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luyen thi ielts reading medieval life (2011)

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Đối tượng mà TOEIC, IELTS, và TOEFL nhắm tới là hoàn toàn khác nhau nên cách tiếp cận cũng không giống nhau. Kiến thức TOEIC chỉ bó hẹp trong phạm vi làm việc (business English), trong khi IELTS, nếu đem so sánh với đối trọng còn lại là TOEFL tư duy theo kiểu dàn trải (extensive study), thì IELTS đối tượng xã hội rộng hơn, nội dung ra đề tập trung hơn (intensive study). Nói như vậy, nếu cô học viên có đi học lại thì vẫn được xem là người mới bắt đầu học Ielts (beginner) dù đã có một ít vốn liếng trước đó. Trước tiên chúng ta hãy cùng làm rõ một vài khái niệm cơ bản.

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Eyewitness

MEDIEVAL LIFE

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The art of decoration

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