Perfect e.g.: to have
given
e.g.: to have been given
Refers to the past and shows that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the main verb.
Perfect
continuous
e.g.: to have been giving
_ Refers to the past and emphasize the duration of the action
of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the main verb.
Notes: Verbs that followed by either gerund or infinitives
* Verbs that followed by either the gerunds or the infinitives:
- Without changing the meaning:
o begin, start, continue
o need/require/want + gerund: have passive meaning.
o advise, allow, permit, recommend, encourage take the to infinitive when they are followed
by an object or when they are in the passive form They take the _ing form when they are not followed by an object.
e.g.: - They don’t allow us to park here.
- We aren’t allowed to park here.
- They don’t’ allow parking here.
- With difference in meaning:
o Forget
+ to-infinitive = not remember
+ gerund = not recall
o Remember
+ to-infinitive = not forget
+ gerund = recall
o Stop
+ to-infinitive = stop briefly to do something
+ gerund = finish, give up
o Try
+ to-infinitive = attempt, do one’s best
+ gerund = do something as an experiment
o Regret
+ to-infinitive = be sorry to
+ gerund = feel sorry abou
Trang 28I Exercise on Gerunds:
Underline the gerunds or gerund phrases in the following sentences and label how they function in the sentence (subject, direct object, subject complement, object of preposition)
1 Swimming keeps me in shape.
2 Swimming in your pool is always fun.
3 Telling your father was a mistake.
4 The college recommends sending applications early.
5 He won the game by scoring during the overtime period.
6 Her most important achievement was winning the national championship.
7 Going to work today took all my energy.
8 Fighting for a losing cause made them depressed.
II Gerund or Infinitive?
1 I remember _ the Queen in London
a meet b to meet c meeting d to meeting
2 Did you remember _ the letter?
a post b to post c posting d to posting
3 I'm not used _ up this early
4 I used _ to the cinema a lot
5 I regret _ Mary about the wedding
6 Mrs Jones, I regret _ you that your credits limit has been e.g.ceeded
a inform b to inform c informing d to informing
7 Stop _ this terrible noise at once!
8 I wanted to stop _ some presents, but we didn't have enough time
9 Look, it's starting _
10 I started _ English when I was four
a learn b to learn c learning d to learning
11 We were interested _ a lot of money
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Trang 29a to earn b in earning c earning
12 I am looking forward _ to New Zealand
a to go b for going c to going
13 They cannot afford _ a new car just now
a buying b to buy c by buying
14 He prevented me _ the room
a entering b to enter c from entering
15 We enjoyed _to France for the holidays
16 I refused _ for the broken goods
a paying b to pay c with paying
17 She avoided _ the same mistakes again
a to make b by making c making
18 I am used _ about all the things he has done
a to hear b in hearing c to hearing
19 They disliked _ to spend so much money
20 We practiced _ English grammar exercises
22.
III Gerund or Infinitive? – Don't forget to put in a preposition if necessary!
1 I look forward (go) to London.
2 I don't mind (go) by boat.
3 At one stage I thought (become) a sailor, but I missed the opportunity (join) the Navy and am now accustomed (live) a quiet life.
4 Actually, it was my father who prevented me (work) on a ship and who sent me back to school.
5 John succeeded (solve) the puzzle.
6 Bill insisted (be) present.
7 I am used (get) up early.
8 Harry is interested (talk) to Julia.
9 I am tired (listen).
10 Jane is keen (dance)
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Trang 3011 I want you (apologize) for your bad behaviour.
12 I look forward (see) you.
13 You had better (go) home.
14 The general ordered his soldiers (attack) the town.
15 Excuse me for making you (write) these silly sentences.
16 I disapprove (you, watch) TV every night.
17 Woody Allen used (live) in this house.
18 It's no use (apologize) now
IV Gerund or Infinitive with STOP, REMEMBER, FORGET,
1 I had to ask the boys to stop (make) a noise.
2 Yesterday I met your brother and I remember (hear, he, say) that the grass needed (cut).
3 Julia: 'I gave you an urgent letter yesterday Did you remember (post) it on your way home?' Bill: 'I remember (go) into the post-office for some stamps, but even then, I'm afraid, I forgot
(post) it.'
4 Julia: 'What was the lecture like?' Bill: 'I regret (say) that it was very boring
However, I don't regret (go) there as I met a lot of friends.'
5 We had been walking for a long time; as we were very tired, we stopped (have) a picnic.
6 They don't allow (shout) in the corridors of this hospital, and remember that they don't allow
people (smoke) either.
7 Did you really mean (punish) your pupils for (be) five minutes late?
8 You'll never regret (give) them a hand.
9 Did you remember (book) seats for the theatre tomorrow? - Sorry, I forgot (do) it.
10 I wish the car would stop (make) that noise
2.Unit 2: PRONOUNS AND QUANTIFIERS
Reciprocal Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Demon – -strative Pronoun
gative Pronoun
Trang 31Each other
One
That,whichWho,whose
ThisThatTheseThose
WhoWhatWhyWhere
Yourselves
3rd
1 Personal pronouns
a Subject pronouns: go before the main verb in positive and negative statements as subjects
b Object pronouns: go after verbs or prepositions as objects
Notes:
We do not use a noun and a personal pronoun together
We use there + be to mention something for the first time or to say that something or someone exists We use it + be to give more details about something or someone that has
already been mentioned
We can use it as the subject to talk about weather, distance, temperature and time.
We use it to talk about something that has already been made clear We use one when it
is not clear which thing in particular we are talking about
2 Possessive Pronouns
Both possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns can be used to talk about ownership
or the relationship between people Possessive adjectives are followed by nouns, whereas possessive pronouns are not
Possessive pronoun = possessive adjective + noun (when we can’t repeat that noun)
e.g.: My hat is red Yours is blue (your hat is blue)
3 Reflexive pronoun
We use reflexive pronouns:
With verbs such as behave, burn, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, kill, look, teach, etc., or
with prepositions when the subject and the object of the verb are the same, to express
pain of danger, speech and thought, emotion and behavior.
E.g - We amused ourselves playing hide and seek
- You should take care of yourself
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Trang 32- Jill has burnt herself.
With the preposition by when we mean alone/ without company or without help (on
one’s own)
e.g.: Ben repaired the car by himself ( = on his own)
In the following expressions:
o enjoy yourself = have a good time
o behave yourself = be good
o help yourself = you are welcome to take something if you want
To emphasize the subject or the object of a sentence
e.g.: - I myself posted to letter ( = I do it myself, nobody else to help me)
- I painted my car myself I did not take it to the garage to be painted
- Did you make that jacket yourself, without anyone to help?
- I saw Tom himself
- She likes the diamond itself but not the setting
4 Reciprocal pronouns
- Each other is used for two people/things
- One another is used for more than two things/ people
e.g.: - The two students are talking to each other
- God says: we should love one another
5 Demonstrative pronouns
Notes:
- We also use this/these:
For present or future situations
e.g.: I’ll talk to the manager this week
To refer to an idea we are about to mention
e.g.: I’m sorry to say this, but you have to leave the flat
To introduce people, or to introduce oneself on the phone
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