Types of collocation In order to write and speak natural and correct English, you need to know, for example: ■ which adjectives are used with a particular noun ■ which nouns a particu
Trang 1Use the definite article, the:
■ with singular or plural nouns, when you
expect the person who is listening to know
which person or thing you are talking about:
▶Thank you for the flowers
(= the ones that you brought me).
▶This is the CD I told you about.
■ with the names of oceans, rivers,
groups of islands or mountains, deserts:
▶The Thames goes through
Oxford and London.
▶Where are the Seychelles?
▶He was the first person to row
across the Atlantic.
■ when talking about playing musical
instruments:
▶I’ve been learning the piano for four years.
NOTE The is not usually used when you are
talking about modern music such as jazz,
rock, etc.:
▶He plays bass in a band.
Use the indefinite article, a/an:
■ when the other person does not know
which person or thing you are talking about
or when you are not referring to a particular
person or thing:
▶He’s got a new bike
( I haven’t mentioned it before )
▶Could you bring me a knife?
( Any knife will be okay.)
■ when talking about a type or class
of people or things, such as when you
mention a person’s job:
▶She’s an accountant.
▶He works as a waiter.
■ in prices, speeds, etc.:
▶The top speed is 70 kilometres an hour.
▶I go to the gym three times a week.
■ sometimes with hundred, thousand,
million, etc.:
▶He won a thousand pounds on the lottery.
NOTE A/an is used only with singular
countable nouns.
A is used before a consonant sound,
an before a vowel sound:
▶a shirt, a house, a euro, a URL
▶an eagle, an hour, an MP
Use no article:
■ with uncountable nouns or with countable nouns in the plural, when you are talking in general:
▶ I love flowers ( all flowers )
▶ Honey is sweet ( all honey )
▶ Are nurses well paid here? (nurses in
general )
■ with most names of countries, counties, states, streets, towns or lakes:
▶I’m going to Turkey.
▶She’s from Yorkshire.
▶They live in Iowa.
▶Toronto is on Lake Ontario.
▶We’ve bought a house in Harpes Road.
■ with the names of religions:
▶ Christianity has its roots in Judaism.
■ with a person’s title when the name is mentioned:
▶President Kennedy
but the President of the United States
▶Doctor Jones
■ with the words for meals, months and days of the week:
▶ Why don’t you come for dinner?
▶ See you on Tuesday.
▶ She was born in December.
NOTE Articles are used when you are describing a particular meal, month or day:
▶The lunch they provided was excellent.
▶We set off on a sunny Tuesday in August.
■ when a school, prison, jail or court
is being referred to as an institution:
▶ When do the children finish school?
▶ He was sent to prison for two years.
NOTE The is used when you are talking
about a particular building:
▶I’ll meet you outside the school.
Use a possessive (not an article):
■ when talking about possessions or parts
of the body:
▶ She sprained her ankle and broke her arm.
▶ I’ve left my phone on the bus.
▶ Where did I leave my car?
▶ He’s had his hair cut.
➔For more information about the use of articles, look at the notes at the entries for HOSPITAL and
COLLEGE.
Articles
© Oxford University Press
Trang 2not being lucky
What is collocation?
collocation is the way in which particular words tend to occur or belong together
For example, you can say:
▶Meals will be served outside on the terrace,
weather permitting.
but not Meals will be served outside on the terrace, weather allowing.
Both these sentences seem to mean the same
thing: allow and permit have very similar
meanings But in this combination only
permitting is correct It collocates with weather and allowing does not.
Types of collocation
In order to write and speak natural and correct English, you need to know, for example:
■ which adjectives are used with
a particular noun
■ which nouns a particular adjective is used with
■ which verbs are used with a particular noun
■ which adverbs are used to intensify
a particular adjective
Collocation in this dictionary
To find out which adjectives to use with a particular noun, look at the examples at the entry for the noun Typical adjectives used with the noun are separated by a slash (/):
Collocation
Can you say ‘pink wine’?
(No, rosé)
If you look up an adjective you will see what nouns are commonly used with it:
Which words can be used with the adjective heady?
Look at the examples in a noun entry to find out what verbs can be used with it:
Which verbs are used with mortgage?
(apply for, take out, pay off)
If you look up an adjective, you will see which adverbs you can use to intensify it:
Strongly or bitterly disappointed?
(bitterly)
Important collocations are printed in bold type within the examples If the meaning of the collocation is not obvious there is a short explanation after it in brackets.
hoping you will be lucky having unexpected luck
being lucky hoping someone
else will be lucky
(days, scent, mixture)
its meaning is explained WORDFINDER NOTE AT
DICTIONARY heady /ˈhedi/ adj (head·ier,headi·est)1[usually before noun] having a strong effect on your senses; making you feel excited and confidentintoxicating: the heady days of youththe heady scent of hot spicesa heady mixture of desire and fearSYNONYMS AT EXCITING2[not before noun] (of a person) excited in a way that makes you
do things without worrying about the possible results: She felt heady with success
heal /hiːl/ verb1[I, T] to become healthy again; to make sth healthy again: It took a long time for the wounds
to heal.~up The cut healed up without leaving a scar
~sth This will help to heal your cuts and scratches. (fig-urative) It was a chance to heal the wounds in the party (= to repair the damage that had been done).2[T]~sb (of sth) (old use or formal) to cure sb who is ill/sick; to make sb feel happy again: the story of Jesus healing ten lepers of their diseaseI felt healed by his love.3[T, I]~(sth) to put an end to sth or make sth easier to bear; to end or become easier to bear: She was never able to heal the rift between herself and her father.The breach between them never really healed
heal·er/ˈhiːlə(r)/ noun1a person who cures people of ill-nesses and disease using natural powers rather than medicine: a faith/spiritual healer2something that makes
a bad situation easier to deal with: Time is a great healer
heal·ing/ˈhiːlɪŋ/ noun [U] the process of becoming or mak-ing sb/sth healthy again; the process of gettmak-ing better after an emotional shock: the healing processemotional healingSEE ALSO FAITH HEALING
health /helθ/ noun [U]1the condition of a per-son’s body or mind: Exhaust fumes are bad for your health
to be in poor/good/excellent/the best of healthSmoking can seriouslydamage your health.mental healthSEE ALSO ILL HEALTH
WORDFINDERacute,condition, medicine, outbreak, pain, recover, relapse, terminal,treatment
2the state of being physically and mentally healthy: He was nursed back to health by his wife.She was glowing with health and clearly enjoying life.As long as you have your health, nothing else matters.3the work of provid-ing medical services: All parties are promisprovid-ing to increase spending on health.the Health Ministerthe Depart-ment of Healthhealth insurancehealth and safety regu-lations(= laws that protect the health of people at work)
4how successful sth is: the health of your marriage/
finances SEE CLEANadj.,DRINKv.,PROPOSE,RUDE ˈhealth carenoun [U] the service of providing medical care: the costs of health care for the elderlyhealth care workers/professionals
ˈhealth centre(BrE)(especially USˈhealth center) noun a building where a group of doctors see their patients and where some local medical services have their offices
ˈhealth clubnoun (alsogym) a private club where people
go to do physical exercise in order to stay or become healthy and fit
ˈhealth farmnoun (especially BrE) =HEALTH SPA ˈhealth foodnoun [U, C, usually pl.] food that does not contain any artificial substances and is therefore thought
to be good for your health
health·ful /ˈhelθfl/ adj [usually before noun] (formal or NAmE) good for your healthhealth·ful·lyadv
ˈhealth servicenoun a public service providing medical careSEE ALSONATIONALHEALTHSERVICE
ˈhealth spa(alsoˈhealth farmespecially in BrE) noun a place where people can stay for short periods of time in order to try to improve their health by eating special food, doing physical exercise, etc.WORDFINDER NOTE AT FIT
ˈhealth tourism(especially NAmEˌmedical ˈtourism) noun [U] the practice of travelling abroad in order to receive medical treatment
ˈhealth visitornoun (in Britain) a trained nurse whose job is to visit people in their homes, for example new par-ents, and give them advice on some areas of medical care
healthy /ˈhelθi/ adj (health·ier, healthi·est)
1having good health and not likely to become ill/sick:
a healthy child/animal/treeKeep healthy by eating well and exercising regularly.unhealthySYNONYMS AT
WELL2[usually before noun] good for your health: a healthy diet/climate/lifestyleunhealthy3[usually before noun] showing that you are in good health: to have
a healthy appetitea shampoo that keeps hair looking healthy4normal and sensible: The child showed a healthy curiosity.She has a healthy respect for her rival’s talents.It’s not healthy the way she clings to the past
unhealthy5successful and working well: a healthy economyYour car doesn’t sound very healthy.6[usually before noun] large and showing success: a healthy bank balancea healthy profithealth·ilyadv.: to eat healthily healthi·nessnoun [U]
heap/hiːp/ noun, verb
noun1~(of sth) an untidy pile of sth: The building was reduced to a heap of rubble.a compost heapHis clothes layin a heap on the floor.Worn-out car tyres were stacked
in heaps.SEE ALSO SCRAPHEAP,SLAG HEAP2[usually pl.]
(informal) a lot of sth: There’s heaps of time before the plane leaves.(NAmE) I’ve got a heap of things to do.3(informal, humorous) a car that is old and in bad condition
at the top/bottom of theˈheaphigh up/low down in the structure of an organization or a society: These work-ers are at the bottom of the economic heap.collapse, fall, etc in aˈheap to fall down heavily and not moveheaps ˈbetter, ˈmore, ˈolder, etc.(BrE, informal) a lot better, etc:
Help yourself—there’s heaps more.He looks heaps better than when I last saw him
verb1~sth (up) to put things in an untidy pile: Rocks were heaped up on the side of the road.2to put a lot of sth in a pile on sth:~A on B She heaped food on my plate
~B with A She heaped my plate with food.3to give a lot
of sth such as praise or criticism to sb:~A on B He heaped praise on his team.~B with A He heaped his team with praise. SEE SCORNn
heap·ed/hiːpt/ (especially BrE) (NAmE usuallyheap·ing) adj
used to describe a spoon, etc that has as much in it or on it
as it can hold: a heaped teaspoon of sugarheaping plates
of scrambled eggsCOMPARE LEVEL
hear /hɪə(r); NAmE hɪr/ verb (heard,heard /hɜːd;
NAmEhɜːrd/)1[I, T] (not used in the progressive tenses)
to be aware of sounds with your ears: I can’t hear very well.~sth/sb She heard footsteps behind her.~sb/sth doing sth He could hear a dog barking.~sb/sth do sth Did you hear him go out?~what … Didn’t you hear what
I said?sb/sth is heard to do sth She has been heard to make threats to her former lover.2[T] (not used in the progressive tenses) to listen or pay attention to sb/sth:~ sth Did you hear that play on the radio last night?~sb/
sth/yourself do sth Be quiet—I can’t hear myself think! (= it
is so noisy that I can’t think clearly)~what … We’d bet-ter hear what they have to say.I hear what you’re saying (= I have listened to your opinion), but you’re wrong.3[I, T] (not usually used in the progressive tenses) to be told about sth: Haven’t you heard? She resigned.‘I’m getting married.’ ‘So I’ve heard.’Things are going well from what
I hear.~about sb/sth I was sorry to hear about your acci-dent.I’ve heard about people like you.~sth We had heard nothing for weeks.~(that) … I was surprised to hear (that) he was married.I hear you’ve been away this weekend.~it said (that) … I’ve heard it said (that) they met in Italy.~what, how, etc … Did you hear what hap-pened?4[T]~sth to listen to and judge a case in court:
The appeal was heard in private.Today the jury began to hear the evidence
have you heard the one about …?used to ask sb if they have heard a particular joke before ˌhear! ˈhear!
used to show that you agree with or approve of what sb
æ cat| ɑː father|e ten| ɜː bird|ə about| ɪ sit | iː see| i many|ɒ got(BrE)| ɔː saw|ʌ cup| ʊ put | uː too
H
loy·alty/ˈlɔɪəlti/ noun(pl.-ies)1[U]~(to/towards sb/sth) the quality of being faithful in your support of sb/sth:
They swore their loyalty to the king.Can I count on your loyalty?2[C, usually pl.] a strong feeling that you want to
be loyal to sb/sth: a case of divided loyalties(= with strong feelings of support for two different causes, people, etc.)
ˈloyalty cardnoun (BrE) a card given to customers by a shop/store to encourage them to shop there regularly
Each time they buy sth they collect points which will allow them to have an amount of money taken off goods they buy in the future.WORDFINDER NOTE AT BUY
loz·enge/ˈlɒzɪndʒ;NAmEˈlɑːz‑/ noun1(geometry) a figure with four sides in the shape of a diamond that has two opposite angles more than 90° and the other two less than 90°2a small sweet/candy, often in a lozenge shape, espe-cially one that contains medicine and that you dissolve in your mouth: throat/cough lozenges
LP/ˌel ˈpiː/ noun the abbreviation for ‘long-playing record’
(a record that plays for about 25 minutes each side and turns 33 times per minute)
LPG/ˌel piː ˈdʒiː/ noun [U] the abbreviation for ‘liquefied petroleum gas’ (a fuel which is a mixture of gases kept in a liquid form by the pressure in a container)
ˈL-platenoun (in Britain and some other countries) a white sign with a large red letter L on it, that you put on a car when you are learning to drive
LPN/ˌel piː ˈen/ noun (in the US) licensed practical nurse
LSAT/ˌel es eɪ ˈtiː/ noun Law School Admission Test (a test taken by students who want to study law in the US)
LSD/ˌel es ˈdiː/(also slangacid)noun [U] a powerful illegal drug that affects people’s minds and makes them see and hear things that are not really there
Lt(BrE)(NAmELt.)abbr (in writing)LIEUTENANT: Lt (Helen) Brown
Ltdabbr Limited (used after the name of a British com-pany or business): Pearce and Co Ltd
LTE/ˌel tiː ˈiː/ noun [U] the abbreviation for ‘long-term evo-lution’ (an international system for digital communication using mobile/cell phones on which the Internet can be accessed at high speeds)
lu·bri·cant/ˈluːbrɪkənt/(also informallube/luːb/)noun [U,
C] a substance, for example oil, that you put on surfaces or parts of a machine so that they move easily and smoothly
lu·bri·cate/ˈluːbrɪkeɪt/ verb~sthto put a lubricant on sth such as the parts of a machine, to help them move
smooth-lygrease,oillu·bri·ca·tion/ˌluːbrɪˈkeɪʃn/ noun [U]
lu·bri·cious/luːˈbrɪʃəs/ adj (formal) showing a great inter-est in sex in a way that is considered unpleasant or unacceptablelewd
lucid/ˈluːsɪd/ adj.1clearly expressed; easy to understand
clear: a lucid style/explanation2able to think
clear-ly, especially during or after a period of illness or confu-sion: In a rare lucid moment, she looked at me and smiled
lu·cid·ity/luːˈsɪdəti/ noun [U]lu·cid·lyadv
Lu·ci·fer/ˈluːsɪfə(r)/ noun [sing.] theDEVIL Satan
luck /lʌk/ noun, verb
noun[U]1good things that happen to you by chance, not because of your own efforts or abilities: With (any) luck, we’ll be home before dark.(BrE) With a bit of luck, we’ll finish on time.So far I have had no luck with finding
a job.I could hardly believe my luck when he said yes.It wasa stroke of luck that we found you.By sheer luck nobody was hurt in the explosion.We wish her luck in her new career.You’re in luck(= lucky)—there’s one ticket left.You’re out of luck She’s not here.What a piece of luck!SEE ALSO BEGINNER’S LUCK2chance; the force that causes good or bad things to happen to people
fortune: to have good/bad luckSEE ALSO HARD-LUCK STORY
WORDFINDERamulet, charm, coincidence, fate, fortune, jinx, mascot, superstition, talisman
anyˈluck?(informal) used to ask sb if they have been successful with sth: ‘Any luck?’ ‘No, they’re all too busy to help.’ as luck wouldˈhave it in the way that chance decides what will happen: As luck would have it, the train was late bad, hard, etc luck (on sb) used to express sympathy for sb: Bad luck, Helen, you played very well
It’s hard luck on him that he wasn’t chosen.be down on yourˈluck(informal) to have no money because of a period
of bad luckthe best ofˈluck (with sth)goodˈluck (with sth)(informal) used to wish sb success with sth: The best
of luck with your exams.Good luck! I hope it goes well
ˌbetter luck ˈnext time (informal) used to encourage sb who has not been successful at sthforˈluck1because you believe it will bring you good luck, or because this is a traditional belief: Take something blue It’s for luck.2 (informal) for no particular reason: I hit him once more for luck goodˈluck to sb (informal) used to say that you do not mind what sb does as it does not affect you, but you hope they will be successful: It’s not something I would care to try myself but if she wants to, good luck to her.just my/sb’sˈluck (informal) used to show you are not sur-prised sth bad has happened to you, because you are not often lucky: Just my luck to arrive after they had left
your/sb’sˈluck is in used to say that sb has been lucky
or successfulthe luck of theˈdrawthe fact that chance decides sth, in a way that you cannot controlno suchˈluck
! SYNONYMS luck
chancecoincidenceaccidentfatedestiny These are all words for things that happen or the force that causes them to happen
luckthe force that causes good or bad things to happen
to people:This ring has always brought me good luck
chancethe way that some things happen without any cause that you can see or understand:The results could simply be due to chance
coincidencethe fact of two things happening at the same time by chance,in a surprising way:They met through a series of strange coincidences
accidentsomething that happens unexpectedly and is not planned in advance:Their early arrival was just an accident
fatethe power that is believed to control everything that happens and that cannot be stopped or changed:Fate decreed that she would never reach America
destinythe power that is believed to control events:I believe there’s some force guiding us—call it God, destiny or fate
FATE OR DESTINY?
Fatecan be kind, but this is an unexpected gift; just as often,fateis cruel and makes people feel helpless Destinyis more likely to give people a sense of power: people who havea strong sense of destinyusually believe that they are meant to be great or do great things
PATTERNS
by…luck/chance/coincidence/accident
It’s nocoincidence/accidentthat …
pure/sheerluck/chance/coincidence/accident
tobelieve inluck/coincidences/fate/destiny
! EXPRESS YOURSELF Wishing somebody luck
If someone is going to do something difficult, you can wish them luck:
Good luck!
The best of luckfor the exam! (BrE)
I hope it goes well!We'll be thinking about you
All the best! I'll keep my fingers crossed for you
Responses:
Thanks
I'll do my best
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suffered severe social and economic disadvantage.
advantagedis·ad·van·tageverb:~sb/sth
dis·ad·van·taged /ˌdɪsədˈvɑːntɪdʒd; NAmE ‑ˈvæn‑/ adj
1not having the things, such as education, or enough money, that people need in order to succeed in life
deprived: disadvantaged groups/childrena severely dis-advantaged areaadvantagedSYNONYMS AT POOR
2the disadvantaged noun [pl.] people who are disadvantaged
dis·ad·van·ta·geous /ˌdɪsædvænˈteɪdʒəs/ adj ~(to/for sb) (formal) causing sb to be in a worse situation compared
to other people: The deal will not be disadvantageous to your company.advantageous
dis·af·fect·ed/ˌdɪsəˈfektɪd/ adj no longer satisfied with your situation, organization, belief, etc and therefore not loyal to it: Some disaffected members left to form a new party.dis·af·fec·tion/ˌdɪsəˈfekʃn/ noun [U]: There are signs of growing disaffection amongst voters
dis·af·fili·ate/ˌdɪsəˈfɪlieɪt/ verb [I, T] ~(sth) (from sth) to end the link between a group, a company or an organiza-tion and a larger one: The local club has disaffiliated from the National Athletic Association.dis·af·fili·ation /ˌdɪsəfɪliˈeɪʃn/ noun [U]
dis · agree /ˌdɪsəˈɡriː/ verb1[I] if two people dis-agree or one person disdis-agrees with another about sth, they have a different opinion about it: Even friends dis-agree sometimes.No, I disagree I don’t think it would
be the right thing to do.~(with sb) (about/on/over sth) He disagreed with his parents on most things.Some people disagree with this argument.~that … Few would dis-agree that students learn best when they are interested in the topic
! EXPRESS YOURSELF Disagreeing
In a discussion, you may think that what other people say is wrong, but there are polite ways to convey this It is common to express support for something that the other person says before expressing disagreement
I’m sorry, I don’t agree/I have to disagree with you there
Well, actually, I’m not sure that that’s true
I don’t think that is exactly right
I wouldn’t agree that that’s the best solution
I have to say that I don’t find that argument very convincing
I can’t go along with that idea
I take/see your point, but I don’t think it would work in practice
Actually, I think that would make the situation worse
Actually,I’m not sure that’s the best plan
I understand where you’re coming from, but I think we might want to take a different approach here
I can see why you might feel that way, but I think we need to handle this differently
2[I] if statements or reports disagree, they give differ-ent informationagree
disaˈgree with sbif sth, especially food, disagrees with you, it has a bad effect on you and makes you feel ill/
sick disaˈgree with sth/with doing sthto believe that sth is bad or wrong; to disapprove of sth: I disagree with violent protests
dis·agree·able /ˌdɪsəˈɡriːəbl/ adj (formal)1not nice or enjoyableunpleasant: a disagreeable smell/experi-ence/job2(of a person) rude and unfriendly
unpleasant: a disagreeable bad-tempered man
agreeabledis·agree·ably/‑əbli/ adv
dis · agree · ment /ˌdɪsəˈɡriːmənt/ noun1[U, C] a situation where people have different opinions about sth and often argue:~(about/on/over/as to sth) Disagree-ment arose about exactly how to plan the show. disagree-ment on the method to be usedThere is considerable disagreement over the safety of the treatment ~ (between A and B) It was a source of disagreement between the two states.~(among …) There is
disagree-ment among archaeologists as to the age of the sculpture
~(with sb) They have had several disagreements with their neighbours.agreement2[U, C]~between A and B a difference between two things that should be the same: The comparison shows considerable disagreement between theory and practice
dis·allow/ˌdɪsəˈlaʊ/ verb ~sth [often passive] (formal) to officially refuse to accept sth because it is not valid: to disallow a claim/an appealThe second goal was dis-allowed.COMPARE ALLOW(6)
dis·am·bigu·ate/ˌdɪsæmˈbɪɡjueɪt/ verb ~sth (specialist) to show clearly the difference between two or more words, phrases, etc which are similar in meaning
dis · ap · pear /ˌdɪsəˈpɪə(r); NAmE ‑ˈpɪr/ verb1[I]
(+ adv./prep.) to become impossible to seevanish:
The plane disappeared behind a cloud.Lisa watched until the traindisappeared from view.2[I] to stop exist-ing vanish: Her nervousness quickly disappeared once she was on stage.The problem won’t just disappear
Our countryside is disappearing at an alarming rate
3[I] to be lost or impossible to findvanish: I can never find a pen in this house They disappear as soon as I buy them.~from sth The child disappeared from his home some time after four.dis·ap·pear·ance/‑ˈpɪərəns;
NAmE ‑ˈpɪr‑/ noun [U, C]: the disappearance of many species
of plants and animals from our planetPolice are investi-gating the disappearance of a young woman. SEE ACT
n.,FACEn
dis · ap · point /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪnt/ verb1[T, I]~(sb)(it disappoints sb that …) to make sb feel sad because sth that they hope for or expect to happen does not happen or
is not as good as they hoped: Her decision to cancel the concert is bound to disappoint her fans.I hate to disap-point you, but I’m just not interested.The movie had dis-appointed her(= it wasn’t as good as she had expected)
His latest novel does not disappoint.2[T]~sth to pre-vent sth that sb hopes for from becoming a reality: The new government had soon disappointed the hopes of many
of its supporters
dis · ap · point · ed /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd/ adj upset because sth you hoped for has not happened or been as good, successful, etc as you expected:~(at/by sth) They werebitterly disappointed at the result of the game.I was disappointed by the quality of the wine.~(in/with sb/sth) I’m disappointed in you—I really thought I could trust you!
I was very disappointed with myself.~(to see, hear, etc.) He was disappointed to see she wasn’t at the party
~(that …) I’m disappointed (that) it was sold out.~(not)
to be … She was disappointed not to be chosen
dis · ap · point · ing /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪŋ/ adj not as good, successful, etc as you had hoped; making you feel disappointed: a disappointing result/performance The outcome of the court case was disappointing for the family involved.dis·ap·point·ing·lyadv.: The room was disap-pointingly small
dis · ap · point · ment /ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntmənt/ noun
1[U] sadness because sth has not happened or been as good, successful, etc as you expected or hoped: Book early for the show to avoid disappointment.To our great disappointment, it rained every day of the trip.He found it difficult to hide his disappointment when she didn’t arrive
2[C] a person or thing that is disappointing: a bitter/
major disappointmentThat new restaurant was a big dis-appointment.~to sb I always felt I was a disappointment
to my father
dis·ap·pro·ba·tion/ˌdɪsˌæprəˈbeɪʃn/ noun [U] (formal) dis-approval of sb/sth that you think is morally wrong
dis · ap · proval /ˌdɪsəˈpruːvl/ noun [U] ~(of sb/
sth) a feeling that you do not like an idea, an action or sb’s behaviour because you think it is bad, not suitable or going to have a bad effect on sb else: disapproval of his methodsto show/express disapprovalHe shook his
s see | t tea | v van | w wet | z zoo | ʃ shoe | ʒ vision | tʃ chain | dʒ jam | θ thin | ð this | ŋ sing
D
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433 disapproval
mor·tar/ˈmɔːtə(r); NAmE ˈmɔːrt‑/ noun, verb
noun1[U] a mixture of sand, water,LIMEandCEMENT
used in building for holding bricks and stones together
2[C] a heavy gun that fires bombs andSHELLShigh into the air; the bombs that are fired by this gun: to come under mortar fire/attack3[C] a small hard bowl in which you can crush substances such as seeds and grains into pow-der with a special object (called aPESTLE)VISUAL VOCAB PAGESV23,V55 SEE BRICK
verb [I, T] ~(sb/sth) to attack sb/sth using a mortar
ˈmortar boardnoun a black hat with a stiff square top, worn by some university teachers and students at special ceremoniesVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV53COMPARE CAP mort·gage/ˈmɔːɡɪdʒ; NAmE ˈmɔːrɡ‑/ noun, verb
noun (also informalˌhome ˈloan) a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization lends you money to buy a house, etc., and you pay the money back over a particular number of years; the sum of money that you borrow: to apply for/take out/pay off a mortgage mort-gage rates(= of interest)a mortgage on the housea mortgage of £60000 monthly mortgage payments
WORDFINDER NOTE AT HOME,LOAN COLLOCATIONS AT
HOUSE
verb ~sth to give a bank, etc the legal right to own your house, land, etc if you do not pay the money back that you have borrowed from the bank to buy the house or land: He had to mortgage his house to pay his legal costs.MORE LIKE THIS20,pageR15
ˈmortgage bondnoun (SAfrE) =BOND mort·ga·gee/ˌmɔːɡɪˈdʒiː; NAmE ˌmɔːrɡ‑/ noun (specialist) a person or an organization that lends money to people to buy houses, etc
mort·ga·gor/ˈmɔːɡɪdʒɔː(r); NAmE ˈmɔːrɡ‑/ noun (specialist)
a person who borrows money from a bank or a similar organization to buy a house, etc
mor·ti·cian /mɔːˈtɪʃn; NAmE mɔːrˈt‑/ noun (NAmE) =
UNDERTAKER mor·tify/ˈmɔːtɪfaɪ; NAmE ˈmɔːrt‑/ verb (mor·ti·fies, mor·ti-fy·ing,mor·ti·fied,mor·ti·fied) [usually passive] ~sb (to do sth)it mortifies sb that … to make sb feel very ashamed
or embarrassedhumiliate: She was mortified to real-ize he had heard every word she said.mor·ti·fi·ca·tion /ˌmɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn; NAmE ˌmɔːrt‑/ noun [U]mor·ti·fy·ingadj.:
How mortifying to have to apologize to him!
mor·tise(alsomor·tice) /ˈmɔːtɪs; NAmE ˈmɔːrtɪs/ noun (spe-cialist) a hole cut in a piece of wood, etc to receive the end
of another piece of wood, so that the two are held together
SEE ALSO TENON ˈmortise locknoun a lock that is fitted inside a hole cut into the edge of a door, not one that is screwed into the surface of one side
mor·tu·ary/ˈmɔːtʃəri; NAmE ˈmɔːrtʃueri/ noun (pl.-ies)1a room or building, for example part of a hospital, in which dead bodies are kept before they are buried orCREMATED
(= burned)2(NAmE) = FUNERAL PARLOUR COMPARE
MORGUE mo·saic/məʊˈzeɪɪk; NAmE moʊ‑/ noun [C, U] a picture or pattern made by placing together small pieces of glass, stone, etc of different colours: a Roman mosaica design
in mosaicmosaic tiles(figurative) A mosaic of fields, rivers and woods lay below us
Moses basket/ˈməʊzɪz bɑːskɪt; NAmE ˈmoʊzɪz bæskɪt/
(BrE)(NAmEbas·sinet) noun aBASKETfor a small baby to sleep in
mosey/ˈməʊzi; NAmE ˈmoʊzi/ verb [I] + adv./prep (infor-mal) to go in a particular direction slowly and with no def-inite purpose: He moseyed on over to the bar
mosh/mɒʃ; NAmE mɑːʃ/ verb [I] to dance and jump up and down violently or without control at a concert where rock music is played
ˈmosh pitnoun the place, just in front of the stage, where the audience at a concert of rock music dances and jumps
up and down
Mos·lem/ˈmɒzləm; NAmE ˈmɑːz‑/ noun = MUSLIM Mos-lemadj = MUSLIM The formMoslem is sometimes considered old-fashioned UseMuslim
mosque/mɒsk; NAmE mɑːsk/ noun a building in which Muslims worship
mos·quito/məˈskiːtəʊ; NAmE ‑toʊ; BrE also mɒs‑/ noun (pl -oesor-os) a flying insect that bites humans and animals and sucks their blood One type of mosquito can spread the diseaseMALARIA: a mosquito biteVISUAL VOCAB PAGE
V11
mosˈquito netnoun a net that you hang over a bed, etc
to keep mosquitoes away from you
moss/mɒs; NAmE mɔːs/ noun [U, C] a very small green or yellow plant without flowers that spreads over damp sur-faces, rocks, trees, etc: moss-covered wallsVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV9COMPARE LICHENSEE ALSOSPANISH MOSS
SEE ROLLv
mossy/ˈmɒsi; NAmE ˈmɔːsi/ adj covered with moss
most /məʊst; NAmE moʊst/ det., pron., adv
det., pron (used as the superlative of ‘much’, ‘a lot of’,
‘many’)1the largest in number or amount: Who do you think will get (the) most votes?She had the most money of all of them.I spent most time on the first question.Who ate the most?The director has the most to lose.The can be left out in informal BrE.2more than half of sb/ sth; almost all of sb/sth: I like most vegetables.Most classical music sends me to sleep.As most of you know, I’ve decided to resign.Most of the people I had invited turned up.There are thousands of verbs in English and most (of them) are regular.The is not used with most
in this meaning
at (the)ˈmostnot more than: As a news item it merits
a short paragraph at most.There were 50 people there, at the very most
adv.1used to form the superlative of adjectives and adverbs of two or more syllables: the most boring/beauti-ful partIt was the people with the least money who gave most generously.Whenmost is followed only by an adverb,the is not used: This reason is mentioned most fre-quently, but: This is the most frequently mentioned reason
2to the greatest degree: What did you enjoy (the) most?
It was what she wanted most of all.The is often left out in informal English.3(formal) very; extremely; com-pletely: It was most kind of you to meet me.We shall most probably never meet again.This technique looks easy, but it most certainly is not.4(NAmE, informal) almost: I go
to the store most every day
-mostsuffix (in adjectives) the furthest: inmost (= the fur-thest in)southernmosttopmost(= the furthest up/ nearest to the top)MORE LIKE THIS7,pageR14
ˌmost favoured ˈnation noun a country to which another country allows the most advantages in trade, because they have a good relationship
most · ly /ˈməʊstli; NAmE ˈmoʊ‑/ adv mainly; gener-ally: The sauce is mostly cream.We’re mostly out on Sundays
MOT/ˌem əʊ ˈtiː; NAmE oʊ/ (alsoMOT test) noun the abbre-viation for ‘Ministry of Transport’ (a test that any vehicle
in Britain over three years old must take in order to make sure that it is safe and in good condition): I’ve got to take the car in for its MOT.to pass/fail the MOT
mote/məʊt; NAmE moʊt/ noun (old-fashioned) a very small piece of dustspeck
motel/məʊˈtel; NAmE moʊ‑/ (alsoˈmotor lodge) (NAmE alsoˈmotor inn) noun a hotel for people who are travelling
by car, with space for parking cars near the roomsMORE LIKE THIS1,pageR14
motet/məʊˈtet; NAmE moʊ‑/ noun a short piece of church music, usually for voices onlyCOMPARE CANTATA moth/mɒθ; NAmE mɔːθ/ noun a flying insect with a long thin body and four large wings, like aBUTTERFLY, but less brightly coloured Moths fly mainly at night and are attracted to bright lights.VISUAL VOCAB PAGEV11
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different kinds of wine: a bottle of winea glass of dry/
sweet winered/rosé/white winesparkling wineSEE ALSO TABLE WINE2 [U, C]an alcoholic drink made from plants or fruits other thanGRAPES: elderberry/rice wine
3 [U] (alsowineˈred)a dark red colourMORE LIKE THIS
15,pageR15
verb
ˌwine and ˈdine (sb) to go to restaurants, etc and enjoy good food and drink; to entertain sb by buying them good food and drink: The firm spent thousands wining and dining potential clients.MORE LIKE THIS12,pageR15
ˈwine barnouna bar or small restaurant where wine is the main drink available
ˈwine cellar (alsocel·lar) noun an underground room where wine is stored; the wine stored in this room
ˌwineˈcoolernoun1 (NAmE)a drink made with wine, fruit juice, ice andSODA WATER2ˈwine coolera container for putting a bottle of wine in to cool it
ˈwine farm noun (SAfrE)aVINEYARD(= a place where
GRAPESare grown for making wine)
ˈwine glassnouna glass for drinking wine fromVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV19
wine·grow·er/ˈwaɪnɡrəʊə(r);NAmE ‑ɡroʊ‑/ nouna per-son who growsGRAPESfor wine
ˈwine gumnoun (BrE)a small fruit-flavoured sweet/candy
ˈwine listnouna list of wines available in a restaurant
COLLOCATIONS AT RESTAURANT wine·maker/ˈwaɪnmeɪkə(r)/ nouna person who produces winewine·mak·ing/ˈwaɪnmeɪkɪŋ/ noun [U]
win·ery/ˈwaɪnəri/ noun (pl.-ies) (especially NAmE)a place where wine is madeCOMPARE VINEYARD
ˌwineˈvinegar noun [U]VINEGARwhich is made from wine rather than from grain or apples
wing /wɪŋ/ noun, verb
noun
OF BIRD/ INSECT1[C]one of the parts of the body of a bird, insect orBATthat it uses for flying: The swan flapped its wings noisily.wing feathersVISUAL VOCAB PAGESV10, V11
OF PLANE2[C]one of the large flat parts that stick out from the side of a plane and help to keep it in the air when
it is flyingVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV43
OF BUILDING3 [C]one of the parts of a large building that sticks out from the main part: the east wingthe new wing of the hospital
OF CAR4 (BrE) (NAmEfend·er) [C]a part of a car that is above a wheel: There was a dent in the nearside wing
VISUAL VOCAB PAGEV42
OF ORGANIZATION5 [C]one section of an organization that has a particular function or whose members share the same opinionsarm: the radical wing of the party
the political wing of the National Resistance ArmySEE ALSO LEFT WING,RIGHT WING
IN FOOTBALL/ HOCKEY6 [C]=WINGERSEE ALSO LEFT WING,
RIGHT WING7 [C]the far left or right side of the sports field: He plays on the wing
IN THEATRE8the wings[pl.]the area at either side of the stage that cannot be seen by the audienceWORDFINDER NOTE AT STAGE
get yourˈwingsto pass the exams that mean you are allowed to fly a plane (waiting) in theˈwings ready to take over a particular job or be used in a particular situ-ation when neededon aˌwing and a ˈprayerwith only a very slight chance of successon theˈwing(literary) (of a bird, insect, etc.)flyingtake sb under yourˈwingto take care of and help sb who has less experience of sth than you takeˈwing (literary) (of a bird, insect, etc.) to fly away:(figurative)Her imagination took wing.MORE AT CLIP
v.,SPREADv
verb
FLY1 [T, I] ~(its way) + adv./prep (literary)to fly some-where: A solitary seagull winged its way across the bay
GO QUICKLY2 [T] ~its way + adv./prep.to be sent some-where very quickly: An application form will be winging its way to you soon
ˈwing it(informal)to do sth without planning or pre-paring it firstimprovise: I didn’t know I’d have to make a speech—I just had to wing it
ˈwing backnoun (in football (SOCCER)a player who plays near the edge of the field and who both attacks and defends
ˈwing chairnouna comfortable chair that has a high back with pieces pointing forwards at the sides
ˌwingˈcollarnouna high stiff shirtCOLLARfor men, worn with formal clothes
ˈwing commandernounan officer of high rank in the BritishAIR FORCE: Wing Commander Brian Moore
wing·ding/ˈwɪŋdɪŋ/ noun (old-fashioned, NAmE, informal)a party
winged/wɪŋd/ adj 1having wings: winged insects
wingless2-winged(in adjectives)having the number or type of wings mentioned: a long-winged bird
wing·er /ˈwɪŋə(r)/ noun (alsowing) (sport)either of the attacking players who play towards the side of the playing area in sports such as football(SOCCER)orHOCKEY wing·less /ˈwɪŋləs/ adj (especially of insects)without wingswinged
ˈwing mirror(BrE)(NAmEˈside-view mirror) nouna mir-ror that sticks out from the side of a vehicle and allows the driver to see behind the vehicleVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV42
ˈwing nutnounaNUT(2) for holding things in place, which has parts that stick out at the sides so that you can turn it easily
wing·span/ˈwɪŋspæn/ nounthe distance between the end
of one wing and the end of the other when the wings are fully stretched: a bird with a two-foot wingspan
wing·tips/ˈwɪŋtɪps/ noun [pl.] (NAmE)strong leather shoes that fasten withLACESand have an extra piece of leather with small holes in it over the toe
wink/wɪŋk/ verb, noun
verb1 [I] ~(at sb)to close one eye and open it again
quick-ly, especially as a private signal to sb, or to show sth is a joke: He winked at her and she knew he was thinking the same thing that she was.COMPARE BLINK2 [I]to shine with an unsteady light; to flash on and offblink: We could see the lights of the ship winking in the distance
ˈwink at sthto pretend that you have not noticed sth, especially sth bad or illegal
nounan act of winking, especially as a signal to sb: He gave her a knowing wink.SEE ALSO FORTY WINKS
not get/have aˈwink of sleepnot sleep aˈwinkto not be able to sleep: I didn’t get a wink of sleep last night
I hardly slept a wink.MORE AT NODn.,NUDGEn.,TIPv
win·kle/ˈwɪŋkl/ noun, verb
noun (BrE) (alsoperi·win·kleNAmE, BrE)a smallSHELLFISH, like aSNAIL, that can be eaten
verb (BrE, informal)
ˌwinkle sth/sb↔ˈout (of sth)to get sth/sb out of a place or position, especially when this is not easy to do
ˌwinkle sth ˈout of sbto get information from sb, espe-cially with difficultyextract: She always manages to winkle secrets out of people
Win·ne·bago™/ˌwɪnɪˈbeɪɡəʊ;NAmE ‑ɡoʊ/ noun (NAmE) (pl.Win·ne·bagoor-os)a large vehicle designed for people
to live and sleep in when they are camping; a type ofRV
win · ner /ˈwɪnə(r)/ noun 1a person, a team, an animal, etc that wins sth: The winners of the competition will be announced next month.There are no winners in a divorce(= everyone suffers).WORDFINDER NOTE AT COM-PETITION2 [usually sing.] (informal)a thing or person that is successful or likely to be successful: I think your idea is a winner.The design is very good We could be onto a win-ner(= we may do or produce sth successful).3 [sing.]
(sport)a goal or point that causes a team or a person to win a game: Rooney scored the winner after 20 minutes
COMPARE LOSER SEE PICKv
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once only, not every year)on some industries.2a fruit,
especially an apple, that the wind has blown down from a
tree
wind farm/ˈwɪnd fɑːm;NAmEfɑːrm/ nounan area of land
on which there are a lot ofWINDMILLSorWIND TURBINES
for producing electricityWORDFINDER NOTE AT ENERGY
COLLOCATIONS AT ENVIRONMENT
wind gauge/ˈwɪnd ɡeɪdʒ/ noun=ANEMOMETER
the Win·dies/ˈwɪndɪz;‑diːz/ noun [pl.] (informal)the West
IndianCRICKETteam
wind·ing/ˈwaɪndɪŋ/ adj.having a curving and twisting
shape: a long and winding road
winding-down/ˌwaɪndɪŋ ˈdaʊn/ noun=WIND DOWN
winding sheet/ˈwaɪndɪŋ ʃiːt/ noun (especially in the
past)a piece of cloth that a dead person’s body was
wrapped in before it was buriedshroud
wind instrument/ˈwɪnd ɪnstrəmənt/ nounany musical
instrument that you play by blowingCOMPARE BRASS,
WOODWIND
wind·lass/ˈwɪndləs/ nouna type ofWINCH(= a machine
for lifting or pulling heavy objects)
wind·less/ˈwɪndləs/ adj (formal)without wind: a windless
daywindy
wind machine/ˈwɪnd məʃiːn/ noun 1a machine used in
the theatre or in films/movies that blows air to give the
effect of wind2a machine used inORCHESTRASto
pro-duce the sound of wind
wind·mill/ˈwɪndmɪl/ noun 1a building with machinery
forGRINDINGgrain into flour that is driven by the power
of the wind turning long arms(calledSAILS)VISUAL VOCAB
PAGEV32a tall thin structure with parts that turn round,
used to change the power of the wind into electricity
3 (BrE) (NAmEpin·wheel)a toy with curved plastic parts
that form the shape of a flower which turns round on the
end of a stick when you blow on it SEE TILTv
win · dow /ˈwɪndəʊ;NAmEˈwɪndoʊ/ noun 1an
opening in the wall or roof of a building, car, etc., usually
covered with glass, that allows light and air to come in and
people to see out; the glass in a window: She looked out of
the window.to open/close the windowthe bedroom/car/
kitchen, etc windowa broken windowVISUAL VOCAB
PAGESV15, V42SEE ALSO BAY WINDOW,DORMER WINDOW,
FRENCH WINDOW,PICTURE WINDOW,ROSE WINDOW,SASH
WINDOW2 SHOP WINDOW: I saw the dress I wanted in
the window.a window display3an area within a frame
on a computer screen, in which a particular program is
operating or in which information of a particular type is
shown: to create/open a windowVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV56
4a small area of sth that you can see through, for
example to talk to sb or read sth on the other side: There
was a long line of people at the box-office window.The
address must be clearly visible through the window of the
envelope.5 [sing.] ~on/into stha way of seeing and
learning about sth: Television is a sort of window on the
world.It gave me an intriguing window into the way
people live.6a time when there is an opportunity to do
sth, although it may not last long: We now have a small
window of opportunity in which to make our views known
fly/go out (of) theˈwindow(informal)to stop existing;
to disappear completely: As soon as the kids arrived, order
went out of the window
ˈwindow boxnouna long narrow box outside a window,
in which plants are grownVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV15
ˈwindow cleanernouna person whose job is to clean
windows
ˈwindow dressing noun [U]1the art of arranging
goods in shop/store windows in an attractive way2
(dis-approving)the fact of doing or saying sth in a way that
creates a good impression but does not show the real
facts: The reforms are seen as window dressing
ˈwindow ledgenoun=WINDOWSILL
win·dow·less/ˈwɪndəʊləs;NAmE ‑doʊ‑/ adj.without win-dows: a tiny, windowless cell
win·dow·pane/ˈwɪndəʊpeɪn;NAmE ‑doʊ‑/ nouna piece
of glass in a windowVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV15
ˈwindow shadenoun (NAmE)=BLIND
ˈwindow-shoppingnoun [U]the activity of looking at the goods in shop/store windows, usually without intend-ing to buy anythintend-ing: to go window-shoppintend-ing COLLOCA-TIONS AT SHOPPING
win·dow·sill/ˈwɪndəʊsɪl;NAmEˈwɪndoʊ‑/ (alsosill, ˈwin-dow ledge) nouna narrow shelf below a window, either inside or outside: Place the plants on a sunny windowsill
VISUAL VOCAB PAGEV15
wind·pipe/ˈwɪndpaɪp/ nounthe tube in the throat that carries air to the lungstracheaVISUAL VOCAB PAGE
V48
wind·screen/ˈwɪndskriːn/ (BrE) (NAmEwind·shield) noun the window across the front of a vehicleCOLLOCATIONS
AT DRIVINGVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV42
ˈwindscreen wiper(BrE)(NAmEˈwindshield wiper) (also wiperBrE, NAmE) nouna blade with a rubber edge that moves across a windscreen to make it clear of rain, snow, etc.VISUAL VOCAB PAGEV42
wind·shield /ˈwɪndʃiːld/ noun 1 (NAmE) (BrE wind-screen)the window across the front of a vehicleVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV422a glass or plastic screen that provides protection from the wind, for example at the front of a motorcycle
wind·sock/ˈwɪndsɒk;NAmE ‑sɑːk/ nouna tube made of soft material, open at both ends, that hangs at the top of a pole, to show the direction of the wind
wind·storm/ˈwɪndstɔːm;NAmE ‑stɔːrm/ noun (NAmE)a storm where there is very strong wind but little rain or snow
wind·surf·er/ˈwɪndsɜːfə(r);NAmE ‑sɜːrf‑/ noun 1 (also sail-boardBrE, NAmE)a long narrow board with a sail, that you stand on and sail across water on2a person on a windsurfer
wind·surf·ing/ˈwɪndsɜːfɪŋ;NAmE ‑sɜːrf‑/ (also board·sail-ing) noun [U]the sport of sailing on water standing on a windsurfer: to go windsurfingVISUAL VOCAB PAGE V40
wind·surfverb [I]: Most visitors come to sail or windsurf
wind·swept /ˈwɪndswept/ adj 1 (of a place) having strong winds and little protection from them: the wind-swept Atlantic coast2looking as though you have been
in a strong wind: windswept hair
wind tunnel/ˈwɪnd tʌnl/ nouna large tunnel where air-craft, etc are tested by forcing air past them
wind turbine/ˈwɪnd tɜːbaɪn;NAmEtɜːrb‑/ nouna type of modernWINDMILLused for producing electricityVISUAL VOCAB PAGEV7
wind-up/ˈwaɪnd ʌp/ adj., noun
adj [only before noun]1that you operate by turning a key
or handle: an old-fashioned wind-up gramophone2
intend-ed to bring sth to an end: a wind-up speech
noun (BrE, informal)something that sb says or does in order
to be deliberately annoying, especially as a joke
wind·ward/ˈwɪndwəd;NAmE ‑wərd/ adj., noun
adj.on the side of sth from which the wind is blowing: the windward side of the boatleewardSEE ALSO LEE
wind·wardadv.leeward
noun [U]the side or direction from which the wind is blowing: to sail to windwardCOMPARE LEEWARD windy /ˈwɪndi/ adj (wind·ier,windi·est)1 (of weather, etc.)with a lot of wind: a windy daywindless2 (of
a place)getting a lot of wind: windy hills3 (informal, disap-proving) (of speech)involving speaking for longer than necessary and in a way that is complicated and not clear
theˌWindyˈCitynoun [sing.]a name for the US city of Chicago
wine /waɪn/ noun, verb
noun1[U, C]an alcoholic drink made from the juice of
GRAPESthat has been left toFERMENT There are many
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© Oxford University Press
Trang 3In an active sentence, the subject is the
person or thing that performs the action:
▶ Masked thieves stole a valuable painting
from the museum last night.
When you make this into a passive sentence,
the object of the verb becomes the subject:
▶ A valuable painting was stolen from the
museum last night.
The passive is formed with the auxiliary
verb be and the past participle of the verb:
▶ The painting is valued at 2 million dollars.
▶ The lock had been broken and the cameras
had been switched off.
▶ Other museums have been warned to take
extra care.
▶ Staff at the museum will be questioned
by police tomorrow.
▶ Museum security is to be improved.
Use the passive:
■ when you do not know who performed the action, or when this information is not important It is common in formal writing, for example scientific writing:
▶ The liquid is heated to 60o and then filtered.
NOTE If you want to mention who
performed the action, you use by at the end
of the sentence:
▶ The theft is being investigated by the police.
■ when you want to save new or important information until the end of the sentence for emphasis:
▶ The picture was painted by Constable.
It is possible to put a verb that has two objects into the passive:
▶ ( active ) The director told the staff the
news this morning.
▶ (passive) The staff were told the news
this morning by the director.
Some verbs cannot be used in the passive, and this is shown at the entries.
Sentences with if are used to express possibilities:
First conditional
if clause present tense;
main clause future tense
used to talk about the consequence of a
possible action:
▶ If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have
time to go out tonight ( it is still morning,
and it is quite possible that I will do this )
Second conditional
if clause past simple;
main clause conditional tense
used to talk about the consequences of a
hypothetical action:
▶ If I wrote my essay this afternoon,
I would have time to go out tonight
( it is still morning, but I think it is less likely
that I will do this )
Third conditional
if clause past perfect;
main clause conditional perfect tense
used to talk about the possible consequence
of an action that did not happen:
▶ If I had written my essay this afternoon,
I would have had time to go out tonight
( it is now evening, and I haven’t written my essay: it is now impossible for me to go out )
Zero conditional
Sometimes sentences with if express certainty
rather than possibility The zero conditional
is used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in the past:
▶ If you mix blue and red, you get purple
( present simple in both parts of the sentence )
▶ If I asked her to come with us, she always said
no ( past simple in both parts of the sentence)
The passive
© Oxford University Press
Trang 4Irregular verbs
*abode *abode
besought besought
bid2 bade, bid bidden, bid
buy bought bought
*clove *cloven
(NAmE also dove)
fit fitted fitted
(NAmE usually fit) (NAmE usually fit)
fly flew, *flied flown, *flied
get got got (NAmE, spoken
go went gone, *been
hew hewed hewed, hewn
(NAmE also (NAmE also
kneeled) kneeled)
(BrE also leant) (BrE also leant)
Irregular verbs
This appendix lists all the verbs with irregular forms that are included
in the dictionary, except for those formed with a hyphenated prefix
and the modal verbs (e.g can, must) Irregular forms that are only
used in certain senses are marked with an asterisk (e.g *abode)
Full information on usage, pronunciation, etc is given at the entry.
Trang 5© Oxford University Press
misspelt misspelt
mow mowed mown, mowed
narrowcasted narrowcasted
(NAmE also pled) (NAmE also pled)
especially in NAmE)
(BrE also quitted) (BrE also quitted)
ring2 rang rung
sew sewed sewn, sewed
(BrE also shitted) (BrE also shitted)
(BrE also smelt) (BrE also smelt)
sow sowed sown, sowed
(BrE also spilt) (BrE also spilt)
especially in NAmE) especially in NAmE)
(BrE also spoilt) (BrE also spoilt)
*spotlighted *spotlighted
(NAmE also sprung)
(NAmE also stricken)
Trang 6© Oxford University Press
wed wedded, wed wedded, wed
wet wet, wetted wet, wetted
Full Short Negative
be present tense
I am I’m I’m not
you are you’re you aren’t / you’re not
he is he’s he isn’t / he’s not
she is she’s she isn’t / she’s not
it is it’s it isn’t / it’s not
we are we’re we aren’t / we’re not
you are you’re you aren’t / you’re not
they are they’re they aren’t / they’re not
be past tense
I was — I wasn’t
you were — you weren’t
he was — he wasn’t
she was — she wasn’t
it was — it wasn’t
we were — we weren’t
you were — you weren’t
they were — they weren’t
have present tense
I have I’ve I haven’t / I’ve not
you have you’ve you haven’t / you’ve not
he has he’s he hasn’t / he’s not
she has she’s she hasn’t / she’s not
it has it’s it hasn’t / it’s not
we have we’ve we haven’t / we’ve not
you have you’ve you haven’t / you’ve not
they have they’ve they haven’t / they’ve not
have past tense (all persons)
had I’d hadn’t
etc
do present tense
I do — I don’t
you do — you don’t
he does — he doesn’t
she does — she doesn’t
it does — it doesn’t
we do — we don’t
you do — you don’t
they do — they don’t
do past tense (all persons)
did — didn’t
be, do, have
■ The negative full forms are formed by
adding not.
■ Questions in the present and past are formed
by placing the verb before the subject:
▶am I? isn’t he? was I? weren’t we?
do I? don’t you? did I? didn’t I?
have I? hadn’t they? etc.
■ Questions using the negative full form are more formal:
▶has he not? do you not? etc.
■ The short negative question form for
I am is aren’t:
▶aren’t I?
■ When do or have is used as a main verb,
questions and negative statements can
be formed with do/does/doesn’t and did/
didn’t:
▶How did you do it?
▶I don’t do any teaching now
▶Do you have any money on you?
▶We didn’t have much time.
■ The short forms ’ve, ’s and ’d are not usually
used when have is a main verb:
▶I have a shower every morning.
j not I’ve a shower every morning.
■ The short form ’s can be added to other
subjects:
▶Sally’s ill The car’s been damaged.
■ The other tenses of be, do and have
are formed in the same way as those
of other verbs:
▶will be would be has been will do would do has done will have would have have had; etc.
■ The pronunciation of each form of be,
do and have is given at its entry in the
dictionary.
Trang 7Modal verbs
Modal verbs
Ability
can • could • be able to
▶Can he swim?
▶My brother could swim when he was two.
▶I couldn’t find my keys this morning.
▶I could have run faster, but I didn’t
want the others to get tired.
▶She has not been able to walk since
the accident.
▶He was able to speak to Ann before she left.
▶Will people be able to live on the moon
one day, do you think?
Possibility
could • may • might • can
▶Could / Might you have lost it on the
way home?
▶She may / might / could be ill I’ll phone her.
▶I may have / might have left my purse
in the shop.
▶Amy might / may know the answer.
▶I might / may not go if I’m tired.
▶He might have enjoyed the party if he’d gone.
▶It can get very cold in here at night.
Permission
can • could • may
▶Can we come in?
▶Could we possibly stay at your flat?
▶Staff may take their break between
12 and 2 (written)
▶May I sit here? (formal)
Prohibition
must not • may not • cannot
▶You mustn’t tell her anything.
▶You can’t get up until you’re better.
▶Crockery may not be taken out of the
canteen (written )
▶You must not begin until I tell you ( formal )
Obligation
have (got) to • must
▶All visitors must report to reception on arrival
( written )
▶I must get that report finished today.
▶Do you have to write your name on the form?
▶She had to throw the burnt cake away.
▶You will have to wait, I’m afraid.
No necessity
don’t have to • shouldn’t have •
didn’t need to • needn’t have
▶You don’t have to pick us up – we can
take a taxi.
▶They didn’t have to go through customs.
▶You shouldn’t have bothered making lunch –
we could have bought a sandwich.
▶He didn’t need to have any fillings at the
dentist’s.
▶They needn’t have waited.
Advice and criticism
ought to • should
▶Ought we to / Should we write and thank him?
▶She ought to / should go out more often.
▶You ought to have / should have gone to
bed earlier.
▶You shouldn’t borrow the car without asking.
▶I ought to / should go on a diet.
▶I ought to have / should have asked her first.
Assumptions and deductions
will • should • must • can’t
▶That will be James – he’s often early.
▶The book should be interesting.
▶There must be a leak
▶You must have dialled the wrong number.
▶You can’t have finished already!
Requests
can • could • will • would
▶Can you pass me the dictionary?
▶Could you help me with my translation?
▶Will you buy me an ice cream, Mum?
▶Would you type this letter for me, please?
NOTE Could and would are more formal than can and will.
Offers and suggestions
shall • will
▶Shall I do the washing-up?
▶Shall we go now?
▶I’ll take you to the airport.
➔For more information about modal verbs, look at the notes at the entries for CAN, MODAL, MUST, NEED and SHOULD.
© Oxford University Press
Trang 8In an active sentence, the subject is the
person or thing that performs the action:
▶ Masked thieves stole a valuable painting
from the museum last night.
When you make this into a passive sentence,
the object of the verb becomes the subject:
▶ A valuable painting was stolen from the
museum last night.
The passive is formed with the auxiliary
verb be and the past participle of the verb:
▶ The painting is valued at 2 million dollars.
▶ The lock had been broken and the cameras
had been switched off.
▶ Other museums have been warned to take
extra care.
▶ Staff at the museum will be questioned
by police tomorrow.
▶ Museum security is to be improved.
Use the passive:
■ when you do not know who performed the action, or when this information is not important It is common in formal writing, for example scientific writing:
▶ The liquid is heated to 60o and then filtered.
NOTE If you want to mention who
performed the action, you use by at the end
of the sentence:
▶ The theft is being investigated by the police.
■ when you want to save new or important information until the end of the sentence for emphasis:
▶ The picture was painted by Constable.
It is possible to put a verb that has two objects into the passive:
▶ ( active ) The director told the staff the
news this morning.
▶ (passive) The staff were told the news
this morning by the director.
Some verbs cannot be used in the passive, and this is shown at the entries.
Sentences with if are used to express possibilities:
First conditional
if clause present tense;
main clause future tense
used to talk about the consequence of a
possible action:
▶ If I write my essay this afternoon, I will have
time to go out tonight ( it is still morning,
and it is quite possible that I will do this )
Second conditional
if clause past simple;
main clause conditional tense
used to talk about the consequences of a
hypothetical action:
▶ If I wrote my essay this afternoon,
I would have time to go out tonight
( it is still morning, but I think it is less likely
that I will do this )
Third conditional
if clause past perfect;
main clause conditional perfect tense
used to talk about the possible consequence
of an action that did not happen:
▶ If I had written my essay this afternoon,
I would have had time to go out tonight
( it is now evening, and I haven’t written my essay: it is now impossible for me to go out )
Zero conditional
Sometimes sentences with if express certainty
rather than possibility The zero conditional
is used to talk about something that is always true, or that was always true in the past:
▶ If you mix blue and red, you get purple
( present simple in both parts of the sentence )
▶ If I asked her to come with us, she always said
no ( past simple in both parts of the sentence)
The passive
© Oxford University Press
Trang 9Pronouns
Possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns
possessive possessive adjectives pronouns
his his
its
possessive adjectives agree with the owner, not the possession:
▶She went with her husband.
▶He was playing with his children.
Possessive pronouns are used without a following noun No article is used with them:
▶This is my mobile Where’s yours?
NOTE We do not say a my friend but
a friend of mine:
▶My mother told me that my new French
teacher is a friend of hers.
Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns
This and these are used with or without
nouns to talk about things that are close to the speaker They are usually used with nouns when talking about people:
▶ This boy is looking for his parents.
▶ This tastes delicious.
▶ These shoes are too tight.
▶ What do you think of these?
That and those are used with or without nouns
to talk about things that are further away from the speaker They are usually used with nouns when talking about people:
▶Who’s that man?
▶That smells terrible.
▶I love those shoes you’re wearing.
▶I’d rather have those than these.
They can also be used without nouns when you are identifying people:
▶ These are my children, Tom and Jenny.
▶ ‘Hello, is that Sam?’ ‘This is Alex.’
Personal pronouns
subject object
I me
he him
it it
we us
personal pronouns replace nouns:
▶Silvia is from Argentina She’s a student
I met her in Madrid.
Subject pronouns
subject pronouns are used mainly
as subjects before verbs:
▶I live in Valencia.
▶They are leaving tomorrow.
Object pronouns
object pronouns are used in most other cases:
■ after the verb to be:
▶Who’s there? It’s me.
■ in comparisons:
▶ She’s taller than him.
■ after prepositions:
▶They got there before us.
■ when they stand alone:
▶‘Who came first?’ ‘Me!’
Reflexive pronouns
myself ourselves
yourself yourselves
himself themselves
herself
itself
reflexive pronouns are used:
■ when you do something to yourself:
▶He hurt himself when he fell over.
▶Look at yourself in the mirror.
NOTE Many reflexive verbs do not have
the idea of doing something to yourself:
▶ Did you enjoy yourself?
▶ Behave yourself!
■ for emphasis:
▶I made it myself.
▶She told me the news herself.
© Oxford University Press
Trang 10Regular verbs
The simple tenses
■ The verb forms for I, you, we and they are the same.
■ The verb forms for he, she and it are the same.
The present simple
he looks does he look? he does not look (doesn’t look)
Regular verbs
■ When the verb ends in a consonant + -y, the
third person singular (he / she / it) is formed by
removing the -y and adding -ies (study – studies).
■ When the verb ends in -ch, -sh, -s, -x, -z
or -o, the third person singular is formed
by adding -es (watch – watches).
The past simple
I looked did I look? I did not look (didn’t look)
he looked did he look? he did not look (didn’t look)
■ When the verb ends in -e, the past simple
is formed by adding -d (care – cared).
■ When the verb ends in a consonant + -y,
the past simple is formed by removing the -y
and adding -ied (study – studied).
■ When the verb ends in one stressed vowel
and one consonant (except w or y), the past
simple is usually formed by doubling the
consonant and adding -ed (refer – referred) When the verb ends in -l it is doubled in
British English even if the vowel is not
stressed (travel – travelled (BrE ) / traveled
(NAmE ) (Exceptions to these rules are shown
at the verb entries.)
■ When the verb ends in -c, the past simple is formed by adding -ked (picnic – picnicked).
The present perfect have / has + past participle
I have looked (I’ve looked) have I looked? I have not looked (haven’t looked)
he has looked (he’s looked) has he looked? he has not looked (hasn’t looked)
The past perfect (pluperfect) had + past participle
I had looked (I’d looked) had I looked? I had not looked (hadn’t looked)
he had looked (he’d looked) had he looked? he had not looked (hadn’t looked)
The future simple will + infinitive
I will look (I’ll look) will I look? I will not look (won’t look)
he will look (he’ll look) will he look? he will not look (won’t look)
The future perfect will have + past participle
I will have looked will I have looked? I will not have looked (won’t have looked)
(I’ll have looked)
he will have looked will he have looked? he will not have looked (won’t have looked)
(he’ll have looked)
The conditional would + infinitive
I would look (I’d look) would I look? I would not look (wouldn’t look)
he would look (he’d look) would he look? he would not look (wouldn’t look)
The conditional perfect would have + past participle
I would have looked would I have looked? I would not have looked (wouldn’t have looked)
he would have looked would he have looked? he would not have looked (wouldn’t have looked)
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