Digital video for professional AV systems

Most importantly, Extron manufactures the interfaces and signal conversion products necessary to make possible the transition from analog to the many available digital formats, including

Digital Design Guide

Digital Video for Professional A / V Systems

© 2009 Extron Electronics All rights reserved All trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owners 09-06, 68-1787-01, Rev A

Extron Digital Design Guide

The A/V industry is in the midst of a major transition, from analog to digital presentation technologies As a leading manufacturer of products engineered for the commercial A/V market, Extron has a long history with the development of digital solutions, going back nearly a decade with the release of many of the industry’s first DVI distribution and extension products Over the past five years, our product line has grown considerably and now includes the A/V industry’s most complete portfolio of digital switchers, cables and adapters, and twisted pair and fiber optic extenders Most importantly, Extron manufactures the interfaces and signal conversion products necessary to make possible the transition from analog to the many available digital formats, including DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI

This Digital Design Guide addresses the A/V industry’s primary challenge as it transitions from analog to digital - how these new signal types and system topologies are integrated into A/V presentation systems that serve the communication needs of our customers It provides a reference for A/V system designers seeking to understand these emerging technologies and the options available, with a practical approach to integration in new and legacy presentation systems

In this Guide you will find overviews of each of the digital video formats most commonly used in commercial A/V applications Next, you will find sample A/V system designs, ranging from a simple classroom to a network operations center, that describe the practical aspects of these transitional A/V systems, the type of equipment needed, and signal flow from one device to another Following the system design section is a condensed catalog of Extron products designed for the integration of these digital technologies At the end of the Guide, you’ll find a comprehensive Glossary of terms related to digital video for professional A/V applications

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Digital Video for Professional A/V Systems The Digital Connection 2

Digital Video Signal Formats 8

Anatomy of a Digital Video Signal 11

Understanding EDID - Extended Display Identification Data 14

DRM for the A/V Professional 18

Digital System Designs HD Video Conference & Presentation Room 26

Digital Upgrade to Existing Analog System 28

College/University Classroom System 30

Network Operations Center System 32

Corporate Training Room System 34

Municipal Courtroom System 36

Lecture Hall System 38

Extron Digital Video Product Solutions Extenders 42

Distribution Amplifiers 47

Switchers 49

Matrix Switchers 53

Signal Conversion 58

Test & Measurement 63

Cables & Adapters 64

Glossary Digital A/V Glossary 73

2 Extron Digital Design Guide

The A/V industry is currently in the midst of

a significant transition, from analog video to digital video technologies and applications

Every day, system designers face the challenge

of integrating digital and analog video signals into new and previously-installed A/V systems

As digital video is associated with the cutting edge in A/V technology, there is an increasing desire by integrators and their customers to incorporate digital video into their systems A wide array of digital video ports, including DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort, and HD-SDI, are present in some form on virtually every new component found in the market today In addition, there is a very large installed base of analog hardware, as well as content, which must be kept viable even within new system designs For the foreseeable future, then, most presentation environments will require mix of analog and digital video products and technologies.

Digital Video – It’s More Than Just HDMI

Although the digital transition is currently headline news, digital video is not new to the professional A/V industry The broadcast, teleproduction, and rental/staging segments adopted serial digital video, SDI, more than 20 years ago, and HD- SDI has been in use for more than a decade

now In the medical, visualization, and computer graphics segments, DVI has been an established format since 1999 Continual evolution within the computer, broadcast, and now consumer electronics industries has brought digital signal connectivity to the forefront with the introduction

of two, newer digital video standards – HDMI for consumer products and DisplayPort for computers and related technologies

The prevalence of these various digital signal formats presents opportunities as well as challenges for integration of professional A/V systems DVI and DisplayPort are common to PCs and laptops, and are standard on many professional displays and high-end projectors HDMI is primarily found on HDTV-capable products such as Blu-ray Disc players, game consoles, and satellite and cable DVRs and receivers While designed for consumer and residential applications, some HDMI-equipped products are now being utilized in commercial applications as well

High definition digital video has also found its way into many applications beyond the broadcast studio as a means to capture, distribute, and display high definition content, extending

The Digital Connection

Internal Digital

Original digital video pixels

Digital video at

cabling, etc can readily be corrected by practical means

Perfectly reconstructed digital video pixels

Internal Digital Functions Deserialize

Digital Transmission Can Achieve Perfect Signal Reconstruction

1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0

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Extron SW4 DVI A Plus Switcher with selectable cable equalization

Digital signals by nature are lossless, enabling distribution

of pixel-perfect and consistent, pristine quality images while reducing the time and effort required for system and display set-up.

into house of worship and rental and staging

environments Just about every display available

today has some type of digital video capability

Whether it’s a desktop PC display,

ceiling-mounted projector, or a large flat-panel LCD on a

wall, chances are that a DVI, HDMI, or DisplayPort

connector is available to accept incoming signals

from digital source devices.

Why Digital?

The implementation of digital A/V technologies

brings the promise of several distinct advantages

over analog technologies First, for the

manufacturers of computers and displays, there is

the potential of removing a considerable amount

of processing circuitry from a device Since

signals are already digital within the electronics

of virtually all A/V products, most if not all

analog-to-digital and/or digital-to-analog conversion can

be eliminated, resulting in lower manufacturing

costs and allowing for more competitive pricing

Second, in comparison to analog-based devices

and systems, digital signals are by nature,

lossless, enabling the distribution of pixel-perfect

and consistent, pristine quality images while

reducing the time and effort required for system

and display set-up (see Figure 1-1) Finally, a digital

infrastructure can be designed to accommodate

the high resolutions commonly found today, such

as 1920x1200 and HDTV 1080p, and provide

support for the higher rates on the horizon

Making the Choice – Analog, Digital, or

Both?

Part and parcel of any transition are uncertainty,

the fear of the unknown and desire to look for

expert help and assistance in making decisions

In your role as an A/V IT manager, consultant

or A/V system integrator, your customers are

depending on you to help them make the best

choices In the face of a wide array of products

and disparate technologies, customers want

advice during the design and implementation

phases to ensure that A/V systems meet their

requirements for functionality and performance,

stay within budget and, ideally, provide for future

growth and further changes in technology

Complicating the decision is the knowledge that, while new A/V technologies and signal types are continually introduced, not all of them survive and the ones that do generally don't immediately replace the legacy formats For example, many new digital source devices incorporate an assortment of analog video outputs, including composite video, S-video, and component video

Correspondingly, most new digital displays are still equipped with analog inputs You might ask

“why do manufacturers go to the extra effort, and additional expense, to provide a variety

of connectors on their products?” In a word, compatibility

Most manufacturers realize that sources and displays are rarely replaced at the same time New sources, such as Blu-ray Disc players and higher- end laptop PCs, need to maintain compatibility with older displays New, high-resolution flat panel displays and projectors, on the other hand, need

to remain compatible with older sources, such as VHS recorders and DVD players that are retained for use with legacy content.

System designs for typical training and presentation facilities, therefore, very often accommodate a hybrid mix of analog and digital capabilities, providing support for legacy analog video formats while incorporating newer signal types such as DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort and, in some cases, HD-SDI.

4 Extron Digital Design Guide

Basic questions you

need to ask before

to span a technology life

of many years?

The Digital Connection

The first question to be answered, then, is the most difficult, as it goes right to the core of the transition Should you:

• Stick with a tried-and-true analog design for the time being?

• Build an digital / analog hybrid system that incorporates a mix of technologies?

• Or, build tomorrow’s system today with an digital design and some provision for legacy analog products?

all-The answer, as with so many decisions and choices to be made, is “It depends.”

Some systems are likely to remain predominantly analog for some time, with signal converters added as needed to accommodate new digital displays or source devices For example, technology budgets for K-12 classrooms typically do not allow the wholesale upgrade of

a media system simply to accommodate a new technology Integrating a new, HDMI-equipped playback source, however, may require nothing more than the appropriate digital extender and

a direct connection to the digital input on the projector

Others, such as in university lecture halls and corporate boardrooms, are beginning to incorporate digital video technologies on a broader, more systematic scale to accommodate the continuously evolving needs for digital media presentations while maintaining compatibility with existing stores of analog content and playback equipment Digital input capability can be added

by changing out the central switcher or scaler

to one that accepts analog and digital signals;

conversely, digital displays can be accommodated through the use of a switcher or scaler that outputs digital signals

Finally, specialized applications such as visualization, simulation, military and medical imaging, and command and control, are adopting a fully digital approach that can deliver uncompromised, very high quality, very high resolution images – one of the major benefits of digital video These system designs are based

around an all-digital switcher or matrix switcher, with any legacy analog sources accommodated through the use of an analog-to-digital converter

The bottom line is that, just as video replaced motion picture film and DVDs replaced VHS cassettes, digital technology in one or more forms will replace analog in the majority of applications over time Typical corporate and educational presentation systems will move to a fully digital design in the future; for the time being, however,

a hybrid system design that supports both analog and digital signals takes into account a wide range of presentation needs and technologies and, in the long run, is the most prudent and cost-effective approach

Later in this Guide, you’ll find examples of world applications and the system designs used

real-to address the particular needs of the cusreal-tomer

or presentation environment

Matching Technology to Need

Before undertaking a system design, full knowledge of the customer’s needs and expectations are necessary Once the primary question – analog, digital, or both? – has been answered, many more questions remain to be asked

• Is there a requirement for interoperability between digital and analog components? Depending on the source content, this may not

be feasible due to digital rights management such as HDCP

• Is this an upgrade to an existing system? If so,

is there a need to support legacy devices while providing the flexibility to address future growth capability? System longevity is also a key consideration in determining the appropriate product solutions

• Is the system expected to span a technology life of many years? If so, perhaps an all-digital infrastructure should be considered to support

www.extron.com 5

The effects of related losses for digital signals are far more noticeable and abrupt, with sparkles, flashing images, or complete image loss all together

cable-the continued evolution of video resolutions

System scope and size also determine

operational practicality

Understanding the true operational requirements

of any system during the design phase will help

control potential cost overruns later For example,

if there are HDCP requirements, does protected

content have to be viewable on all displays within

the system, or only in a few, select locations?

Having an operational understanding of a system

will go a long way in meeting the needs as well as

the budget of the customer.

Going the Distance

A/V professionals face three primary challenges

in the handling of digital signals and the

management of their distribution to ensure

robust, reliable operation The first is to maintain

full signal integrity from source to destination

Digital video signals are considerably different in

comparison to analog Digital video signals do

not degrade linearly as with analog video For

analog signals, the effects of cable-related losses

worsen gradually with cable length, but for digital

signals the impact is usually far more noticeable

and abrupt, with sparkles, flashing images, or

complete image loss altogether, as cable length

increases beyond a “digital cliff” threshold.

Technologies such as DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort

are primarily designed for short, point-to-point

connections, for example from a computer to a

desktop monitor, or from a Blu-ray Disc player

to a flat panel television Distances in these

applications are relatively short and, in light of

the very high data rates involved and a desire

to reduce cost and power consumption, digital

source devices can rarely drive a signal more than

a few feet Use of high quality, high performance

cables can help to a degree and, in some cases,

can provide for reliable signal transmission up to

75 feet (25 meters) or so While suitable for most

consumer applications, this distance limitation

can have a serious effect on professional A/V

installations where signals must be routed

many tens if not hundreds of feet, from source

to destination In order to compensate for this limitation, signal conditioning products such as equalizers can be used to recover and restore a signal to distances up to 200 feet (60 meters)

For even longer cable runs, or to accommodate the need to run cable through conduit, digital signals can be converted and distributed using standard, shielded Category cable, or with fiber optic technologies

Second, there are very specific performance and timing parameter requirements that need to be maintained throughout the entire signal path For example, in HDMI, the RGB video lines, or channels, must be accurately synchronized in order to be accurately handled and reproduced throughout the system Terms such as equalization, jitter, and reclocking in the digital world replace the familiar level and peaking terminology of the analog world Signal conditioning requirements for digital signals are also different and must be understood accordingly before designing a system

The third challenge in the successful integration

of digital A/V systems is to be able to reliably switch, distribute, and route signals Some digital video connections, including DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort, require two-way communication between a source and a display If this communication is interrupted, such as following

a disconnection, source switch, or signal split, image display can be delayed, or even lost completely In many cases, the content being used has a direct effect on this communication

as well For example, some early scaling DVD players with HDMI output did not allow the use of

a repeater, and so the signal ended at the input

of the switcher and was not passed through to the display

Later in this Guide, you’ll learn in detail about the two primary forms of two-way communication:

EDID - Extended Display Identification Data, where applicable, DRM - Digital Rights Management

Both are extremely important aspects of digital signal formats that can significantly impact

6 Extron Digital Design Guide

For reliable

presentation of

protected content

within a system, all

relevant signal paths

must be fully HDCP

compliant.

The Digital Connection

system reliability if not properly accommodated and implemented.

In brief, EDID relates to the communication of a display’s performance capabilities, such as its native and supported resolutions, to the source connected to it EDID simplifies system setup,

in that the display “tells” the source what pixel rate and resolution it prefers, and the source then outputs the optimum rate and resolution for the display, generally resulting in perfect images that are accurate on a pixel-for-pixel basis.

DRM is the protection of intellectual property, of which HDCP - High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection is the most widely implemented

HDCP encryption is found on recorded Blu-ray Discs, high-definition digital satellite and cable television, downloadable content, and more DRM is a primary concern

commercially-in residential applications, where content piracy

is of great concern to copyright holders, such as motion picture studios, who stand to lose millions

of dollars if content is made available through unauthorized replication For reliable presentation

of protected content within a residential entertainment system, all relevant signal paths must be fully HDCP compliant and conforming

to specific rules This is relatively simple in the typical one-to-one scenario where a Blu-ray Disc

player is connected directly to a flat panel display, but both commercial and residential A/V systems usually present the necessity of sending signals from multiple sources to multiple destinations (see Figure 1-2.) The primary difference, though, between residential and professional A/V systems,

is the type of content that is being distributed and displayed on a regular basis.

In a home environment, virtually all content is derived from commercial, copyrighted sources: movies on Blu-ray, satellite broadcast, or streamed across the Internet; games on Blu-ray, DVD, or solid-state memory; and sports or other live entertainment from pay-per-view satellite or cable TV sources In order to protect the rights of the legitimate owners of this content, digital rights management in general, and HDCP in particular, will become common

Content regularly used in professional A/V applications, on the other hand, is almost always locally generated This mostly includes the display

of Microsoft® applications such as PowerPoint®

or Excel®; institutionally-produced video for training, demonstration, or sales presentations; and custom or proprietary software applications designed specifically for institutional operations

or command-and-control needs Very rarely is the content used in professional applications

Flat Panel Display

Flat Panel Display

Flat Panel Display

Flat Panel Display

4x4 Matrix Switcher

HDCP Source HDCP Repeater HDCP Sink

Professional Digital A/V System with HDCPFigure 1-2

www.extron.com 7

Extron offers a wide variety of product solutions that address the digital video needs

of all market segments.

encrypted with HDCP Typically, rights-managed

content is limited to the occasional use of

commercially-recorded materials, for example

when a sales manager wishes to “rally the troops”

by playing a scene from his or her favorite movie

The key is to select digital products based on

the day-to-day requirements of the application

for which the system is being designed In all

applications, proper management of EDID

communications is a must For residential

applications, compliance with a DRM scheme

such as HDCP is also mandatory for all system

components And for commercial applications,

DRM must also be considered within the

system design to allow the occasional use of

commercially-generated content, but may not be

necessary for all system components or for every

signal path within the overall system design

Extron Digital Solutions

Professional A/V systems are highly customized,

each one designed to meet a particular set of

presentation requirements Overcoming the

challenges presented by various technologies,

customer needs, or environmental parameters

is the goal of all system designers The implementation of digital signals does not change the fact that projectors are mounted on ceilings with cables routed over long distances or run through conduit Not every system involves matrix switching capabilities, but almost every A/V system is designed to accommodate the need to split or switch signals, or provide the signal conversion necessary to introduce analog signals into a digital system, or vice versa

Extron offers a wide variety of product solutions that address the digital video needs of all market segments The diversity of product lines brings flexibility and choice, giving designers the means

to address systems at all levels Augmenting a legacy system with digital inputs and distribution capability can help keep upgrade costs down, while still addressing customer needs Mixed format systems are easily achievable and can be accommodated in small to large systems with short to extremely long distance requirements

An all-digital system can be designed with various levels of functionality, by utilizing products with performance features that address the exact needs required by the integrator ■

8 Extron Digital Design Guide

Digital Video Signal Formats

HDMI is not the only

digital video standard

The video marketplace is currently dominated

by high resolution plasma and LCD flat panel displays, and LCD and DLP projectors These displays are natively digital in their design, construction, and operation Similarly, the vast majority of sources that drive these displays, including computers, DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, high definition digital video recorders or DVRs, and A/V receivers, are inherently digital devices These products stand in contrast

to the traditional, analog video sources and displays such as VHS recorders and CRT-based televisions or data monitors that utilized signal interfaces such as composite video or RGBHV

For a digital video source to initiate analog signal transmission, its digital output signals must be converted to analog video, a process known

as digital-to-analog conversion or DAC At the receiving end, a digital display must convert these analog signals back to digital, a process known

as analog-to-digital conversion or ADC Each DAC and ADC conversion introduces errors and distortion into the video signal By employing all- digital transmission, these unnecessary errors,

as well as the extra expense of ADC and DAC circuitry, can be eliminated See Figure 2-1.

There are several standard signal formats in use for digital video transmission between sources and displays These include:

• DVI - Digital Visual Interface

• HDMI - High Definition Multimedia Interface

• DisplayPort

• SDI - Serial Digital Interface

Some, such as SDI, have been in use for many years while others, such as HDMI and DisplayPort, are relatively new and are being updated continuously through the standards revision process At this point, it is premature

to predict whether any one of these formats will ultimately dominate professional A/V Each format has its own technical advantages as well

as unique capabilities to meet specific integration requirements within the A/V industry Let’s take a look at each one in some detail.

DVI - Digital Visual Interface

DVI and HDMI are based on a common signaling scheme for video known as TMDS - Transition- Minimized Differential Signaling A DVI TMDS link consists of three serial data channels, one for each color – red, blue, and green – plus a fourth channel carrying a pixel rate clock which provides the timing reference that keeps the three color channels synchronized All TMDS data and clock lines are differential, or balanced, and are carried

on twisted pairs within DVI cable assemblies.

To support different resolution requirements, the DVI specification provides for one or two video links per connector, commonly known as single link or dual link, respectively The maximum pixel rate for single link DVI is 165 MHz, corresponding

to 4.95 Gbps, which is more than sufficient for WUXGA 1920x1200 and HDTV 1080p/60, with a color depth of 8 bits per color Higher resolutions and greater color depths can be supported by use of dual link DVI, which handles pixel rates

up to 330 MHz and resolutions as high as 3840x2400

The DVI specification also provides for two additional lines of communication, both of which are essential in achieving successful DVI transmission between devices (see Table 2-1) The DDC - Display Data Channel is a serial connection for EDID and HDCP communication The HPD - Hot Plug Detect pin allows for implementation of hot plug detection, which allows a computer, for example, to detect the presence of a display without user intervention

Internal Digital Functions

Original digital video pixels Transmitted analog video with errors

due to DAC non-linearities

Reconstructed digital video pixels with additional distortion caused by ADC quantization errors

Functions

Unnecessary if source and destination are both natively digital

DAC/ADC Conversions Can Degrade Transmitted Signals Figure 2-1

DVI connector

HDMI connector

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DVI-I Single Link

analog and digital DVI-D Single Link

digital only

DVI-I Dual Link

analog and digital DVI-D Dual Link

E-DDC host assignment

DVI-I Single Link

digital only

DVI-I Dual Link

E-DDC host assignment

The DVI specification provides for two types of

connectors: DVI-D, the standard connector, and

DVI-I, which can carry analog RGBHV as well as

digital signals.

DVI is a royalty-free standard originated by the

DDWG - Digital Display Working Group Version

1.0 of the DVI specification was released in

April 1999, and there have been no subsequent

revisions since then.

HDMI - High Definition Multimedia

Interface

The HDMI format incorporates the TMDS video

functionality of DVI and extends TMDS to

carry digital audio and control information By

consolidating high definition video, audio, and

control into a single, compact connector, HDMI

has been very successful in the consumer audio/

video market (see Table 2-2)

The most common HDMI connector is the 19-pin

Type A, which contains a single TMDS link plus

DDC and HPD lines A 5 volt power supply line

is also provided In addition, HDMI connectors

incorporate the CEC - Consumer Electronics

Control line, which is used for integrated control

of multiple devices within an A/V system At

this time, CEC control protocols are proprietary

to each equipment manufacturer, and there is

no CEC compatibility between manufacturers

However, there are implementation guidelines for

CEC and manufacturers are beginning to work

together to develop standardized control.

Other HDMI connector variations include Type

B, a connector intended to support dual link

HDMI applications but one that has not yet

been implemented; and Type C, a miniaturized

connector designed for portable equipment such

as consumer camcorders.

The HDMI specification and licensing is

administered by HDMI Licensing, LLC In contrast

to DVI, the HDMI specification has evolved

through several standards revisions Version

1.0 of the HDMI specification was released in

June 2002 The current version is HDMI 1.3, released in August 2006 Compared to previous versions, HDMI 1.3 specifies a twofold increase

in the maximum TMDS single link clock rate to

340 MHz, corresponding to 10.2 Gbps (Table 2-3) The increased bandwidth of HDMI 1.3 enables up to 16 bits per color – also known as Deep Color, an extended color space, the latest high resolution surround sound audio formats for Blu-ray Disc, and video resolutions up to WQXGA 2560x1600 Version 1.3 also mandates the inclusion of High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection or HDCP, a digital rights management scheme that prevents the copying of digital video and audio content The next version, HDMI 1.4 (Table 2-4) was recently announced and the

PIN # SIGNAL NAME PIN # SIGNAL NAME PIN # SIGNAL NAME

3 TMDS Data2/4 Shield 11 TMDS Data1/3 Shield 19 TMDS Data0/5 Shield

6 DDC Clock [SCL] 14 +5 V Power 22 TMDS Clock Shield

7 DDC Data [SDA] 15 Ground (for +5 V) 23 TMDS Clock +

8 Analog vertical sync 16 Hot Plug Detect 24

TMDS Clock -C1 Analog Red C5 Analog GND Return:

(analog R, G, B) C3 Analog Blue

Table 2-1 DVI pin configurations

✔ Performance:

- DVI compatible

- 25-340 MHz

- Upward of 10 2 Gbps data speed

- Color depth: 24-bit, plus 30, 36, and 48-bit Deep Color

- Color space: ITU-R BT709-5, xvYCC

✔ Simple, plug and play connection

✔ Only one cable required

✔ Integrated video, audio, and content protection

✔ High level consumer control

✔ Auto lip sync

HDMI 1.4 Enhanced Functionality

✔ HDMI Ethernet Channel:

- Bi-directional data channel supporting 100 Mbps Ethernet connectivity

- Allows multiple devices to share one network connection

✔ Audio Return Channel:

- Returns upstream audio from

a display's internal tuner to a receiver

✔ Supports higher maximum resolutions:

10 Extron Digital Design Guide

DVI-I Single Link

digital only

DVI-I Dual Link

high resolution audio,

and video resolutions

well beyond WUXGA

1920x1200 and

HDTV 1080p/60.

Digital Video Signal Formats

specification is expected to be published by June 30, 2009.

DisplayPort

DisplayPort is a royalty-free digital interface between sources and displays that is being positioned as a low-cost alternative to HDMI for

PC equipment manufacturers DisplayPort uses a digital video transmission scheme that differs from TMDS and is therefore not directly compatible with HDMI and DVI However, the 20-pin DisplayPort connector, with characteristics similar to the HDMI Type A and Type C connectors, can be used to pass HDMI signals, provided that the device supports HDMI (see Table 2-5) For example, if

a video source only has a DisplayPort connector, but also has HDMI signaling capability, then it is possible to use a DisplayPort-to-HDMI adapter

to connect the source to an HDMI-equipped display Such DisplayPort connections, referred to

as “dual-mode” or “multi-mode,”

are symbolized by a special logo

to indicate this capability:

DisplayPort video and audio signals are carried

on four lanes of differential wires, with each lane running at either 1.62 Gbps or 2.7 Gbps for a maximum data rate of 10.8 Gbps As with HDMI 1.3, DisplayPort is capable of supporting Deep Color, multi-channel high resolution audio, and video resolutions well beyond WUXGA 1920x1200 and HDTV 1080p/60 Analogous

to the DDC channel for HDMI, DisplayPort connectors provide for a differential AUX channel for EDID communication In addition, DisplayPort incorporates digital rights management similar

to HDCP - DisplayPort Content Protection

Table 2-5 DisplayPort pin configuration (Source-side)

STANDARD NAME DATA RATE FORMAT VIDEO ENCODING COLOR DISTANCES COAX

SMPTE 259M-C SDI 270 Mb/s 480i, 576i 4:2:2 YCbCr 300 meters

SMPTE 292M HD-SDI 1.485 Gb/s 720p, 1080i, 1080p/30 4:2:2 YCbCr 100 meters

SMPTE 372M Dual Link HD-SDI 2.97 Gb/s 1080p/60, 2K various 100 meters

SMPTE 424M 3G-SDI 2.97 Gb/s 1080p/60, 2K various 100 meters

Table 2-6 SMPTE - Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers SDI Standards

In addition to zero licensing fees, DisplayPort

is intended to provide further cost savings by unifying the interface signals for both internal and external connections within a device, such as the connection between the motherboard and display

on a laptop PC The VESA - Video Electronics Standards Association released the initial version of the DisplayPort standard in 2006 The most recent revision, 1.1a, was released in January 2008.

SDI - Serial Digital Interface

SDI is a set of video standards, defined by the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers

or SMPTE, for serial transmission of video and audio over standard RG59 or RG6 coaxial cable (see Table 2-6) SDI standards encompass a variety of data rates from 270 Mbps to 2.97 Gbps per link and are primarily utilized on professional broadcast and video production equipment, with secondary use in live events, rental and staging, medical imaging, digital cinema, and telepresence cameras and recording devices

An SDI-based video infrastructure is becoming increasingly popular for A/V signal distribution, due to the benefits of inexpensive or existing cabling, ease of termination, and transmission distance capabilities up to 330 feet (100 meters) for HD-SDI and 3G-SDI signals SDI is strictly a serial, one-way protocol for video, audio, and metadata such as time and date stamps or GPS coordinates, with no provisions for other auxiliary communications ■

DisplayPort connector

www.extron.com 11

Clock Period

Minimum Eye Opening Mask

Signal Swing

Clock Period Clock Period High

Level

Low Level

Rise Time

Signal Level Uncertainty

Signal Level Uncertainty

Usable Signal Swing

Fall Time

Timing Jitter/Uncertainty Timing Jitter/Uncertainty

Clock Period

Minimum Eye Opening Mask

Signal Swing

Clock Period Clock Period High

Level

Low Level

Rise Time

Signal Level Uncertainty

Signal Level Uncertainty

Usable Signal Swing

Fall Time

Jitter can occur over long lengths of low quality cable, or through the cumulative effect caused by cascading several digital devices or cables between the source and the destination.

Anatomy of a Digital Video Signal

Digital video signals are considerably different

in comparison to traditional analog video

signals, with specific performance and timing

requirements that must be maintained throughout

the entire signal path Terms such as equalization,

jitter, and reclocking in the digital domain replace

the familiar level and peaking terminology for

analog signals Signal conditioning requirements

for digital signals are also different, and must

be understood accordingly before designing a

digital-based A/V system

All standard digital video signal formats, including

SDI, DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort are synchronous,

that is, the value of a synchronous digital signal

may change only at specific intervals determined

by a reference signal known as the clock Digital

video signals are binary in nature - the signal can

be either a high or a low level, with rapid transitions

in between (see Figure 3-1) The amount of time

it takes for a digital signal to transition from low

to high is known as the rise time, and the time it

takes for the signal to transition from high to low

is known as the fall time The difference between

the high and the low values of the signal level is

called the signal swing The minimum allowable

time interval between transitions is known as the

clock period.

Because it is binary, a digital signal is fundamentally

robust, since a receiver only needs to distinguish

between “high” and “low” levels for each clock

period in order to completely reconstruct the

original transmission However, this becomes

increasingly difficult as the signal swing is

decreased and as timing becomes less accurate

Rise and fall times, signal swing, and timing

accuracy are all subject to degradation in digital

signal transmission caused by cable attenuation,

cable capacitance, impedance mismatch, noise

coupling, crosstalk, and so forth It is important

to quantify the amount of signal degradation

so that standards for signal integrity can be

defined If the signal is degraded beyond the

receiver’s ability to distinguish high and low signal

values with correct timing, the receiver’s output

abruptly becomes meaningless, and the signal

disappears, otherwise known as cliff effect This

is in contrast to analog transmission, whereby the receiver’s output gradually degrades as the signal worsens, but still remains viewable long into its degraded state

One of the key contributors to timing errors is jitter Jitter is defined as the variation of the clock period in relation to the reference clock signal

Jitter can occur over long lengths of low quality cable, or through the cumulative effect caused

by cascading several digital devices between the source and the destination

Eye diagrams are useful in quantifying digital signal integrity They can be produced on an oscilloscope by sampling a series of digital pulses

in succession, and overlaying the samples on the oscilloscope display (see Figure 3-2). Figure 3-2 An eye diagram is

formed by repeated sampling

of a digital signal.

Figure 3-1 Digital Data Parameters

12 Extron Digital Design Guide

Clock Period

Minimum Eye Opening Mask

Signal

High Level

Low Level

Rise Time

Signal Level Uncertainty

Signal Level Uncertainty

Usable Signal Swing

Fall Time

Timing Jitter/Uncertainty Timing Jitter/Uncertainty

The direct signal

output for the source

device is often

assumed to be good,

but just one adapter

or low quality cable

may degrade the

signal to the extent

that no image is

displayed.

Anatomy of a Digital Video Signal

The resulting diagram displays the aggregated levels and timing characteristics of the signal being transmitted (see Figure 3-3) The open, eye- shaped regions between the waveforms give the

“eye” diagram its name To determine whether the value of the signal is “high” or “low,” the signal should be captured at intervals corresponding

to the midpoints within these regions These intervals are also the midpoints in time between signal transitions The smaller the opening of the eye, the more difficult it is to accurately determine the signal value Digital video format specifications include required values for eye openings as minimum standards for signal integrity These values can be overlaid onto eye diagrams as a reference or limit “mask” when making signal quality measurements.

Maintaining Digital Signal Integrity

A clean digital signal path is crucial for signal integrity Cable lengths should not exceed the driving capability of digital signal sources, as

cable capacitance and attenuation will degrade signal rise time and amplitude as cable length increases Since DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort signals are transmitted over twisted pair-type cables, skew is introduced at long cable lengths due to the variations in twist rates of individual wire pairs in the cabling, which in turn impacts the relative timing between the video data lines The compromised “eye” pattern in Figure 3-4 shows the resulting distortion caused by attenuation losses and skew-related timing errors from long cable lengths The resulting waveform encroaches

on the limit mask, which potentially leads to erratic images, or no image displayed at all.

Signal conditioning can be applied within digital video equipment via features such as input signal equalization and output signal reclocking These advanced features provide compensation for losses experienced throughout the signal chain It is important to note that such losses are not limited to the signal path, but may also

be related to the source device itself The direct signal output from the source device is often assumed to be good, but this is not always the case Awareness of this is key to managing the integrity of the overall system In situations where long cable lengths are unavoidable, active cable equalizers can be deployed to restore signal integrity and extend drive distances Active equalizers are designed to compensate for the effects of long cable runs Special amplifiers and filters matched to cable losses restore signal swing as well as rise and fall times Clock and data recovery circuitry can remove jitter and restore clock timing, resulting in a measurable opening

of the signal eye pattern Figure 3-5 shows the result of signal conditioning applied by the Extron DVI 201xi Twisted Pair Extender to the distorted

“eye” pattern in Figure 3-4 Signal conditioning features including input equalization and output reclocking are common to many Extron digital product solutions.

As video resolutions and associated signal frequencies increase, the signal becomes more and more susceptible to discontinuities along

Assessing signal integrity using a standardized minimum eye opening mask

Figure 3-5 Pass Figure 3-4 Fail

Figure 3-3 Eye Diagram Parameters

Substantial signal degradation caused by simply inserting a DVI gender changer

Figure 3-6

Figure 3-7 Running a preterminated HDMI cable through conduit can be inconvenient

the cable Such discontinuities cause reflections

which will degrade the signal Therefore, the

bend radii of cables should be kept as large as

possible, and cable splices, joiners, or gender

changers should be avoided Figure 3-6 depicts

the substantial degradation that can be caused by

simply inserting a gender changer between two

cables In this example, the eye diagram shows

the result of a 1920x1200 source signal passing

through a 6 foot (1.8 m) DVI cable, then through

a DVI female-to-female coupler, and finally an

additional 6 foot DVI cable This emphasizes

the importance of proper design considerations

for management of all high resolution digital

signals System interconnects should be kept

to a minimum, and signal distribution equipment

should always feature signal conditioning

capabilities to best accommodate specific design

challenges that may compromise digital video

signal integrity.

Solutions for Extending Digital

Video Signals

The customized nature of professional A/V

systems usually presents many digital video

distribution challenges to the integrator, including

the need to send signals over significant

distances Extron offers a variety of products

for specific digital video formats to help meet

infrastructure-related requirements For example,

most installations call for cable runs of 35 feet

(11 m) or beyond, and also require that cables be

managed within walls and up into ceiling spaces

This can be a problem with standard digital cable

assemblies, since the connectors are often too

large to conveniently run through conduits and

raceways, and terminating HDMI and DVI cables

in the field is difficult with very few tools available

(see Figure 3-7) Even when this is possible,

most standard cable assemblies offer insufficient

performance to send signals over significant

distances Fortunately, products and solutions

are available that offer the flexibility to address

specific system needs A popular alternative to

standard cable assemblies is to use an active

transmitter and receiver pair to send digital

signals over standard, shielded Category 5-type

or fiber optic cable This approach provides a means to conveniently route cabling through walls and within furniture, the convenience of field terminating connectors, and the ability to send signals extended distances.

Category 5-type twisted pair cable offers a effective, easily installed and terminated option for digital signal transmission distances up to 200 feet (60 meters) For longer distance transmission requirements, up to several miles, and for applications where security or outside electrical interference are of concern, fiber optic products may be selected for a variety of reasons:

• High image quality – Pixel-for-pixel performance up

to 1920x1200 resolution

• Long distance transmission – Image quality can be maintained at distances up to 30 km

• Immunity to outside interference – Can be utilized

in environments that can’t be served by based cabling such as elevator shafts or near HVAC and other electric machinery

• Ideal for secure environments – Well-suited for government, military, and judicial environments ■

For more information, see Extron’s white paper at www.extron.com/digitalvideopaper

14 Extron Digital Design Guide

EDID is used

by a display to

communicate

information to a

source device about

the range of signals

of the displayed images and overall reliability of the system.

Where is EDID utilized?

Generally, the source device will be a computer graphics card on a desktop or laptop PC, but provisions are in place for many other devices, including HDTV receivers and DVRs, DVD and Blu-ray Disc players, and even gaming consoles,

to read EDID and output video accordingly

Originally developed for use between analog computer-video devices with VGA ports, EDID is now implemented for DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort.

History

EDID was developed by VESA - the Video Electronics Standards Association, with version 1.0 introduced in 1994 within version 1.0 of the DDC standard See Table 4-1.

Prior to the development of EDID, pins 4, 11, 12, and 15 on the VGA connector were sometimes used to define monitor capabilities These ID bit pins carried either high or low values to define different screen resolutions VESA extended this scheme by redefining VGA connector pins

9, 12, and 15 as a serial bus in the form of the DDC - Display Data Channel This allowed for much more information to be exchanged, so that EDID and other forms of communication were possible between the source and the display.

The original DDC protocol defined 128 bytes

to be sent from the display to the video source,

with data formatting defined by the EDID specification.

As display types and capabilities increased, 128 bytes became insufficient, and both EDID and DDC were extended so that multiple 128-byte data blocks could be exchanged This is known

as E-EDID and has been implemented in many consumer devices In fact, the CEA - Consumer Electronics Association has defined its own EDID extensions to cover additional video formats and to support advanced multi-channel audio capabilities.

What EDID information is exchanged between display and source?

The base EDID information of a display is conveyed within a 128-byte data structure (see Table 4-2) that contains pertinent manufacturer and operation-related data The current EDID version defines the structure as follows:

Vendor/Product Identification Block – The first

18 bytes identify the display manufacturer and product, including serial number and date of manufacture.

EDID Structure Version & Revision – The next two bytes identify the version and revision of the EDID data within the structure.

Basic Display Parameters/Features – The next five bytes define characteristics such as whether the display accepts analog or digital inputs, sync types, maximum horizontal and vertical size of the display, gamma transfer characteristics, power management capabilities, color space, and default video timing.

Color Characteristics – The next 10 bytes define the RGB color space conversion technique to be used by the display.

Established Timings – The next three bytes define the VESA-established video resolutions/ timings that are supported by the display Each bit represents an established timing such as

Understanding EDID - Extended Display Identification Data

EDID Development History

EDID Defines the data

structures sent from a

video display to a source

over E-DDC lines to

describe its capabilities

EDID 1.0 Defined original

128-byte data structure

(Deprecated)

EDID 1.1 Defined some

alternative uses for

space in data structure

(Deprecated)

EDID 1.2 Defined some

alternative uses for

space in data structure

(Deprecated)

EDID 1.3 Current definitions for

128-byte EDID data

fields

EDID 2.0 Introduced new

256-byte data structure

E-EDID Defined optional

DisplayID Introduced variable

length data structure

Table 4-1.

www.extron.com 15

Consumer displays are prevalent

in commercial environments Before EDID 1.3, EDID data was not properly communicated between the consumer displays and PC’s

640x480/60 The last of the three bytes defines

the manufacturer’s reserved timing, if any

Standard Timing Identification – The next 16

bytes define eight additional video resolutions

supported by the display These resolutions must

adhere to standard VESA defined timings.

Detailed Timing Descriptions – The next 72

bytes are organized into four 18-byte blocks that

describe additional video resolutions in detail,

so that custom video timings/resolutions can be

supported The first of the four blocks is intended

to describe the display’s preferred video timing

The timing data can be structured according to

the VESA GTF - Generalized Timing Formula or

CVT - Coordinated Video Timings standards.

Extension Flag – EDID versions 1.3 and higher

allow for additional 128-byte blocks of data

to describe increased capabilities This byte

indicates the number of additional extension

blocks available Various structures for these

extension blocks have been defined, including

DI-EXT - Display Information Extension,

VTB-EXT - Video Timing Block Extension, and

LS-EXT - Localized String Extension But the

most prevalent extension is CEA-861, which

was defined to support advanced capabilities

of consumer devices incorporating HDMI The

significance of the CEA-861 extension is that it

aims to address previous operational disparities

experienced with integrating consumer-based

display devices into computer-based commercial

A/V systems, allowing for proper conveyance of

EDID information between devices.

EDID/DDC Protocols

The DDC uses a standard serial signaling scheme

known as the I2C bus I2C is used extensively

where electronic devices and components need

to exchange information, due to its simplicity,

low pin count, and bi-directional capability An

I2C bus consists of three wires: SDA (data), SCL

(clock), and a logic “high” DC pull-up voltage

For the DDC, the logic “high” voltage is specified

to be +5V

EDID information is typically exchanged when the video source starts up The DDC specifications define a +5V supply connection for the source to provide power to a display’s EDID circuitry so that communication can be enabled, even if the display

is powered off At startup, the video source will send a request for EDID over the DDC The EDID/

DDC specifications support hot plug detection,

so that EDID information can also be exchanged whenever a display is re-connected to a video source Hot plug detection is not supported for VGA, but is supported in digital interfaces including DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort For these interfaces, the display device will supply a voltage

on an HPD - Hot Plug Detect pin, to signal to the video source device that it is connected The absence of a voltage on the HPD pin indicates disconnection The video source device monitors the voltage on the HPD pin and initiates EDID requests as it senses incoming voltage.

Address

20 Video Input Type

Basic Display Parameters: Video input type (analog or digital), display size, power management, sync, color space, and timing capabilities and preferences are reported here

21 Horizontal Size (cm)

22 Vertical Size (cm)

23 Display Gamma

24 Supported Features

25-34 Color Characteristics Color Space Definition

35-36 Established Timings Supported

Timing information for all resolutions supported by the display are reported here

37 Manufacturer's Reserved Timing

38-53 EDID Standard Timings Supported

54-71 Detailed Timing Descriptor Block 1

72-89 Detailed Timing Descriptor Block 2

90-107 Detailed Timing Descriptor Block 3

108-125 Detailed Timing Descriptor Block 4

126 Extension Flag Number of (Optional) 128-byte Extension

Blocks to Follow

127 Checksum

Table 4-2 EDID File Structure

16 Extron Digital Design Guide

to the display device not displaying the source content at all.

The following are examples of some potential issues with EDID communications, along with the possible causes:

Problem The display loses the image when a new source has been selected.

Possible Cause

• This is a common occurrence with VGA sources, due

to the lack of hot plug detection

• While hot plug detection is supported for DVI, HDMI, and DisplayPort, EDID communication problems can arise from inconsistencies in the implementation

of HPD signaling between devices from different manufacturers This frequently becomes an issue for professional integration, since the ability to switch digital video signals is a necessity

Problem

An image is shown, but the source resolution does not match that of the display.

Possible Cause

• A PC cannot read the EDID information, so it defaults

to a standard resolution, such as 640x480 If the user subsequently attempts to manually set the resolution

to match the display, some graphics card drivers may enforce the lower default resolution and create a scrolling/panning desktop without actually changing the video resolution

• The PC is able to read the EDID information, but the graphics card limits the output resolution to XGA 1024x768, a resolution most displays can accommodate, ensuring a usable image and

reducing the likelihood of no image being displayed If this does not match the native resolution the display, fonts will likely appear to be abnormally large, small,

or fuzzy

• The PC is connected to multiple displays with different native resolutions Since it can only read EDID from one display, the output will be mismatched

in resolution with all other displays, resulting in less than optimal image quality, or no image displayed at all This issue is a common occurrence in professional systems when digital video signals need to be distributed or routed to multiple displays

EDID Tools

Third-party software can be used to help troubleshoot possible compatibility issues between the display device and the source A Google search using “EDID viewer” will result

in many usable tools, such as those offered by ViewSonic including EDID Editor or EnTech - Monitor Asset Manager These tools allow you to read the display’s EDID and determine whether

a graphic card and the display device may be experiencing EDID handshake problems.

EDID Solutions

A/V systems typically comprise several remotely located displays and often include multiple source devices It is important to realize this can potentially contribute to EDID-related issues The necessity to switch, distribute, and route signals from sources to displays presents a considerable challenge in terms of ensuring proper EDID communications and therefore reliable system operation.

While there is not always a solution to every EDID-related problem, Extron products include features to help prevent or solve many of them

by properly managing EDID communications between sources and displays in A/V systems These features provide automatic and continuous EDID management with attached source devices, ensuring proper power-up and reliable output of content

EDID Emulation is a feature of many Extron DVI and HDMI products, including switchers,

OK, here is my native resolution and vertical refresh rate.

OK, sending video to fit your format.

Extron EDID Minder captures, stores, and conveys EDID to connected sources to ensure proper, optimal video format output.

distribution amplifiers, and matrix switchers It

maintains constant EDID communication with

source devices by providing pre-stored EDID

information for various signal resolutions A user

can select the desired signal resolution, and then

the corresponding EDID block is conveyed to all

attached source devices This EDID information

is constantly available to the sources, even in a

switching application where inputs are regularly

selected and de-selected The output of the

sources should match the native resolution of the

intended display device.

EDID Minder™ is an advanced,

Extron-exclusive technology for EDID management

It encompasses EDID Emulation, but also

incorporates an additional level of “intelligence.”

Extron products with EDID Minder can

communicate with the display device, and

automatically capture and store EDID information

from the display (see Figure 5-1) This captured

information can then be used as the reference

EDID for the sources EDID Minder is a standard

feature in most Extron DVI and HDMI extenders,

switchers, distribution amplifiers, and matrix

switchers, as well as products that incorporate

DVI or HDMI switching.

The functional role of a given product as a

distribution amplifier, switcher, or matrix switcher

determines the complexity of EDID Minder

implementation Matrix switching environments

represent the most difficult EDID management

situation, with simultaneous EDID communications

required for multiple inputs and outputs The

displays connected to the outputs are very likely

to be of different models and native resolutions

The EDID information between them is different

and needs to be conveyed to the source devices

Proper EDID management within the system is

crucial to consistent and reliable operation

Extron HDMI and DVI matrix switchers with

EDID Minder achieve this by managing EDID

communications for each input/output tie EDID

Minder first analyzes the EDID for all displays

connected to the system, applies a complex

algorithm to determine a common resolution, refresh rate and color space, and then uses the EDID protocol to set up the input sources

This powerful convenience feature simplifies system setup for the integrator, helps ensure consistent and reliable image display, and makes system operation virtually transparent to the end user ■

Extron EDID 101 D Emulator for DVI with EDID Minder

Figure 5-1 EDID Minder Communications

For more information, see Extron’s white paper at www.extron.com/edidpaper

18 Extron Digital Design Guide

Users should be made

aware of the potential

issues that may arise

In the A/V industry, DRM is used to secure digital music and video content to prevent unauthorized playback or copying For digital video content protection, the most prevalent DRM systems are HDCP - High-bandwidth Digital Content Protection and AACS - Advanced Access Content System HDCP is an encryption protocol applied

to digital interfaces including HDMI, DVI, and DisplayPort AACS is a standard for encrypting high definition optical discs that also works in conjunction with HDCP.

DRM exists to protect the rights of content creators and owners to receive compensation for their initial ideas and subsequently bringing them to market Movies and music are the most recognized source content within the A/V industry that is impacted by DRM enforcement

An individual who purchased a copy-protected Blu-ray Disc, for example, is entitled to utilize that disc only within a personal-use environment, which extends to the home or other private viewing locale For that movie to be played in a public space, additional licensing requirements must first be met If that licensing has not been obtained, significant fines can be levied against the offender These fines may very well extend to the owner of the installed system.

A/V systems in public spaces are the center of our industry, with installations taking place on a daily basis It is for this reason that DRM considerations must be made and addressed at the earliest point

of system design The time when needs are being assessed for an A/V integration project is also the time to determine the functional requirements of

a given system This is when the sales engineer should ask the right questions and inform the prospective customer on the legalities involved with personal-use devices and/or material being used in public and commercial spaces The old,

familiar adage of “Just because one can, doesn’t mean one should” is fully appropriate in this case HDCP-compliant systems are increasingly being requested by customers and integrators alike This type of system could be used to show protected content in public spaces Therefore, users should

be made aware of the potential issues that may arise from inadvertent public display of private- use, content-protected materials During system commissioning and training, the integrator should consider educating system operators, and even include discussion of DRM and content protection within system documentation Of course, this is not as much of an issue for residential installations, where the entire system is generally intended for personal use.

DRM for Video - Separate Protocols That Work Together

HDCP is designed to prevent unauthorized access of protected video content and to enforce restrictions on authorized playback HDCP- enabled video sources, such as Blu-ray Disc players, PCs, and other digital media devices always undergo through a three-step process to protect the video from unauthorized access:

1 Authentication: The video source determines that all devices connected to its outputs are authorized and able to receive encrypted video This

is accomplished by means of an initial authorization handshake protocol, where cryptographic public keys, KSV - Key Selection Vector, and encrypted messages are exchanged between the source and the downstream devices connected to its outputs The HDCP 1.3 specification calls for a maximum of

127 simultaneous devices connected downstream from the source, and up to seven allowable levels

of repeater devices between the source and the display - also known as the sink The source uses the initial handshake protocol to determine that these system size restrictions are not violated HDCP version 1.3 is the currently implemented specification As will soon be discussed, the latest version, HDCP 2.0, further restricts the allowable maximum number of simultaneous devices and repeater levels.

DRM for the A / V Professional

Multiple display system in a public space

environment

www.extron.com 19

When switching between sources, HDCP authentication needs

to be re-established between the new source and display Depending

on the number of devices within the system, this can cause the displayed image to

be delayed.

2 Content Encryption: After the source

authenticates that all downstream devices are

HDCP compliant and in good standing, and

that no system size restrictions are violated, the

source sends encrypted video downstream The

source periodically revises the encryption key for

the video as an additional security measure.

3 Renewability: Since HDCP relies on digital

encryption using secret keys, the system can

be circumvented if the secret keys residing in

HDCP-licensed products fall into the wrong

hands Therefore, a means has to be established

to revoke any compromised keys The HDCP

administration authority, Digital Content

Protection, LLP can add a list of public keys of

compromised products to video content such as

Blu-ray Disc Video sources will read this data,

store it in non-volatile memory, and compare the

public keys of any downstream devices against

this revocation list If any key matches, no video

will be transmitted.

Figures 5-1 and 5-2 on the next page provide a

step-by-step illustration of the communications

that occur between source and sink devices

within an HDCP-based system.

The multi-step process of HDCP authentication

can take several seconds to complete This is a

primary reason for the perceived sluggishness

of some digital video systems, especially during

startup and when video signals are switched

or re-routed, requiring HDCP re-authentication

The best switching performance can be realized

in HDCP-compatible video equipment built

to minimize re-authentication through careful

internal design and proper deployment of HDCP

processing components.

Until the introduction of HDCP 2.0, the basic

protocol of HDCP had not changed substantially

The only major differences between HDCP

versions 1.0 through 1.3 is in the types of physical

A/V connections HDCP version 1.0 applied to the

DVI interface Version 1.1 incorporated HDMI, and

support for DisplayPort was added for version 1.3

With the release of version 2.0 in October 2008, HDCP became interface-independent, and can

be applied to any two-way digital transmission between sources and displays, wired or wireless, compressed or uncompressed See Table 5-1.

HDCP 2.0 calls for many other important changes

For wireless connections, HDCP 2.0 adds a locality check to the authentication protocol, to ensure that only devices nearby will be able to receive protected content Furthermore, HDCP 2.0 replaces the specialized 56-bit HDCP 1.x encryption scheme with two standard algorithms from the data security industry: for authentication,

an RSA system with 1024 and 3072-bit keys; and for content encryption, a 128-bit AES - Advanced Encryption System In addition, the maximum number of connected devices is reduced to 32, and the maximum level of repeaters is reduced to four As of result of all these changes, HDCP 2.0

is not directly backward compatible with HDCP 1.x The new specification provides for converters between HDCP 1.x and HDCP 2.0 devices to support mixed A/V systems with devices that comply with both versions These converters are important, because the HDCP license agreement requires that licensees support any new specification within eighteen months of release

Encryption Method

Specialized 56-bit symmetric system used for both authentication and video encryption

Authentication:

Data security industry standard RSA

1024 and 3072-bit asymmetric system Video encryption:

Data security industry standard AES 128-bit symmetric system

Applicable Interfaces DVI, HDMI, DisplayPort Any two-way digital interface

Maximum Downstream Receivers for Each Transmitter < 128 < 32Maximum Repeater Levels for

20 Extron Digital Design Guide

HDCP Rx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

You have 100ms

to get thru this

Here’s my public key

Aksv : 101101

Remember this number

An : 010011

Here’s my public key Bksv : 001100

I’m NOT a repeater

Calculate Shared Secret Keys

Your public key checks out Now I can compute the secret key Km from our public keys*:

1110100

Data Transmitting

Now I can compute the secret key Km’ from our public keys*:

1110100

Encrypt a Message Using Secret Key

Now I can use MY secret key Km to encrypt An to form a message RO : 0000110

Now I can use My

encrypt An to form a message RO’ : 0000110

Initial Key Exchange

Here is an encrypted message RO’ : 0000110

Initial Authentication

Your encrypted message matches mine, and you gave it

to me in less than 100ms

Data Transmitting

OK, here is your encrypted video:

Transmit Video

Receiver Demonstrates Secret Key Knowledge

* Km and Km’ are computed using each device’s private key along with the public keys of both devices This is a special calculation that results in matching Km=Km’ IF all the keys are valid

Phase 1

REPEATER!?

You have 5 seconds

to tell me who’s downstream

Here’s my public key Aksv : 101101

Here’s my public key Bksv : 001100

I’m a REPEATER

Repeater Performs Initial Authentication with Connected Devices

- Downstream Device Keys are Collected

Data Transmitting

Data Transmitting

Here are the keys of downstream devices:

0010011

0001100

Here is how they are connected:

Phase 1 Authentication Procedure (Described Before) AuthenticationPhase 1

Procedure (Described Before)

√ You were ready to give me downstream info in less than 5 seconds.

√ The downstream device keys haven’t been revoked.

√ There are less than 128 total downstream devices.

√ There are less than 7 levels

of repeaters connected downstream.

Initial Key Exchange

Repeater Reports Key List and Topology

Repeater Authentication Complete

Data Transmitting

Separately Encrypted Data Transmitting

OK, here is your encrypted video:

0110001100 0011011110 1110000010 0001101110

OK, here is your encrypted video:

1111111100 0011001101 1000000001

OK, here is your encrypted video:

1111111100 1011100010 1111000100

Transmitter Validates Connections

DRM for the A / V Professional

www.extron.com 21

HDCP Rx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

HDCP Tx

You have 100ms

to get thru this

Here’s my public key

Aksv : 101101

Remember this number

An : 010011

Here’s my public key Bksv :

001100

I’m NOT a repeater

Calculate Shared Secret Keys

Your public key checks out Now I can

compute the secret key Km from our

public keys*:

1110100

Data Transmitting

Now I can compute the secret

key Km’ from our public keys*:

1110100

Encrypt a Message Using Secret Key

Now I can use MY

0000110

Initial Key Exchange

Here is an encrypted message RO’ :

0000110

Initial Authentication

Your encrypted message matches

mine, and you gave it

to me in less than 100ms

Data Transmitting

OK, here is your encrypted video:

Transmit Video

Receiver Demonstrates Secret Key Knowledge

* Km and Km’ are computed using each device’s private key along with the public keys of both

devices This is a special calculation that results in matching Km=Km’ IF all the keys are valid

Phase 1

REPEATER!?

You have 5 seconds

to tell me who’s downstream

Here’s my public key Aksv : 101101

Here’s my public key Bksv : 001100

I’m a REPEATER

Repeater Performs Initial Authentication with Connected Devices

- Downstream Device Keys are Collected

Data Transmitting

Data Transmitting

Here are the keys of downstream devices:

0010011

0001100

Here is how they are connected:

Phase 1 Authentication Procedure (Described Before) AuthenticationPhase 1

Procedure (Described Before)

√ You were ready to give me downstream info in less than 5 seconds.

√ The downstream device keys haven’t been revoked.

√ There are less than 128 total downstream devices.

√ There are less than 7 levels

of repeaters connected downstream.

Initial Key Exchange

Repeater Reports Key List and Topology

Repeater Authentication Complete

Data Transmitting

Separately Encrypted Data Transmitting

OK, here is your encrypted video:

0110001100 0011011110 1110000010 0001101110

OK, here is your encrypted video:

1111111100 0011001101 1000000001

OK, here is your encrypted video:

1111111100 1011100010 1111000100

Transmitter Validates Connections

if a user expects to connect a PC to it and play commercial Blu-ray Discs.

Figure 5-2 Phase 2

22 Extron Digital Design Guide

DRM for the A / V Professional

The HDCP licensing

agreement does not

allow for analog video

outputs on repeater or

display devices.

Therefore, this implies that HDCP 2.0-compliant devices will soon emerge on the market An existing A/V system incorporating HDCP 1.3 will require converters if newly acquired HDCP 2.0 devices are to be incorporated into the system

AACS is the DRM standard adopted for Blu-ray Disc AACS is designed to protect Blu-ray Disc content similar to the way that the CSS - Content Scramble System protects commercial DVDs, but with additional features Both AACS and CSS encrypt the video data on-disc, so that only authorized players can read the content (see Table 5-2) Both AACS and CSS prevent unauthorized copying of commercial Blu-ray Disc and DVD, and both systems have mechanisms for revoking compromised players AACS offers greater protection than CSS in the following areas:

• AACS employs AES 128-bit encryption, while CSS implements 40-bit encryption

• AACS allows for the revocation of individual Blu-ray Disc players, whereas CSS can only revoke entire models of DVD players

• AACS encrypts the digital outputs of Blu-ray Disc players with HDCP

• AACS provides for the eventual elimination of analog video outputs on Blu-ray Disc players

The final AACS specification will include a provision for making authorized copies of Blu-ray Discs, whereby a recording device can connect to Internet servers at the AACS LA - AACS Licensing Administrator to obtain electronic permission to make a legitimate copy of protected content.

Analog Outputs

The HDCP licensing agreement does not allow for analog video outputs on repeater or display devices, but does not restrict analog outputs for sources Nonetheless, this does not preclude separate agreements that would prevent analog outputs on source devices Such agreements could be negotiated on an ad hoc basis between content providers and hardware makers However, the AACS licensing agreement is very specific about analog outputs and provides for several measures to control them Blu-ray Disc titles that support AACS have usage rules data embedded in them that allow the content producer to limit the analog output resolution by invoking the ICT - Image Constraint Token, or even to disable the analog outputs entirely by invoking the DOT - Digital Only Token As of the first quarter of 2009, no Blu-ray Disc titles have included these restriction tokens, but this may change with future releases The AACS license agreement also provides for an “analog sunset” for newly manufactured Blu-ray Disc players, such that models manufactured after 2010 can only include standard definition analog outputs, and after 2013, no Blu-ray Disc players may be manufactured with any analog outputs.

Computers

There are numerous DRM schemes for computers The computer industry is a major source of innovation for content creation as well as for unauthorized reproduction of that content Computer DRM methods have been devised to protect software, digital music, digital video, digital books, games, etc The present discussion will be limited to video content played on a computer and the associated DRM schemes therein These DRM schemes are mainly for preventing unauthorized access to

DVDs (CSS) Blu-ray Discs (AACS) Encryption Method Specialized 40-bit stream cipher Data security industry standard AES 128-bit symmetric system

Player Revocation All players in a model range are revoked Individual players can be revoked

Disc Copy Prevention Hidden disc lead-in area prevents bit-for-bit disc

copy

Encrypted volume ID prevents bit-for-bit disc copy

Output Signal Scrambling Macrovision applied at analog outputs HDCP applied at digital outputs

Macrovision applied at analog outputs

Managed Disc Copying No provisions

Authorized copies are possible by connecting to AACSLA server and obtaining permission (details to be finalized)

Analog Sunset No provisions

Players manufactured after 2010 may not have high definition analog outputs Players manufactured after 2013 may not have any analog outputs

Table 5-2 Differences between CSS and AACS encryption

www.extron.com 23

Since DRM implementations such

as HDCP and AACS are meant to restrict what the end user can do with protected content, it makes sense for the A/V professional to inform the end user of these restrictions at the outset.

protected commercial video such as Blu-ray Disc

or downloaded content including movies or TV

shows But non-commercial video files can also

be protected with DRM, if the content creator has

access to DRM technology The DVI, HDMI, and

DisplayPort outputs of computers should have no

DRM restrictions when the content being played

is not protected.

As of the first quarter of 2009, for Blu-ray

Disc playback, only PCs running Windows®

operating systems have software authorized to

play Blu-ray Discs The same AACS and HDCP

restrictions apply for PC Blu-ray Disc playback

as for standalone players Thus, a PC must be

equipped with a video card that is capable of

HDCP encryption An A/V device with digital video

inputs must support HDCP, if a user expects to

connect such a PC to it and play commercial

Blu-ray Discs.

The market for authorized downloads of

commercial video content is crowded with

companies and products, with frequent

turnover of market entries and exits Current

market players include Amazon, Apple iTunes,

Blockbuster, Netflix, and Vudu, to name just a

few These companies offer a plethora of options

for the end user Movies or TV shows can be

rented or purchased, some in high definition, but

most in standard definition The video may be

either streamed or stored locally to a computer, a

networked set-top receiver, Blu-ray Disc player, a

video game console equipped with a hard drive, or

even a display with Internet access capability The

one constant among all these different options

is the existence of DRM for protected content,

which is used to restrict the allowable viewing

duration of “rented” video content and the ability

to transfer the video to different computers In the

case of protected HD video downloads, HDCP

support is required on any device that is playing

the video Therefore, a display with digital video

inputs must support HDCP, if a user expects to

connect a computer to it and play downloaded

commercial HD content.

Conclusion

Any A/V system that is intended to support playback of protected video content, such as Blu-ray Disc and consumer-purchased HD video downloads, must be compliant with the associated DRM Since DRM implementations such as HDCP and AACS are meant to restrict what the end user can do with protected content,

it makes sense for the A/V professional to inform the end user of these restrictions at the outset

Such restrictions include limiting the number of simultaneous displays for content-protected video playback, disallowing recording or copying, and disabling analog outputs For example, an A/V system may have the capability to distribute HDMI video to 16 displays and provide analog video recording These functions will always be available when a PC with HDMI output is connected for PowerPoint presentations and other non- protected material But once a protected Blu-ray Disc is inserted into the PC for playback, HDCP and AACS restrictions may disable output to several displays and to the recorder.

Since many large-scale A/V systems can display unencrypted video on a large number of displays, freely distribute analog signals, and provide video recording capabilities, end users of such systems must be made aware that some system functions may not be available when playing DRM-protected content ■

For more information on HDCP, see Extron’s white paper at www.extron.com/hdcppaper

24 Extron Digital Design Guide

Notes

www.extron.com 25

Digital System Designs

Ask a dozen A/V system designers and consultants to define “what

is an A/V system?” and you’ll get two dozen answers Commercial

A/V presentation system designs run the gamut from

single-display classrooms and conference rooms with a small number of

computer and video sources, to Network Operations Centers with

many sources and many displays Rarely if ever is a commercial

presentation system limited to a single source, such as a laptop

or Blu-ray Disc player, and a single display, connected with a

single HDMI cable Even the smallest A/V system design generally

HD Video Conference &

Presentation Room

Corporate Training Room System

Digital Upgrade to Existing Analog System

Municipal Courtroom

System

College/University Classroom System Lecture Hall System

Network Operations Center System

includes a variety of signal types and, even within a new digital system design, there is often a need to provide some support for legacy analog sources or content.

The following A/V system designs represent a cross-section of typical commercial A/V environments and requirements A detailed application drawing depicts signal flow within the system, as well

as the types of sources and displays that typically need to be supported

26 Extron Digital Design Guide

System Design Solution

Display System

• Two 52 inch (132 cm) diagonal 1920x1080 resolution LCD displays will be configured in a 1 unit high by 2 unit wide array The screens will be wall-mounted at 40 inches (102 cm) AFF - Above Finished Floor The individual screen size is approximately 28 inches (71 cm) high by 48 inches (122 cm) wide

Cameras

Two HD cameras will be installed on wall mounts, one above each display The camera above the left monitor will be the primary camera used for recall of presets, including close-up shots of meeting participants The camera above the right monitor will be used for wide cover shots of the room and meeting participants at the conference table

Signal Distribution

Extron DVI 201 and HDMI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers will be paired to extend DVI or HDMI video signals over shielded CAT 5e cabling This standardized and easily accessible infrastructure will provide the most effective method of conserving conduit space while preserving the integrity of the digital signals over considerable distances The HD cameras, the HDMI input at the table, the HDMI input at the wall plate, and HDMI signal distribution

to the displays will use this common cabling infrastructure The HDMI 201 supports DDC and HDCP which will provide reliable long distance DVI and HDMI signal distribution The analog video and PC sources will be scaled and converted to DVI using an Extron DVS 304 DVI Video and RGB scaler

Audio System

Local audio signals will be embedded within the HDMI signals and routed using the DXP 84 HDMI matrix switcher Both the codec and the DXP 84 HDMI will send their audio signals to the Extron DMP 64 ProDSP™ Digital Matrix Processor The DMP 64 will then send a combination of local and far-end audio to a single Extron XPA 1002 Stereo Power Amplifier The XPA 1002 will then power the two wall-mounted Extron SI 26 Surface Mount Speakers located

on each side of the display system Volume control of far-end and local audio, and the muting of microphones will be provided via the touchpanel and the control system Audio from microphones will only

be heard at the far end

HD Video Conference & Presentation Room

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing This equipment configuration is designed to support

the company-standard, medium-sized conference room, seating up to seven primary participants around a company furnished, wedge-shaped conference table Additional seating may be present for local presentation meetings However, only the seven participants seated at the conference table are intended to be visible on-camera or heard via microphones during a videoconference

Source

Connectivity A conference table-mounted Extron Cable Cubby

®

includes input capability for the following sources:

One HDMI source, one desktop PC or laptop with analog 15-pin HD output, one S-video source, and one composite video source

A wall-mounted HDMI input is available for portable sources rolled in from the company’s lab

Sources One local desktop PC with DVI or HDMI output,

one HD cable set-top receiver with HDMI output for viewing news and information channels, and one Blu-ray Disc player for viewing training materials

Two of these sources will be viewable locally within the room

Audio

Requirements Three cardioid boundary microphones mounted on the wedge-shaped table, local playback of

all sources during a local presentation, and local playback of far-end audio and local sources during audioconferences and videoconferences

Functional

Requirements

All sources can be viewed locally Sources to be sent to the far end in a videoconference include the local desktop PC and a laptop with HDMI or analog 15-pin HD output

Two sources may be viewed simultaneously during local presentations or during a conference via

an options list on the touchpanel The meeting participants may choose whether they wish to view the source sent from the far end, or a source being sent to the far end

Overview

This room is designed to support the critical visual communication needs of a

technology company This standard room design is deployed in many facilities

throughout the enterprise to ensure consistent and predictable operation,

maintenance, and support It features three modes of operation: local

presentation, audioconferencing, and videoconferencing The company has

standardized on digital signal inputs and newer high definition LCD displays

www.extron.com 27

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT DVI 201 Rx

®

1 2 3 4

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Tx HDMI INPUT

HDMI 201 Tx HDMI INPUT

HDMI 201 Tx HDMI INPUT

POWER

RESET

LAN

MIC/LINE INPUTS O

T I/O

CLASS 2 WIRING

1

XPA 1002

LEVEL 1

LIMITER/

PROTECT SIGNAL 2

0

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

VID

1 2 3 4 Y /VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y

DVI-I YC SDI B-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I N P U T

O T U T

Adapter HDMI to DVI Adapter

DVI to HDMI Adapter DVI to HDMI Adapter

DVI to HDMI Adapter

HDMI

HDMI

HDMI From

DVS 304 DVI A

To DMP 64

HDMI

HDMI

Analog Mono

Audio De-Embedder Audio De-Embedder

28 Extron Digital Design Guide

Digital Upgrade to Existing Analog System

System Design Solution

Display System

• One 119 inch (3 meter) diagonal, 16x9 aspect ratio, rear projection screen surface will replace the existing 100 inch (2.5 meter) diagonal 4x3 screen surface The new screen will be mounted at the same height AFF - Above Finished Floor as the original The new visible screen size is approximately 58 inches (147 cm) high by 108 inches (2.7 meters) wide

• Also, a new single-chip DLP® projector with a 1920x1080 native resolution will be used with a modified rear projection mirror assembly The projector features several digital inputs using both HDMI and DVI connectors

Signal Distribution

Extron HDMI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers will be paired to extend HDMI video signals over shielded CAT 5e cables This standardized and easily accessible infrastructure will provide the most effective method of conserving conduit space while preserving the integrity of the digital signals over considerable distances The HDMI input at the table and the signal distribution to the displays will use this common cabling infrastructure The HDMI 201 supports DDC and HDCP which will provide reliable long distance HDMI signal distribution The analog video and PC sources from the existing system will be scaled and converted to DVI using an Extron DVS 304 DVI Video and RGB Scaler

New Sources New sources will include: one local desktop PC with

DVI output, one HD cable set-top receiver with HDMI output for viewing news and information channels, and one Blu-ray Disc player for viewing training materials All of these sources will be viewable locally within the room

Audio

Requirements

The system will operate as previously implemented

As with the existing sources, the four new sources will be audible via the program speakers

Functional

Requirements

All sources can be viewed locally Sources to be sent

to the far end during a videoconference will include only the existing analog PC or analog document camera The existing codec only accepts analog sources and is not being upgraded at this time

Analog or digital sources may be viewed during local presentations or during a conference During

a local presentation, a source may be selected for viewing from a list of available options on the existing touchpanel During an audioconference, a local source may be viewed along with audio supplied from the far end During a videoconference, the far-end camera or far-end source will always be shown

on the display Audio from both the far-end and end sources will be heard locally

near-Overview

This solution is designed to upgrade an existing high-end conference room

installed several years earlier This highly desirable space features custom

millwork that will not be replaced during this system transition The upgrade

must have minimal impact on existing room aesthetics, yet provide the modern

digital connectivity and support for higher resolutions required for current and

future applications

Most of the original equipment configuration will remain intact The existing

screen surface will be replaced to accommodate a new 16x9 aspect ratio

screen surface Millwork modifications are already underway to accommodate

this new form factor

www.extron.com 29

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Tx HDMI INPUT

VID

1 2 3 4 Y /VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I

N P U T

O T U T

LAN

VID

1 2 3 4 Y /VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I

N P U T

O T U T

LAN

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

HDMI 201 Tx HDMI INPUT

R G

B H V

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

LAN

RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I N P U T

O T U T

HDMI 201 Tx SW4 HDMI

HDMI 201 Rx

CAT 5-type

DVI

DVS 304 DVI CrossPoint Ultra 84 HVA

Composite, S-video, Component and RGBHV

Composite, S-video, Component and RGBHVTable Microphones

RGBHV

RGBHV RGBHV

30 Extron Digital Design Guide

System Design Solution

Display System

• One ceiling-mounted projector with 3,500 ANSI lumens brightness and RGBHV, composite video, and HDMI inputs The projector has a native resolution of 1366x1024, and will be projected onto

a 120 inch (3 meter) diagonal, 16x9 aspect ratio electric screen The screen is to be ceiling-mounted and located on the front wall, centered with the seating area

• A PC monitor will be located on top of the lectern The monitor will be 19 inches (48 cm) diagonal and have a native resolution of 1280x1024

Sources and Connectivity

The following sources and connections will be provided in the lectern: One PC workstation, one Blu-ray Disc player, one A/V input for an iPod, and analog 15-pin HD and DVI inputs for laptops In addition,

on the rear wall there will be 15-pin HD and DVI laptop inputs

Control Interface

The Extron TLP 700MV TouchLink™ Touchpanel will provide user control of the system, including source selection, source device control, display system control, and audio output level adjustment The TLP 700MV touch-sensitive control panel will be configured with

a simple-to-use and intuitive graphical user interface

Switching System

An Extron System 208 D SA system switcher will be the base of the system The System 208 D SA will be rack-mounted inside the lectern The lectern PC, analog laptop input, DVI laptop input, and iPod A/V inputs will be connected directly to the respective inputs of the System 208 D SA In addition, the Blu-ray Disc player will also be located in the lectern, with its HDMI output connected directly to the System 208 D SA The System 208 D SA will enable switching for all sources to the projection display system and speakers In addition, the System 208 D SA will provide the control of source devices, switching, audio level, and the display system The TouchLink touchpanel will interface with the System 208 D SA to complete the system

Signal Distribution

An Extron DVI 201 A D Twisted Pair Transmitter and an Extron HDMI 201 Twisted Pair Receiver will be used to extend the wall-mounted laptop DVI input to the HDMI input of the System 208 D SA The Extron MTP 15HD A D Twisted Pair Transmitter will be used

to extend the wall-mounted analog laptop input to the MTP Twisted Pair input of the System 208 D SA The HDMI twisted pair and MTP outputs of the switcher will be used to extend the video signals to the Extron MTP/HDMI U R Twisted Pair Receiver, located at the projector

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing Various professors and instructors, plus classroom

seating for students

Other Sources One Blu-ray Disc player in lectern, plus one A/V input

for an iPod® for playing podcasts

Audio

Requirements

Program audio playback of PC content and video sources

Control Interface A simple-to-use control interface at the lectern to

power the projector on and off, switch inputs into the projector, lower or raise the screen, select input sources into the system switcher, and control the audio output level and Blu-ray Disc player

College / University Classroom System

Overview

The classroom will be used in a higher education environment with the need to

display multiple types of electronic media to the students, while maintaining a

cost-effective solution Several different instructors will be using the classroom

Therefore, the system needs to be intuitive and simple to operate Also, since

the system will be used extensively on a day-to-day basis, reliability will be

essential

www.extron.com 31

DVI 201 A D Tx MTP T 15HD Tx

Lectern Display Lectern PC

iPod A/V

HDMI 201 Rx

MTP/HDMI U R System 208 D SA

CONFIGURABLE ANALOG INPUTS

AUDIO INPUTS AUDIO OUTPUTS

DIGITAL OUTPUT

VIDEO + COM1 + POWER

ANALOG OUTPUT

DIGITAL INPUTS 5

Tx Rx

LAN

Tx S 1 G COM 2 IR/S SCP RELAYS DIG I/O

S 2 G A B C D E 1 2 C 3 4 C 1 2 Rx

Tx COM 1 Rx

25W x 2

L R

HDMI 201 Rx HDMI OUTPUT

MTP INPUT LEVEL PEAKING VID YUV Y/C RGB

MTP/HDMI U R SIGNAL

PRESENCE DIGITAL INPUT

1 2 ANALOG OUTPUTS

Y B-Y R-Y VGA POWER

12V 0.5A MAX HDMI DIGITAL OUT

TCP/IP Network

Blu-ray Player

TLP 700TV

SI 26

Screen Control Up Blu-ray Player

RGBHV

RGBHV

RGBHV

Composite

CAT 5-type CAT 5-type

HDMI

HDMI

Ethernet DVI to HDMI

Audio

RS-232 HDMI

32 Extron Digital Design Guide

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing NOC manager, firewall manager, ticket and dispatch

operator, support manager, network manager, and contract vendor

Viewing Distance

Range Between 7 feet (2 meters) and 15 feet (4.5 meters)

Computer Sources Three PC workstations with DVI outputs at

1400x1050 resolution, two PC workstations with analog 15-pin HD output at 1280x1024 resolution, and one PC workstation with 15-pin HD output at various resolutions

Other Sources Two cable TV receivers with composite output for

news and weather information, one DVD player for viewing training materials, and one security camera for the outside perimeter

to the large view at any time The NOC manager will determine and control the different views and content on the display system

System Design Solution

Display System

• Two 67 inch (170 cm) diagonal rear projection display cubes at 1400x1050 resolution will be configured in a 1 unit high by 2 unit wide array The bottom of the screen area will be mounted at

48 inches (122 cm) AFF - Above Finished Floor The individual screen size is approximately 40 inches (102 cm) high by 53 inches (135 cm) wide The overall image size will be approximately

40 inches (102 cm) high by 106 inches (270 cm) wide, producing

an aggregate resolution of 2800x1050 pixels

Display System Processor

The Extron WindoWall™ System will be the base of the system There will be two WindoWall Processors in conjunction with an Extron SMX 400 frame loaded with one SMX 88 DVI Pro matrix board, one SMX 88 VGA board, and one SMX 1616 A board This configuration will provide source selection, distribution, and image control for the display system WindoWall Console software will control the WindoWall Processors and SMX matrix switcher The intuitive GUI will allow the user to select from any of the digital and analog video sources, and simultaneously view them on the displays On-screen windows for each of the sources can be dynamically sized and positioned anywhere on the aggregate display area Presets for the different configurations may be saved for quick recall

Signal Distribution

Extron DVI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers will be paired

to extend DVI video signals over CAT 5-type cables This will provide

an effective method of extending the DVI signals from the PC sources

to the SMX 88 DVI Pro board The DVI 201 supports DDC and HDCP, which will provide reliable long distance DVI signal distribution The Extron DVI 104 Fiber Optic Extenders will be used to extend the DVI output from the WindoWall Processors to the displays The analog PC sources will be scaled and converted to DVI using Extron

RGB-DVI 300 scalers Additional analog PC sources will be connected directly to the SMX 88 VGA board, along with the cable TV receivers, DVD player, and perimeter camera This will bring all digital and analog video sources into WindoWall as a single system

Audio Systems

The SMX 400 frame will be populated with an SMX 1616 A audio I/O board for distribution of the source audio signals to the Extron XPA 1002 and XPA 2001 Power Amplifiers The XPA 2001 will be used for the eight Extron SI 26CT Ceiling Speakers to provide even coverage throughout the room The XPA 1002 will be used for the Extron SI 28 Surface Mount Speakers located on each side of the display system The SI 28 speakers will provide proper orientation of the audio with the video source viewed on the display wall

Network Operations Center System

Overview

This Network Operations Center is used for maintaining a corporation’s

network and Internet firewall reliability The NOC staff will monitor both the local

and wide area networks for quality assurance In addition, they will monitor the

firewall between their networks and the Internet This will help them maintain

security from outside the corporation’s networks Requests for IT and network

support within the corporation will also be managed by the NOC

PROTECT SIGNAL

CLASS 2 WIRING

1

XPA 1002

LEVEL 1

LIMITER/

PROTECT SIGNAL 2

P/2 DA2xi MT OUTPUT

AUDIO MONITOR

P/2 DA2xi MT OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

VGA VGA VGA

VGA VGA VGA VGA

DVI

Composite to VGA Adapter

Composite to VGA Adapter

Component to VGA Adapter

S-video to VGA Adapter

34 Extron Digital Design Guide

Corporate Training Room System

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing Various presenters and instructors, with classroom

seating for audience attendees

Requirements The system needs to provide program audio playback of PC content and video sources

Additional needs include sound reinforcement for a lectern microphone, a wireless lavalier microphone, and a handheld wireless microphone

Control Interface A simple-to-use control interface is needed at the

lectern to power the display on and off, control source switching, lower or raise the screen, and control audio output levels and the Blu-ray Disc player

System Design Solution

Display System

• One ceiling-mounted projector with 5,000 ANSI lumens brightness and an HDMI input The projector has a native resolution of 1366x1024, and will be projected onto a 133 inch (338 cm) diagonal, 16x9 aspect ratio electric screen The screen will be ceiling-mounted and located on the front wall, centered with the seating area

• A PC monitor will be located on top of the lectern The monitor will be 19 inches (48 cm) diagonal and have a native resolution of 1280x1024

Sources and Connectivity

The following sources and connections will be provided in the lectern: One PC workstation, one Blu-ray Disc player, an auxiliary A/V input, analog 15-pin HD and DVI inputs for laptops, and an HDMI input In addition, on the rear wall there will be 15-pin HD and DVI inputs for laptops

Control Interface

An Extron TLP 350CV TouchLink™ Touchpanel will provide user control of the system, including source selection, source device control, display system control, and audio output level adjustments The TLP 350CV touch-sensitive control panel will be configured with

a simple-to-use and intuitive graphical user interface The Extron IPL 250 Ethernet Control Processor will integrate the TouchLink panel with non IP Link-equipped devices

Switching System

The Extron SMX 200 Modular Multi-Plane Matrix Switcher, loaded with an SMX 84 DVI Pro board and an SMX 84 A audio board will facilitate switching and routing of the various sources to the displays and audio system The lectern sources shall be pre-switched at the lectern using an Extron SW4 DVI A Plus switcher In addition, one Extron DVS 304 DVI and two RGB-DVI 300 scalers will be used as needed to scale and convert the various analog signals to compatible formats

Signal Distribution

Extron DVI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers will be used

to extend the digital video signals from the lectern and wall plates to the rack equipment, and from the rack equipment to the displays

Audio System

The SMX 84 A audio I/O board will enable distribution of the source audio signals to the program audio system This system will use an Extron XPA 1002 Stereo Power Amplifier and two Extron SI 28 Surface Mount Speakers located on each side of the screen Speech reinforcement will be accomplished by inserting the lectern, wireless lavalier mic, and wireless handheld microphones into an Extron DMP 64 ProDSP™ Digital Matrix Processor The DMP 64 will then feed an Extron XPA 2001 Mono Power Amplifier and six Extron

SI 26CT Ceiling Speakers

Overview

This room will be used to train corporate employees It will also be used to

provide demonstrations to clients and business partners The system needs

to be capable of displaying both analog and digital media as an integral part

of high quality, professional presentations Consideration for future additional

sources of various types will need to be incorporated into the design

Additionally, the system needs to be highly reliable and simple to operate

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

OUTPUT 4 INPUTS SW4 DVI A Plus

4 2

3 1

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I T

O U T

VID

1 2 3 4 Y /VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I T

O U T

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

POWER

RESET

LAN

MIC/LINE INPUTS O

T I/O

CLASS 2 WIRING

1

XPA 1002

LEVEL 1

LIMITER/

PROTECT SIGNAL 2

PROTECT SIGNAL

DVI-D INPUT LOCAL MONITOR OUTPUT

1

INPUT

RS-232 PASS THRU DVI AUDIO L+R

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Tx

DMP 64 XPA 1002

XPA 2001

SI 28

SI 26CT DVI 201 Rx

SMX 84 A SMX 200

SMX DVI 84 Pro

DVI 201xi Tx DVI 201 Tx

Screen Control Down

36 Extron Digital Design Guide

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing The judge and clerk are responsible for managing

the courtroom They both need touchpanel displays with video confidence feedback to control and manage content throughout the proceedings The clerk may be required to display recorded evidence from his or her workstation PC Both the judge and the clerk may restrict the viewing of evidence to the jury and audience, by muting the video signal to specific displays

Display

Requirements

All jurors need to be provided with their own displays

in order to focus their attention The prosecution and defense teams will also need to see the content,

in order to monitor what is being presented to the witness and jury Two large displays will also be required to provide the evidence content to the gallery, or audience members

Sources Laptops, PCs, paper documents, and video

presentations are the primary content used to introduce and show evidence to the judge and/

or jury Electronic evidence is submitted through a central evidence center, and electronic evidence may need to be annotated or “marked up” to highlight specific details to the judge and jury There needs to

be the capability to print these markups and save them to a file system

Functional

Requirements The main design goal is to provide a content delivery system that is easy to set up, reliable,

and easy to operate The system must provide

a strong backbone for future expansion, while accommodating integration of legacy equipment and signal types during the analog-to-digital transition period Consistent resolution and aspect ratio is a requirement that must be maintained for all display devices in the system Digital formats will provide uniformity in signal performance through several active digital video devices Optimum resolutions are maximized through the use of the EDID functionality

as part of the DVI format

System Design Solution

Display System

• Twelve 20 inch (51 cm) HDTV displays are required in the jury box to display the electronic evidence and other content, while two 65 inch (165 cm) plasma displays are needed for presenting evidence to the gallery Three additional 20 inch (51 cm) HDTV displays are located

at the witness stand, prosecution, and defense tables

Sources

The prosecution and defense tables shall provide analog and digital source input connectivity to the content display system via an Extron Cable Cubby 600 An Extron DVS 304 DVI Video and RGB Scaler

is used to convert the analog signals to DVI while scaling them to the intended resolution and aspect ratio DVI signals at these locations are pre-switched using a four-input Extron SW4 DVI Plus switcher.The evidence station includes a similar connectivity and is further enhanced with the addition of a DVD player, high resolution document camera, and touchpanel display The heart of the evidence station is

an Extron Annotator The Annotator provides selection of multiple input formats and has integrated scaling that outputs the required resolution, aspect ratio, and appropriate signal format using the optional DVI output The Annotator, with a third-party touchscreen provides all the tools required to highlight and emphasize any electronic evidence The clerk’s desk includes a PC workstation that may, on occasion, be used to provide content to the displays

Signal Distribution

Extron DVI DA8 Plus distribution amplifiers, attached to the DXP 88 DVI Pro outputs drive jury displays and information sent for gallery viewing

Extron DVI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers are used extensively to extend 1080p signals 75 feet and beyond EDID communications and HDCP can be passed through the DVI 201.Extron FOX 500 DVI Fiber Optic Extender products are utilized to transport evidence to the central monitoring location They address system requirements for distance and content security

The Extron DVI-RGB 150 is used for converting DVI signals to analog RGBHV for use with a digital recorder

Control Interface

The judge and clerk are responsible for managing the content presented in the courtroom Two control system touchpanels with video feedback are needed The DVI-RGB 150 interfaces, in conjunction with Extron MTP Twisted Pair products, are again utilized for proper signal distribution

Municipal Courtroom System

Overview

The Municipal court is a lower court which usually tries criminal misdemeanors

and civil lawsuits involving lesser amounts of money than superior, district, or

county courts Municipal courts have city or county-wide jurisdiction, conduct

preliminary hearings, and try cases of up to $25,000 The environment is

fast-paced and A/V support systems must be easy to set up and operate

www.extron.com 37

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Tx

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 200 Tx SERIES DVI INPUT LOCAL OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

DVI 201 Rx

DVI 201 Rx SERIES DVI-D OUTPUT

OUTPUT 4 INPUTS SW4 DVI A Plus

4 2 3 1

OUTPUT 4 INPUTS SW4 DVI A Plus

4 2 3 1

DVI DA8 Plus

DVI DA8 Plus

DVI-D INPUT LOOP - THRU DVI-D

FOX 500 DVI Tx

AUDIO INPUTS

* OPTICAL

1 2*

OUTPUT INPUT AUDIO POWER

MONITOR MTP T 15 HD A

OUTPUT INPUT AUDIO POWER

MONITOR MTP T 15 HD A

INPUTBUFFERED OUTPUT

OUTPUT POWER MTP RL 15HD A

INPUTBUFFERED OUTPUT

OUTPUT POWER MTP RL 15HD A

RS-232 RS-232

KEYBOARD MOUSE

USB RESET LAN RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y

SDI

RGB/R-Y, Y, B-Y

4 5 7

6 3

1 R/ R-Y

H/HV V R-Y C B/C

B-Y /C VID /Y VID

T I

S

DVI-D

MTP DVI

VID

1 2 3 4 Y/VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI R-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I T

O U T

VID

1 2 3 4 Y/VID

R /R-Y

V G /Y B /B-Y RS-232

DVI-I YC SDI B-Y /C RGB/R-Y,Y,B-Y/YC/VID

I T

O U T

DVI DVI DVI

HDMI to DVI Adapter

DXP 88 DVI Pro

DVI 201 Tx

Cable Cubby 600 with AAPs

SW4 DVI A Plus DVS 304 DVI

VGA Composite

DVI

DVI

DVI HDMI to DVI Adapter

Touch Panel

Digital Video Recorder

20" Flat Panel Display #12 65" Flat Panel Display #1 65" Flat Panel Display #2

DVI DA8 Plus

DVI DA8 Plus

DVI DA2

MTP T 15HD A

MTP T 15HD A DVI-RGB 150

DVI-RGB 150

DVI-RGB 150 FOX 500 DVI Tx

Clerk

Cable Cubby 600 with AAPs

20" Flat Panel Display CAT 5-type

Prosecution

20" Flat Panel Display CAT 5-type

Defense

20" Flat Panel Display

CAT 5-type CAT 5-type

CAT 5-type CAT 5-type

Optical Fiber

Prosecution

38 Extron Digital Design Guide

System Design Solution

Display System

• Two 1920x1080 DLP projectors projecting onto motorized screens, arranged side-by-side and ceiling-mounted above the stage at the front of the room Individual screen sizes are approximately

133 inches (338 cm) diagonal with a 16x9 aspect ratio

Cameras

Two HD cameras will be installed on wall mounts, one mounted in the rear of the room and facing the instructor The second camera will be mounted in the front of the room, facing the classroom

Lectern Sources

An Extron Annotator will be located at the lectern and will provide local switching, scaling, and annotation capabilities for the instructor VGA, DVI and composite video connections from an Extron Cable Cubby® 600 will feed the Annotator inputs The Annotator will be used to scale and convert all lectern sources to DVI at a 1920x1080 resolution

Digital Signal Distribution and Extension

Extron HDMI 201 and DVI 201 Twisted Pair Transmitters and Receivers will be paired to extend DVI and HDMI video signals over shielded CAT 5e cables The HD cameras, and the digital inputs at the floor box will use this common cabling infrastructure DDC and HDCP transmission is supported, which will provide reliable long distance DVI and HDMI signal distribution The analog video and PC sources will be scaled and converted to DVI using an Extron RGB-DVI 300 scaler

Multi Graphics Processor

An Extron MGP 464 Multi-Graphic Processor is used to provide quad screen views to the confidence monitor All sources can route digitally through the DVI matrix switcher and into the quad processor

Lecture Hall System

Room Needs Assessment

Staffing Instructors require the flexibility to present multiple

sources from the lectern during classes There is a need to provide annotation and mark-up of materials being presented, regardless of their incoming video signal type

Source Locations Lectern: The lectern will feature several source

input options, the ability to annotate over source materials, and provide many “hands-on” controls for monitoring and interacting with source materials

Floor Box: A floor box at the front of the lecture hall will allow additional equipment to be connected

to the display system HDMI, DVI, and VGA connections will be provided through the use of twisted pair extenders

Control Room: The control room will allow for operational support of the system and feature the majority of the switching, scaling, signal distribution, and monitoring for the system

Display

Requirements

An instructor’s 65 inch (165 cm) confidence monitor will be accompanied by two projectors for viewing materials in the classroom The confidence display will be capable of showing four different sources at one time, providing a comprehensive view of various materials The two DLP projectors will project onto screens located at the front of the room and above the white board

Functional

Requirements

Classroom presentations and instruction are intended to be recorded for archiving and distribution to a central monitoring location Cameras located within the classroom will be focused

on capturing both the instructor and classroom participants

Overview

This lecture hall is a large room capable of seating approximately 80 students

with stadium-style seating, providing clear and unobstructed views of a large

screen at the front of the room, along with two large projection screens A

large lectern is located in front of the room, serving as the central point for

content delivery and control This system is designed to support the visual

communication needs of a modern educational classroom It supports digital

and analog sources using a digital switching infrastructure that manages

HDCP digital content protection, from the point of origin to any given

destination