Medical Terminology Instructor''s Edition

Skill 1 2 3 4 5 Defining common root terms used in the medical field Defining musculoskeletal system terms Defining integumentary system terms Defining digestive system terms Defining ca

Medical Terminology

Series Product Managers: Charles G Blum and Adam A Wilcox

Developmental Editor: Laurie Perry

Series Designer: Adam A Wilcox

COPYRIGHT © 2009 Axzo Press

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For more information, go to www.axzopress.com.

Trademarks

ILT Series is a trademark of Axzo Press

Some of the product names and company names used in this book have been used for identification purposes only and

may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective manufacturers and sellers

C o n t e n t s

Introduction iii

Topic A: About the manual iv

Topic B: Setting student expectations viii

Topic C: Classroom setup x

Topic D: Support xi

Topic A: Common root terms 1-2 Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms 1-12 Unit summary: Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1-21

Topic A: Integumentary system terms 2-2 Topic B: Digestive system terms 2-11 Unit summary: Integumentary and digestive terms 2-21

Topic A: Cardiovascular system terms 3-2 Topic B: Respiratory system terms 3-14 Unit summary: Cardiovascular and respiratory terms 3-25

Topic A: Urinary system terms 4-2 Topic B: Reproductive system terms 4-12 Unit summary: Urinary and reproductive terms 4-23

Topic A: Neurosensory system terms 5-2 Topic B: Review of root terms 5-13 Unit summary: Neurosensory terms and root-term review 5-28

Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes A through C 6-2 Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes D through E 6-7 Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes F through H 6-12 Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes A through H 6-17

Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes I through K 7-2 Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes L through M 7-7 Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes N through O 7-11 Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes I through O 7-15

Topic A: Prefixes and suffixes that start with P 8-2 Topic B: Prefixes and suffixes R through S 8-10 Topic C: Prefixes and suffixes T through X 8-16 Unit summary: Prefixes and suffixes P through Z 8-21

IE

W

NOT FOR PRINTING OR INSTRUCTIONAL USE

ii Medical Terminology

Topic A: Color prefixes and suffixes 9-2Topic B: Medical title abbreviations 9-7Unit summary: Color prefixes and suffixes and medical titles 9-10

Topic A: Common medical abbreviations 10-2Unit summary: Common medical abbreviations 10-14

Topic A: Hospital area abbreviations 11-2Topic B: Lab tests, chemistries, and symbol abbreviations 11-5Unit summary: Hospital and lab abbreviations 11-10

Topic A: Directional terms 12-2Topic B: Word combinations 12-5Unit summary: Directional terms and word combinations 12-22

expectations for the course

C Set up a classroom to teach this course

D Get support for setting up and teaching this course

iv Medical Terminology

Topic A: About the manual

ILT Series philosophy Our goal is to make you, the instructor, as successful as possible To that end, our training manuals facilitate students’ learning by providing structured interaction with the subject matter itself While we provide text to help you explain difficult concepts, the hands-on activities are the focus of our courses Leading the students through these activities will teach the skills and concepts effectively

We believe strongly in the instructor-led classroom For many students, having a thinking, feeling instructor in front of them will always be the most comfortable way to learn Because the students’ focus should be on you, our manuals are designed and written to facilitate your interaction with the students, and not to call attention to manuals themselves

We believe in the basic approach of setting expectations, then teaching, and providing summary and review afterwards For this reason, lessons begin with objectives and end with summaries We also provide overall course objectives and a course summary to provide both an introduction to and closure on the entire course

Our goal is your success We encourage your feedback in helping us to continually improve our manuals to meet your needs

Manual components The manuals contain these major components:

Introduction v

Units

Units are the largest structural component of the actual course content A unit begins with a title page that lists objectives for each major subdivision, or topic, within the unit Within each topic, conceptual and explanatory information alternates with activities Units conclude with a summary composed of one paragraph for each topic, and an independent practice activity that gives students an opportunity to practice the skills they’ve learned

The conceptual information takes the form of text paragraphs, exhibits, lists, and tables The activities contain various types of questions, answers, activities, and other graphics, and other information Throughout a unit, instructor notes are found in the left margin Each unit title page lists an estimated time for completion, but you have a great deal of control over how long it will actually take to get through the material Many of the activities have questions or scenarios designed to stimulate discussion You can adjust the amount of time a unit takes by deciding how many students you ask to respond and how long you allow a discussion to continue

Course summary

This section provides a text summary of the entire course It is useful for providing closure at the end of the course The course summary also indicates the next course in this series, if there is one, and lists additional resources students might find useful as they continue to learn about the subject matter

vi Medical Terminology

Manual conventions We’ve tried to keep the number of elements and the types of formatting to a minimum

in the manuals We think this aids in clarity and makes the manuals more classically elegant looking But there are some conventions and icons you should know about

Instructor note/icon Convention Description

Italic text In conceptual text, indicates a new term or feature

Bold text In unit summaries, indicates a key term or concept In an

independent practice activity, indicates an explicit item that you select, choose, or type

Instructor notes In the left margin, provide tips, hints, and warnings for

Setup icon Setup notes provide a realistic business context for

instructors to share with students, or indicate additional setup steps required for the current activity

Projector icon Projector notes indicate that there is a PowerPoint slide

for the adjacent content

Hands-on activities The hands-on activities are the most important parts of our manuals They are usually divided into two columns, with a question or concepts on the left and answers and explanations on the right To the far left, instructor notes provide tips, warnings, setups, and other information for the instructor only Here’s a sample:

Do it! A-1: Discussing the brainstorming process

Exercises

1 Place the following brainstorming steps in the correct order

Begin generating ideas

Select the purpose

Organize for the session

Ask questions and clarify ideas

Review the rules

Select the purpose

Organize for the session

Review the rules

Begin generating ideas

Ask questions and clarify ideas

Introduction vii PowerPoint presentations

To assist in your presentation and provide students with a visual focus, there is a PowerPoint presentation file to accompany each unit Each presentation begins with a list of unit objectives and finishes with a unit summary slide We strongly recommend that you run these presentations from the instructor’s station as you present the course materials A copy of PowerPoint Viewer is included, so it is not necessary to have PowerPoint installed on your computer

The ILT Series PowerPoint add-in

The CD also contains a PowerPoint add-in that enables you to do two things:

• Create slide notes for the class

• Display a control panel for the Flash movies embedded in the presentations

To load the PowerPoint add-in:

1 Copy the Course_ILT.ppa file to a convenient location on your hard drive

2 Start PowerPoint

3 Choose Tools, Macro, Security to open the Security dialog box On the Security Level tab, select Medium (if necessary), and then click OK

4 Choose Tools, Add-Ins to open the Add-Ins dialog box Then, click Add New

5 Browse to and select the Course_ILT.ppa file, and then click OK A message box will appear, warning you that macros can contain viruses

6 Click Enable Macros The Course_ILT add-in should now appear in the Available Add-Ins list (in the Add-Ins dialog box) The “x” in front of Course_ILT indicates that the add-in is loaded

7 Click Close to close the Add-Ins dialog box

After you complete this procedure, a new toolbar will be available at the top of the PowerPoint window This toolbar contains a single button labeled “Create SlideNotes.” Click this button to generate slide notes files in both text (.txt) and Excel (.xls) format

By default, these files will be saved to the folder that contains the presentation If the PowerPoint file is on a CD-ROM or in some other location to which the SlideNotes files cannot be saved, you will be prompted to save the presentation to your hard drive and try again

When you run a presentation and come to a slide that contains a Flash movie, you will see a small control panel in the lower-left corner of the screen You can use this panel to start, stop, and rewind the movie, or to play it again

viii Medical Terminology

Topic B: Setting student expectations

Properly setting students’ expectations is essential to your success This topic will help you do that by providing:

• A description of the target student at whom the course is aimed

• A list of the objectives for the course

• A skills assessment for the course Course prerequisites

There are no specific prerequisites for this course

Target student Typical students of this course are those needing to learn about medical terminology and basic abbreviations that are used in the medical field For students planning to continue with courses in the medical field, this course is a good starting point

Course objectives You should share these overall course objectives with your students at the beginning of the day This will give the students an idea about what to expect, and will also help you identify students who might be misplaced Students are considered misplaced when they lack the prerequisite knowledge or when they already know most of the subject matter

to be covered

After completing this course, students will know how to:

• Identify common root terms and musculoskeletal system terms and their meanings

• Define integumentary system and digestive system terms and their meanings

• Define cardiovascular system and respiratory system terms and their meanings

• Define urinary system and reproductive system terms and their meanings

• Define neurosensory system terms and their meanings, and review root terms by recognizing their use in sentences

• Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes A through H

• Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes I through O

• Identify common medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z

• Define prefixes and suffixes used for colors in relation to patients, and recognize abbreviations of common medical titles, such as RN for registered nurse

• Define common medical abbreviations, such as ss for half and v.s for vital signs

• Define abbreviations for specific areas of a hospital as well as abbreviations for chemistries and terms used in laboratory tests

• Define directional terms, such as lateral and posterior, and determine the meaning of a long medical word by defining the individual pieces (prefix, root, suffix)

Introduction ix Skills inventory

Use the following form to gauge students’ skill level entering the class (students have copies in the introductions of their student manuals) For each skill listed, have students rate their familiarity from 1 to 5, with 5 being the most familiar Emphasize that this is not a test Rather, it is intended to provide students with an idea of where they’re starting from at the beginning of class If a student is wholly unfamiliar with all the skills, he or she might not be ready for the class A student who seems to understand all

of the skills, on the other hand, might need to move on to the next course in the series Skill 1 2 3 4 5 Defining common root terms used in the medical field

Defining musculoskeletal system terms Defining integumentary system terms Defining digestive system terms Defining cardiovascular system terms Defining respiratory system terms Defining urinary system terms Defining reproductive system terms Defining neurosensory system terms Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes A through H Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes I through O Identifying medical prefixes and suffixes P through Z Identifying prefixes used in relation to a patient’s color Defining medical titles

Identifying common medical abbreviations Defining abbreviations used for hospital areas Identifying abbreviations used in lab tests Defining directional terms

Dissecting word combinations to determine meaning

x Medical Terminology

Topic C: Classroom setup

All our courses assume that each student has a personal computer to use during the class Our hands-on approach to learning requires they do This topic gives information

on how to set up the classroom to teach this course It includes minimum requirements for the students’ personal computers, setup information for the first time you teach the class, and setup information for each time that you teach after the first time you set up the classroom

Computer requirements

If you wish to use the PowerPoint presentation, you’ll need the following:

• A Pentium-class, or better, computer

• A keyboard and a mouse

• A sound card and speakers

1 Connect to www.axzopress.com

2 Under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training

3 Browse the subject categories to locate your course

Our Web site provides several instructor’s tools for each course, including course outlines and answers to frequently asked questions To download these files, go to www.axzopress.com Then, under Downloads, click Instructor-Led Training and browse our subject categories

xii Medical Terminology

U n i t 1

Common root and musculoskeletal terms

Unit time: 30 minutes Complete this unit, and you’ll know how to:

A Identify and define common roots and the medical terms that are derived from the roots

B Identify and define musculoskeletal terms and the roots that are used to create the terms

1–2 Medical Terminology

Topic A: Common root terms

Explanation Some medical root terms do not fit neatly into a particular body system, and yet are very

important to the general understanding of medical terminology In this topic, you will learn to recognize some of these common terms, and how to define various pieces of medical terminology based upon them

To simplify the learning of these terms, they are divided into several groups

Group 1 The first group of roots and terms we’ll consider includes the following:

Cele Hydrocele Water cyst or tumor

Glyco Glycosuria Sugar in the urine Homeo, homo Homeostasis Same environment

Gland tumor Adeno: gland Ah-dee-no Greek “aden” Adenoids

Exhibit 1-1: Adenoma means “gland tumor”

Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Gland, sweat gland, sweaty dinosaur, a dino, adeno

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–3

Glands are organs, cells, or a group of cells that produce a secretory substance Did you know that insulin is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas, which is also an organ considered to be a gland? Peptide is a protein molecule Insulin cannot be taken by mouth because protein-digesting enzymes in the digestive tract would rapidly deactivate

it

Calculosis

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Stones Calculi: stone Cal-cue-lie Latin “calculi,”

meaning pebble

Calculator

Exhibit 1-2: Calculosis means “stones”

Here is a word-association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Stone, counting stones, math, calculus, calculi Stones are any abnormal concentration within the body, usually composed of salts, acids, or cholesterol Did you know that bile, stored in the gallbladder, is mostly a cholesterol-insoluble fatty substance? When this substance is too concentrated, it may crystallize and form what are commonly called gallstones Kidney stones are formed in the urinary tract from the salt residue of minerals

Cele: tumor, cyst,

Exhibit 1-3: Hydrocele means “water cyst or tumor”

A cyst is an abnormal pouch of fluid or solids brought on by infection or clogged ducts

A hernia is the bulge of an organ through the wall of a sac that normally holds it in

place And a tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue, usually of unknown origin

Study of cells Cyto: cell Sigh-toe Greek “kytos,” meaning cell

Exhibit 1-4: Cytology means “study of cells”

A cell is the smallest structural unit of all animals and plants It is responsible for

growth, metabolism, and reproduction Cancer cells reproduce at a faster rate than normal cells Radiation is used to kill off cells by inhibiting reproduction, thereby destroying cancer cells before normal cells P R

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–5

Glycosuria

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Sugar in the urine Glyco: sweet, sugar Gl-eye-co Greek “glyks”

Exhibit 1-5: Glycosuria means “sugar in the urine”

Here is a mnemonic for this root’s meaning:

Sugar, doughnut, "O," gee like "O," glyco Sugar is a sweet-tasting carbohydrate, which is a molecule that’s the main source of

energy Diabetes is a hereditary disease caused by insufficient insulin, which allows

glucose to accumulate At the beginning of the 19th century, physicians were unsure of the cause of diabetes and treated it with laudanum, an opium-based preparation

Homeostasis

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Same environment

Homeo or homo:

similar, same, or like

Hoe-me-oh Greek

“hemores,”

meaning similar

Homogenize

Exhibit 1-6: Homeostasis means “same environment”

The word homeo is often used to classify people by various groups Homeostasis is the

body’s state of stability, with all parts of the body working together to maintain normal function

1–6 Medical Terminology

Group 2 The second group of roots and terms we’ll consider includes the following:

Item Info Description

Lith Lithotripsy Stone dissolve Madaro Madarosis Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows Psych Psycho Study of mind and mental processes

Radi Radiology Study of rays Thermic Thermobiosis Exists at high temperature

tongue-Linguistic

Exhibit 1-7: Lingua means “tongue”

Here is a word-association phrase to help you remember this root’s meaning:

tongue, eat, pasta, linguini, lingua The tongue is an organ with taste buds that assists in chewing and shaping food for swallowing Morning mouth is caused by reduced salivation during sleep, which allows projections on the tongue to trap food and bacteria

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–7

Lipoma

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Fat tumor Lip: fat Lip Greek “lipos,”

meaning fat

Liposuction

Exhibit 1-8: A “lipoma” is a fat tumor

Here is a word association for this root:

fat, fatty, fatty food, passes through your lips, lips

Fat is a molecule used as a reserve food or long-term fuel It provides the body with

insulation, protection, and cushioning Fats provide approximately twice the amount of energy (calories) as carbohydrates and are therefore a good source of reserve energy

Lithotripsy

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Stone dissolve Lith: stone Lith Greek “lithos,”

meaning stone

Monolith

Exhibit 1-9: Lithotripsy means “stone dissolve”

Try to remember this root’s meaning by using this mnemonic phrase:

Stone, speaking with stones in your mouth, lisp, lith

Loss of eyelashes or eyebrows Madaro: falling hair Ma-dare-oh Greek

Exhibit 1-10: Madarosis means “loss of eyelashes or eyebrows”

Here is a word-association:

Falling hair, haircut, sharp cut, arrow, mad arrow, madaro

Madarosis is the loss of eyelashes or the hair of the eyebrows Alopecia is a term used

in referring to general hair loss Male pattern baldness is a condition caused by genetics

and is influenced by testosterone

Psych: mind Sike Greek “psyche,”

meaning mind

Psychiatry

Exhibit 1-11: Psychology means “the study of the mind and mental processes”

Here is a simple mnemonic phrase for this one:

Mind, circuit, cycle, T psych The mind has to do with the mental or psychological Psychotherapy is the treatment of emotional, behavioral, personality, and mental disorders P R

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–9

Pyogenic

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Pus producing Pyo: pus Pie-oh Greek “pyon”

Exhibit 1-12: Pyogenic means “pus producing”

Try remembering this root in this way:

Pus, yellow ooze, yellow, lemon, lemon pie, pie, pyo

Pus is white-blood-cell-based fluid, usually yellow in color and associated with

inflammation or infection Did you know that healing wounds itch because damaged superficial nerves send an itching impulse as they regenerate?

Radiology

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Study of rays Radi: rays Ray-dee Latin “radius,”

meaning rays

Radiation

Exhibit 1-13: Radiology means “the study of rays”

The word radiation is an example of how the medical term is used in everyday language

See if this mnemonic helps:

Rays, 4 letters, d is 4th letter, ray-d, radi

1–10 Medical Terminology

A ray is any narrow beam of light X rays are the bombardment of low-level radiation through the body that is then recorded onto a silver-based plate On a horrific scale, the process is similar to the radiation burning of shadows into the concrete when atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in WWII

Thermic: heat Ther-mick Greek “therme,”

meaning heat

Thermostat

Exhibit 1-14: Thermobiosis means “exists at high temperature”

Try this word association:

Heat, temperature, thermometer, thermic Heat, obviously, is the condition of warmth Heat is lost from the body in a number of ways: 55% through radiation, 24% through skin evaporation, 15% by convection and conduction, 2% from respirations, and 1% from urine and feces

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–11

Do it! A-1: Defining medical root terms

Questions and answers

For some of the terms, try

asking if any of the

students remember the

You can also ask if

students can think of their

own mnemonic devices

2 What does the medical root word adeno mean?

A Gland

B Bone

C Foot

D Stone

3 What is the root of the medical term thermobiosis, and what does it mean?

Thermic, which means heat

4 What is the medical root word for baldness?

A Ile

B Madaro

C Costa

D Radi

5 Do you remember the mnemonic phrase to remember psycho?

Mind, circuit, cycle, psych

6 What is your problem if you have a lipoma?

A You have a cancerous tumor

B You have a severe case of dry chapped lips

C You have a fat tumor

D You have a misshapen tongue

1–12 Medical Terminology

Topic B: Common musculoskeletal terms

Explanation Now that you have finished the common medical root terms, you are now ready to move

on to the musculoskeletal terms

Musculoskeletal terms The following roots, terms, and definitions will be covered in this topic

Chondro Chondromalacia Soft cartilage

Ili Iliosacral Ilium and sacrum

Ortho Orthopedic Concerning deformities

Spondyl Spondylitis Vertebra inflammation

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–13

Arthritis

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Joint inflammation Arthro: joint Are-throw Greek “arthron,” meaning joint

Exhibit 1-15: Arthritis means “joint inflammation”

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Joint, arm bend, throw, r-throw, arthro

A joint, or articulation, is a point of juncture between two bones The sound made by cracking your knuckles is caused by pulling a joint tight, causing ligaments and muscles

to snap across the associated bony prominences, or by air creating a vacuum when the joint is pulled apart

Carpoptosis

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Wrist dropping Carpo: wrist Car-poe Greek “karpos,”

meaning wrist bones

Carpenter

Exhibit 1-16: Carpoptosis means “wrist dropping”

The wrist is the joint or region between the hand and the forearm Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of the median nerve by the swelling of surrounding tissue

Exhibit 1-17: Chondromalacia means “soft cartilage”

Cartilage is specialized connective tissue that provides support and aids movement of joints Did you know that connective tissue is supportive, protective, fibrous tissue? The most abundant tissue, it is named connective tissue because it connects other tissues

Between ribs Costa: rib Cost-uh Latin “costae,” meaning rib

Exhibit 1-18: Intercostal means “between ribs”

Here is a word association mnemonic for this root:

Rib, buying ribs, cost, costa Twelve pairs of ribs form the thoracic cage They are attached to the sternum, whose primary function is to protect the lungs and heart Rib pairs 1 through 7 are attached to the sternum and vertebrae and are called true ribs Eight through 10 are false ribs, because they attach to the sternum with cartilage Ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs, attached to the vertebrae only P R

Common root and musculoskeletal terms 1–15

Craniotomy

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin Common usage

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Skull incision Cranio means

“skull”

Crane-knee-oh Latin “kranion”

Exhibit 1-19: Craniotomy means “skull incision”

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Skull, houses brain, rhymes with brain, crane, cranio The skull is the bony framework of the head Did you know that the white bones of laboratory specimens have been lightened in color? Living bones vary from pink or beige to light brown

Dactylitis

Definition Root Pronunciation Origin

ZClick the sound icon to hear the

pronunciation

Finger inflammation Dactyl: finger Dact-till Greek “daktylos,” meaning finger

Exhibit 1-20: Dactylitis means “finger inflammation”

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Finger, web fingers, duck, duct tail, dactyl

A finger is also known as a digit It's one of five terminals of the hand, including the thumb The bones of the fingers are called phalanges, with two in each thumb and three

Ilium and sacrum Ili: hip Ill-lee Latin “ilium”

You might need to

explain that the ilium is

the broad top portion of

the hipbone and the

sacrum is the posterior

wall of the pelvis

Exhibit 1-21: Iliosacral means “ilium and sacrum”

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Hip, cool, temperature, ill, ill-e, ili The hip is the fleshy part of the body around the pelvis The hipbone is an irregular bone formed by fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

Exhibit 1-22: Manicure means “hand care”

Here is a word association mnemonic you can use to remember this root’s meaning:

Hand, help, man (verb), manus The hand is the end of the human arm past the wrist, containing the palm and fingers

Did you know that to remove a ring from a swollen finger, you can use thread or a suture fed through the inside of the ring and then wrapped around the swollen, soapy finger Pull the thread from the backside, causing the ring to move forward P R