clauses and phrases

wish and if only clauses, clauses and phrases of purpose, result, concession, as if, as though, would rather, its time..... exercises I. WISH – Clauses IF ONLY – Clauses (Mệnh đề ao ước): Diễn đạt ước muốn (thường là không có thật). (If only mạnh hơn rõ ràng hơn Wish). Sau Wish If Only có 3 loại mệnh đề được dùng để chỉ sự ao ước ở tương lai, hiện tại và quá khứ. 1. Ao ước ở tương lai: S1 + wish + S2 + would (not) + V(bare –inf). If only Ex. I wish you would stop smoking. If only Jane would take the trip. NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could…..) 2. Ao ước ở hiện tại: S1 + wish + S2 + would (not) + V2ed. If only Ex. I wish I werewas rich. (Now I’m poor) NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could ( I wish I would… → I wish I could…..) 3. Ao ước ở quá khứ: S1 + wish + S2 + had (not) + V3ed. If only Ex. I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year. II. PHRASES CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Cụm từ Mệnh đề chỉ mục đích): 1. PHRASES OF PURPOSE: Diễn tả mục đích của hành động, ta dùng cụm từ bắt đầu bằng Toinf in order so as + to – inf. To – inf In order + to – inf So as Ex. He went to France (in order so as) to study French. 2. CLAUSES OF PURPOSE S + V + so that cancould in order that + S + willwould + bare – inf maymight ex. He went to France so that he could study French.

CLAUSES & PHRASES

(Mệnh đề & Cụm từ)

I WISH – Clauses & IF ONLY – Clauses (Mệnh đề ao ước): Diễn đạt ước muốn (thường là không có thật) (If only mạnh hơn & rõ ràng hơn Wish)

Sau Wish & If Only có 3 loại mệnh đề được dùng để chỉ sự ao ước ở tương lai, hiện tại

và quá khứ

1 Ao ước ở tương lai:

S 1 + wish + S 2 + would (not) + V (bare –inf).

If only

Ex I wish you would stop smoking / If only Jane would take the trip

* NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could (

I wish I would… → I wish I could… )

2 Ao ước ở hiện tại:

S 1 + wish + S 2 + would (not) + V 2/-ed.

If only

Ex I wish I were/was rich (Now I’m poor)

* NOTE: trong câu với Wish, không thể dùng với would , thay vào đó ta dùng với could (

I wish I would… → I wish I could… )

3 Ao ước ở quá khứ:

S 1 + wish + S 2 + had (not) + V 3/-ed.

If only

Ex I wish I hadn’t failed my exam last year

II PHRASES / CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề chỉ mục đích):

1 PHRASES OF PURPOSE: Diễn tả mục đích của hành động, ta dùng cụm từ bắt đầu

bằng To-inf / in order / so as + to – inf.

To – inf

In order + to – inf

So as

Ex He went to France (in order / so as) to study French

2 CLAUSES OF PURPOSE

S + V + so that can/could

in order that + S + will/would + bare – inf

may/might

ex He went to France so that he could study French

III PHRASES / CLAUSES OF RESULT (Cụm từ /Mệnh đề chỉ kết quả)

1 PHRASES OF RESULT

1.1 Too… to….(quá … đến nỗi không thể…): Được dùng trước tính từ hoặc trạng từ.

S + V + Too + Adv + (for O) + to – inf Tobe Adj

Ex He is too short to play basketball / He spoke too quickly to understand

1.2 Enough … to….(đủ … để có thể….): được dùng sau tính từ/trạng từ

S + V + Adv + enough + (for O) + to – inf Tobe Adj

S + V + enough + Noun + (for O) + to – inf

Ex I am strong enough to lift that box / I am enough strength to lift that box.

The coffee is too hot for me to drink

2 CLAUSES OF RESULT

2.1 SO…THAT…: Qúa… đến nỗi… S + V + so + Adj / Adv + that + S + V

Ex It was so dark that I couldn’t see anything

S + tobe + so + Adj + a + N (singular/countable) + that + S + V

Ex It was so hot a day that we decided to stay indoors

2.2 SUCH ….THAT….: Qúa… đến nỗi…

S + tobe + such + (a/an) Adj + N + that + S + V

Ex It was such (a) heavy piano(s) that we couldn’t move it

IV PHRASES/ CLAUSES OF REASON (Cụm từ/ Mệnh đề chỉ lý do)

1 PHRASES OF REASON

Because of / Owing to / Due to + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing phrases

Ex We didn’t go out due to/ because of the cold weather.

2 CLAUSES OF REASON

(Because / Since / As / Seeing that / For / In that / In as much as / Now (that) =

because of the fact that) + S + V

Ex Since/ Because it was too dark, we camped there

V PHRASES / CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề/ Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

1 PHRASES OF CONCESSION

In spite of / Despite + Noun / Pronoun / V-ing phrase / (the fact that + S + V)

Ex Despite the danger, Kitty wanted to report on the war

2 CLAUSES OF CONCESSION

2.1 Although, though, even though (có thể đứng trước/sau mệnh đề chính)

Although / Though / Even though + S + V

Ex Although the weather was bad, we had a wonderful holiday

Note: Khi mệnh đề nhượng bộ & mệnh đề chính có cùng chủ ngữ, ta có thể bỏ chủ ngữ

và động từ “Be” trong mệnh đề nhượng bộ.

Ex (Al)though (she was) a disabled girl, she was confident

2.2 No matter, whatever (cho dù, bất kể): (luôn đứng trước mệnh đề chính)

No matter + what/ who/ when / where / why / how (adj/adv) + S + V

Whatever (+N)/ whoever/whenever/ wherever/however(+Adj)+ S + V

Ex No matter who you are, I still love you

VI AS IF/ AS THOUGH/ IT’ S (HIGH)TIME / WOULD RATHER

1 AS IF/ AS THOUGH: (như thể là):

1.1 Diễn tả một người/vật trông như thế nào, có thể xảy ra ở hiện tại (thường đi với các

động từ: Look, sound, feel)

Ex I feel as if I am dying.

1.2 Diễn tả một điều không có thật ở hiện tại

S + V + as if / as though + S + V 2/-ed

Ex He talks as if he knew everything.

2 IT’S (HIGH) TIME: (đã đến lúc)

It’s (high) time + S + V 2/-ed

(for O) + to-inf

Ex It’s time we went home / It’s time for us to go home

3 WOULD RATHER: (thà…hơn là)

Hiện tại: S + would rather (not) + bare–inf (+than + bare–inf)

Ex I would rather stay at home (than go out with you).

Quá khứ: S + would rather (not) + have + V 3/-ed (+than + bare–inf)

Ex Tom would rather have gone fishing than skiing last week.

Mong muốn ở HT/TL: S 1 + would rather (that) + S 2 + V 2/-ed(nhưng không xảy ra)

Ex I would rather you went home.

Mong muốn ở QK: S 1 + would rather (that) + S 2 + had + V 3/-ed (nhưng không xảy ra)

Ex I would rather you hadn’t left yesterday

EXERCISES

EXERCISE 1: Decide whether they are CLAUSES or PHRASES

1 He works hard every day 11 If they want to talk to me

2 After a good day 12 Towards the north

3 If I need to call you 13 In front of the building

4 In a dark and dangerous hallway 14 Jumping up and down on the bed

5 Before the next light 15 Until the next time

6 Because it's the right thing to do 16 Until she finds a car

7 As quickly as possible 17 I don't know the answer

8 This car's not working 18 Turn off the computer

9 Working for himself 19 Across the street from us

10 Whenever it gets cold 20 Inside a deep, dark well

EXERCISE 2: Put the verbs into the correct form.

1 I feel sick I wish……….(I / not / eat) so much cake

2 I’m fed up with this raining I wish ……….(it/ stop) raining

3 It’s a difficult question I wish ……….(I / know) the answer

4 I should have listened to you I wish………(I / take) your advice

5 I wish ……….(Ann/be) here She’d be able to help us

6 Aren’t they ready yet? I wish ……….(we / not / have) to go now

7 What’s her name again? I wish ……….(I / can) remember her name

8 I spent all my money I wish ……….(I / save) it

9 The phone has been ringing for 5 minutes I wish ……….(somebody/answer) it

10 I looked everywhere for the key I wish ……….(I /find) it

EXERCISE 3: Choose the best answer.

1 A: Could you lend me some money? – B: I wish I …… , but I’m broke myself

2 A: Are you lost? – B: I think so I wish we……a map with us today

a were bringing b brought c had brought d would bring

3 A: What are you doing later this afternoon? B: I wish I ……the answer of that question.

a. knew b know c could know d would know

4 A: I told you mother that you had left your job – B: Well, I wish you ….her It’s none of your business

a wouldn’t tell b didn’t tell c hadn’t told d doesn’t tell

5 A: I wish you….making that noise It’s bothering me – B: Sorry, I’ll stop it now

a would stop b are going to stop c stop d can stop

6 A: These figures are too complicated to work out in your head – B: Yes, …a calculator.

a I wish we would have b if only we had

c if only we had had d I wish we have

7 A: You look so tired – B: Yes, I’m really sleepy today I wish I … Bob to the aiport late at night.

a didn’t have to take b weren’t taking

c hadn’t had to take d didn’t take

8 A: It’s raining I wish it… – B: Me too If only the sun….so that we could go fishing

a stopped/ shined b would stop/ were shining

c had stopped/ had shined d would stop/ would shine

9 A: Did you study for the test? – B: No, but now I wish I ….because I flunked it

a had studied b studied c would study d have studied

10 A: My feet are killing me! I wish I … more comfortable shoes

B: Yeah, me too I wish I …that we were going to have to walk this much

a had worn / knew b am wearing/ had known

c were wearing/ would know d wore/had known

EXERCISE 4: Combine the ideas, using a clause of purpose.

1 Rachel wanted to watch the news She turned on the TV

2 I’ll post the card today I want it to get there on Daniel’s birthday

3 Please turn down the radio I want to sleep

4 She locked the door She didn’t want to be disturbed

5 I gave her my address I wanted her to contact me

6 I’m saving up I’m planning a holiday

7 Nick keeps a dog It guards the house

8 I’m going on a diet I want to lose weight

9 I had to go to Birmingham I had a business meeting

10 I often switch off the heating It saves money

EXERCISE 5: Make one sentence from two Use too / enough.

1 We couldn’t eat the food It was very hot

2 A taxi would have been best But I didn’t have much money

3 Sarah can’t take a day off She’s very busy

4 A picnic would be nice But it’s wet

5 Nobody could move the piano It was very heavy

6 I don’t wear this coat in winter It isn’t warm

7 All my guests will need chairs But I haven’t got many

8 We shouldn’t swim in this river The water isn’t clean

9 You can’t see some things without a microscope They are very small

10 He didn’t get the job He wasn’t experienced

EXERCISE 6: Combine the sentences, using so/such…that….

1 The weather was hot You could fry an egg on the sidewalk

2 We took a walk It was a nice day

3 I couldn’t understand her She talked too fast

4 Grandpa held me tightly when he hugged me I couldn’t breathe for a moment

5 The classroom has comfortable chairs The students find it easy to fall asleep

6 I can’t figure out what this sentence says His handwriting is illegible

7 We did a lot of gymnastics We couldn’t walk afterwards

8 Too many people came to the meeting There were not enough seats for everyone

9 The tornado struck with great force It lifted automobiles off the ground

10 I have so many problems I can use all the help you can give me

EXERCISE 7: Rewrite the sentences, using Because & Because of.

1 Due to the cold weather, we stayed home

2 Most people hear jogging is a good exercise, so they begin to jog

3 A computer can be used for various purposes, so it becomes popular

4 We stopped our car as the traffic light turned red

5 Mark’s doctor has advised him to exercise regularly since he is overweight

6 Harry had to stay in hospital due to his broken leg

7 People like to live in this country due to its healthy climate

8 Stacey retired in 1987 due to his ill health

9 She couldn’t see the road, for the wall was too high

10 Sarah will not walk across a bridge since she’s afraid of heights

EXERCISE 8: Make one sentences from two Use the word in brackets.

1 I enjoyed the film The story was silly (in spite of)

2 We live in the same street We hardly ever see each other (despite)

3 My foot was injured I managed to walk to the nearest village (although)

4 I couldn’t sleep I was tired (despite)

5 He liked the sweater He decided not to buy it (though)

6 I didn’t get the job I had all the necessary qualification (in spite of)

7 Laura wants to fly She feels afraid (in spite of the fact that)

8 Trevor didn’t notice the sign It was right in front of him (even though)

9 I’m no better I’ve taken the pills (despite the fact)

10 Henry’s friend is a millionaire He hates spending money (despite)

EXERCISE 9: Choose the best answers.

1 John would rather…… free tomorrow

2 I would rather he…… her to his birthday party last Sunday

a have invited b had invited c invited d would invite

3 We’d better take an umbrella with us because it looks as if it……

a is going to rain b would rain c is raining d rained

4 It’s time we all …… now

5 It’s high time you…… the tea ready

6 I don’t like Nick He talks as if he…… everything

7 I’d rather you…… me now

8 You’re very selfish It’s high time you…… that you’re not the most important

a realize b had realized c have realized d realized

9 When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I …… mad

10 Jack spent his money as if he…… lottery

11 Peter would rather …… on a mattress than on the floor

a to sleep b sleeping c sleep d have slept

12 The medicine mad e me feel dizzy I felt as though the room… around and around

a were spinning b will spin c spins d is spinning

13 It’s time for everybody …… to bed

14 Did you go to the concert last night? – Yes, but I’d rather…… to the concert.

a not go b haven’t gone c not have gone d not had gone

15 It was so quiet that it seemed as if the earth ………

a had stopped b would stop c stopped d had been stopped