Bài tập điện tâm đồ nâng cao là bộ gồm hơn 100 bài tập ECG dưới hình thức trắc nghiệm có đáp án và giải thích cơ chế, qua đó sẽ giúp các bạn hiểu rõ hơn về cơ chế trong điện tim, các bạn sẽ cảm thấy thích thú hơn trong việc tiếp cận chúng và giúp ích trong công việc.
Trang 204K. Wang, MD
Trang 205We do not encounter ECG tracings of WPW syndrome frequently, but they can mislead us in so many different ways—this casebeing one such example
Trang 206escape. Because it is a ventricular escape and not a junctional escape, the block is not in the AV junction but in the ventricle.The primary problem, therefore, is 2:1 AV block below the AV junction, and the ventricular escape beats are secondary
Trang 208What Patterns Are Apparent in This ECG?
Philip J. Podrid, MD
Trang 209With WolfParkinsonWhite syndrome, initial myocardial activation is direct through the accessory pathway, which means that
abnormalities of the ventricular myocardium cannot be reliably diagnosed. Thus, the inferior Q waves are termed a pseudo
inferior wall myocardial infarction, a pattern that is associated with a posterior septal accessory pathway. The positive delta wave
in lead V1 (in the past termed type A) is associated with a leftsided tract
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Cite this article: Philip J. Podrid. What Patterns Are Apparent in This ECG? Medscape. Jun 17, 2015.
Trang 212or less to V12 as in the tracing shown in the figure above. Patients with Brugada syndrome are prone to sudden death whilesleeping. Many other conditions can disrupt the sodium channel transiently, such as hyperkalemia, high fever, or sodium channelblocking agents, resulting in an acquired Brugada ECG pattern.The ST elevation normalized after the hyperkalemia was
corrected in this patient
In acute anteroseptal STEMI, there is a distinct transition between the downstroke of the R or R' wave and the beginning of theelevated ST segment, whereas in the Brugada ECG pattern, the elevated ST segment begins from the top of the R or R' waveand continues downsloping, ending in an inverted T wave as in this case, and they can be easily differentiated
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Cite this article: What Is Elevating This ST Segment? Medscape. Apr 20, 2015.
Trang 214A PJC occurs early and is not conducted to the ventricles but is able to conduct to the atria (P1). This patient has dual AV
conduction pathways, and the impulse bounces off the atrial wall and conducts to the ventricles through the slow pathway, anecho beat (R2). The next PJC cannot conduct either to the ventricles or to the atria and is completely hidden from the surface
Are You Tricked by This ECG?
K. Wang, MD
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ECG (a concealed PJC). However, this concealed PJC disturbs the AV conduction system such that the sinus beat conducts tothe ventricles with a longer PR interval (R5). The same thing happens with R8 (pseudo firstdegree AV block). With P2, the
bouncedoff impulse is blocked in the slow pathway and a retrograde P wave (P2) stands alone. Thus, concealed PJCs are doingall kinds of tricks![1] The R12 and R14 waves are not preexcited because there are no delta waves. Digitalis intoxication is notknown to cause the problems seen in the tracing
Figure 3
Courtesy of Dr Wang
Figure 3 shows all of the potential PQRS relationships with junctional beats. Conduction to the ventricles may occur normally,aberrantly, or not at all depending on the timing of the junctional impulse with the ventricular conduction system.[2]
Conduction to the atria can have a sinus P wave just before, after, or within the QRS complex with AV dissociation, or a
retrograde P wave just before, after, or within the QRS complex, depending upon the timing. Alternatively, only a part of theatria may be conducted from the sinus impulse, and the other part conducted from the junctional impulse, resulting in an atrialfusion. Another possibility: An echo beat, prolonged PR interval (pseudo firstdegree AV block), or concealed junctional beat maycause the sinus P wave to stand alone as if there were a type II seconddegree AV block (pseudo AV block).[1,3]
Trang 216K. Wang, MD
Trang 217Medscape Cardiology © 2015 WebMD, LLC
Cite this article: What Kind of Block is This? Medscape. Feb 19, 2015.
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Cite this article: Reversed Arm Leads: Yes or No? Medscape. Jan 15, 2015.
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November 21, 2014Review the ECG below and guess which rhythm it depicts
Trang 221If the atrial rate is less than 240 bpm, for example, many other rhythms have to be considered in addition to atrial flutter. In such
a case, the sawtooth pattern of atrial flutter must be identified to call it atrial flutter. (The slowest atrial rate in atrial flutter in mycollection is 150 bpm.) As illustrated in this case, V1 is very useful in recognizing atrial flutter at times, not because it reveals thesawtooth pattern of atrial flutter but because it may reveal regularly occurring atrial activities at a rate close to 300 bpm
In my experience, atrial flutter with 2:1 AV conduction is one of the most misdiagnosed rhythms
With the help of the findings in V1, one is more comfortable or convinced of identifying the waves in the rhythm strip of lead II asflutter waves (as drawn)
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Cite this article: What's the Rhythm? Medscape. Nov 21, 2014.
Trang 222The principle of Ashman's phenomenon is useful in determining whether a given wide QRS complex is a ventricularbeat in a patient where there are no P waves, such as in atrial fibrillation.[1,2]
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October 15, 2014Ventricular preexcitation can be intermittent.[1,2] Sometimes only every other beat is preexcited, and sometimes
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July 31, 2014Introduction
Those who know me know that I love ECGs. I love reading about them, writing about them, and talking about them. Amajor reason for this infatuation is that the ECG is arguably the most important test in acute care medicine
This simple test, which is rapid, lowcost (a piece of paper and ink!) and reproducible and can be done at the bedside
in any patient regardless of how sick, can provide lifesaving information. This intense interest has led me to developseveral lectures as well as an openaccess, weekly ECG Case of the Week video that I offer to anyone interested inlearning more about ECGs
Because of this interest and my ECG Website, many physicians in emergency medicine in the United States and
abroad send me interesting cases, questions, and quandaries pertaining to ECG. Without a doubt, one of the mostcommon topics on which I receive questions has to do with the Brugada syndrome
First identified and described in the early 1990s, the Brugada syndrome has become one of the most intriguing topicsthat emergency physicians and cardiologists have been learning about in ECG over the past 2 decades. In short, theBrugada syndrome is an abnormality in the electrical system of the heart that predisposes patients to develop episodes
of ventricular tachycardia and loss of consciousness. The arrhythmia may spontaneously terminate, after which thepatient wakes up and presents for evaluation of syncope; or the arrhythmia may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation,resulting in sudden death
The ECG of these patients in the asymptomatic state often shows a characteristic incomplete or complete right bundlebranch block pattern with STsegment elevation in leads V1V2 (Figure 1). Definitive testing for Brugada syndrome isdone in the electrophysiology laboratory, where, if the diagnosis is confirmed, an implantable cardioverterdefibrillator(ICD) is placed. Without the ICD, mortality from the condition was thought to be as high as 10% per year.[1]
Brugada Syndrome Update: More Common Than Imagined
Amal Mattu, MD
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A full review of the topic is beyond of the scope of this brief essay, and any readers who are not familiar with it arereferred to any one of the many review articles or videos available via the Internet. However, for those who are familiarwith the Brugada syndrome, a review of the most recent literature on this topic is in order. Two recent articles from theelectrophysiology literature provide some outstanding updates on diagnosis and risk assessment of these patients.[2,3]
• In conjunction with the ECG abnormality, one of the following criteria is also necessary to make the diagnosis:
i. A history of ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation;
ii. A family history of sudden cardiac death;
iii. A family history of the covedtype ECG abnormality;
Trang 228• Most sodiumchannel blockers tend to provoke the ECG abnormality. Electrophysiologists typically will use potentsodiumchannel blockers in the electrophysiology laboratory as part of the diagnostic testing for the Brugada syndrome
• Brugada syndrome was first identified as a common cause of sudden death in young males of Southeast Asian
descent. However, the condition is now well documented in both men and women from many different ethnic groups,and in a large age range of patients
• The average age at diagnosis of Brugada syndrome is about 40 years. This contrasts with other heart diseases
associated with sudden death, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and long QT syndrome, which typically occur atyounger ages. However, arrhythmic events related to Brugada syndrome are reported in patients ranging from 2 days
to 84 years of age. The condition is now believed to be one of the potential causes of sudden infant death syndromeand sudden cardiac death in young children
• Asymptomatic patients with the Brugada pattern on ECG (ie, an incidental finding of the Brugada pattern) and
patients with only a druginduced Brugada pattern appear to have a much lower risk for arrhythmia than previouslythought perhaps less than 5% over 34 years
• Because of the low annual rate of arrhythmic events in asymptomatic patients and the negative physical and
psychological effects of ICDs, the need for ICD placement needs to be very carefully evaluated
Viewpoint
The electrocardiogram was invented more than 100 years ago. Taking this into account, one realizes that the Brugadasyndrome is one of the most recent "discoveries" in electrocardiography, first identified slightly more than 20 years ago.When most of us first started hearing about this entity, we assumed that it was a "zebra" disease one that we wouldprobably not encounter and therefore probably didn't need to learn about
However, on the basis of the literature that has accumulated worldwide, we've come to learn that the Brugada
syndrome is now more common than we ever imagined: It is estimated to account for 4% of all sudden deaths and20% of sudden deaths in patients without structural heart disease.[4] It turns out that we've been missing this diagnosisfor many years
Brugada syndrome is now considered core knowledge for not only cardiologists, but also emergency physicians. Thisentity is now routinely discussed at major conferences, in emergency medicine board review courses, and in residencycurricula. Diagnoses are routinely being made in emergency departments, and consequently young patients' lives arebeing saved
It is critically important for all acute care physicians to be familiar with the basics as well as the advances regardingBrugada syndrome. This is yet another opportunity for all of us to save lives by properly interpreting a simple test: thatpiece of paper and ink called the ECG
References
1. Mattu A, Rogers RL, Kim H, Perron AD, Brady WJ. The Brugada syndrome. Am J Emerg Med. 2003;21:146
Trang 2294. Antzelevitch C, Brugada P, Borggrefe M, et al. Brugada syndrome: report of the Second Consensus
Conference: endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society and the European Heart Rhythm Association. Circulation.2005;111:659670. Abstract