Common mistakes in english OCR

Các lỗi căn bản mà người học tiếng Anh thường mắc phải Trong quá trình học tiếng Anh, chúng ta thường mắc phải rất nhiều lỗi. Tuy nhiên các bạn cũng nên nhớ rằng, như bao ngôn ngữ khác, việc học tiếng Anh cũng rất thú vị, và mắc lỗi cũng là một phần trong quá trình học.

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W arson Education Lim ited

Edinburgh Gate, Harlow

Essex CM 20 2JE, England

and Associated C om panies throughout the w orid

w ww.lorfgm an-elt,com

n is edition Q Pearson Education Lim ited 200 2

'Ihe right of 'lrnothy Fitikides to be identified as author of

this work has been asserted on his behalf in accordance

w ith the Copyright

,D esigns and Patents A ct 1988.

A ll rights reserved; no part of this publication m ay be

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system

Formatted by CjB Edi torial Pl us

Preiace to the first edition'his btlok has been designed to nleet the requirelnentsstudents whose nnother tongue is not English, 1ts n-iainpurpllse is f() he/p to corrttct the ctlm l-ntlll m istakes tt) whichforeign Iearners of English are Iiable

The nlethod a dopted throughout this w ork is un iforl-n A ithe errors dealt with a re singled out, for thcy have to biarecognised bef'tlre thtty can be corrccted: then ctlrl-ect ftll.m sare substituted f()r incorret!t ones ; finally, ' sin1p lcexpl 1aton s a re give n wh e reve r n e cc ss a ry to ju stfypartit-tlla ! usages Exercises are set at the end t() ensure thatthe priTlciples nlay bccom e j'rl-lly fixed in the students'

m inds

of

I ( is n (J (.a in ed t h at th is rn a nu :4 1 ex h ?ustve.N'evertheless, the difficulties tacklckl are real, and theexanlples are reprcsentative ()f the ulistakcs k!(.)u'!ino!4lynaade by ftlreigll students of Englisb , being tllfa result ()fobsela.-atitlns lllade tlver a long period ()t tinpe,

M btc i ca re has been given t() tht! prt?pa ntt()n ()f the lnd ex ,w'hicla it is hoped w ill lzlake thu! bollk a useful wllrk ot'

-efel'e:l

lce-M y ackn' (lw ledgem ents are due to M r W H G , R lppyesttlne.wht) has read my m anuselipt and m ade m any vaiuablesuggestitlns,

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C o m m o n M istakes

in Eng lish

w ith Exercises

by T.

Senior Engiish M aster

A uthor of & ey W ords for Easy Spelling

I -essor?s in Greek-Englisb Translation

grrors, 1ke straw s, upon the surf dce f Iow ;

He w ho w ould search for pearls m ust dive below ,John Dryden

# :

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Preface to the Sixth Edition

points of usage w hich are no longer relevant and so this new

edition has been prepared.'l'he content has been cem pletely

reviewed in the light of modern English usage

,and the f

type-aces and dcsign up-dated for clarity.

A nd yet the original concept and

,indeed, m ost of theoriginal m istakes listed, are still pertinent to students of

English even in the year 2000.'Fhis little book has sold

several hundred thousand copies al1 ovel- the worid and

seem s likely to go on doing so.

published lt hasgone through60 years since this book

'l'he author's note on how the book should be used is

ori

page vii, w ith an addition for this edition.

Par't 1 M jsused fonus

Using the w rong preposition

M isuse of the infinitive

U se of the w rong tense

M iscellaneous exam ples

U n-English expressionsPart 2 Incorrect om issions

Omission of prepositions

M iscellaneous exam plesPart 3 Unnecessary words

U nnecessary propositionsUnnecessary articiesUse of the infinitive

M iscellaneous exam plesPart 4

113182840

4649

61636970

M isplaced w ords

W rong position of adverbs

M iscellaneous exam plesPart 5 Confused words

Prepositions often confusedVerbs often confused

A dverbs often confused

N ouns often confusedConfusion of num berConfusion of par'ts of speechExercises

Index

8389107109116122129137182

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Useful Iists and sum m aries How tbis book should be used

Have another look at

Prepositions after certain words

Use of the genm d

Use of certain tenses

Use of will and shall

Singular and plural

Irregular verbs in everyday use

bear to lie

Dpht to w rite

1419273750535568798288106130

198-199200-201

This book is intended for tw o uses. it m ay be tlsed as areference book and as an ordinary text book.

A s a btlok ()f reference it should be consulted w ith everycom position Ihe teacher m ay refer the sttldent to theappropriate sectitln d ealing w ith his m istake by a num ber inthe m argin ot his exercise book ,For exam ple, a m isuse of a

m argin to enable the student to look up his m istakc andcorretrt it, -rhis m ethod has been tested and found m oreeffective than the com m on practice of w riting the ctlrrectforrn for the student. lt is axiom atic that the greater theStud ent's individual effort, the m tire thorough w ill be his

iearning

N'Vith regard to its second usc, as an actual text b()()k

, w e

strongly recom m end that the teacher shkluld start off w ith

the exercises on pages 137 t() 184 .These are arranged llnderthe h eadings of the va rious parts of speech : l'tluns ,

attem pted the teatrher should m ake certain that.thi? sttldentshavc com prehended the partieular usage invtllved . A noccasional refercnce to sonle specific scctitln nzay be ulatle

wh tlnever this is deem ed necessary, bu t under 14ocircum stances is it advisable to g() through the vilritlussections of the btlok consectttively

, or to cxtlm lllit t() m elntll'rules ctïncerning usage

D espite thf? fact that this book has been designed t'lr twoseparate uses, the w riter is of the opinion that thtt bestresuits w ill be achieved if it is uscd by the sttldent btlth as atext book and as a book of reference

lVhile the above is still true,there is also a self-study use

for this little book -ïvith m ore varied teaching lllaterialsavaitable now, it can also be uscd as a sclf-study btèok by

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Part 1How this book should be used

students of English as a foreign language who are preparing

work either as part of their studies or for their occupations

W ith a view to this, it is suggested that, when a question of

correct usage arises, the student should look first for the core

w ord in the index and so find the section detailing the usage,

For example, i s i t by foot or on foot? Look up joot in the

index and you w ill be directed to Section 13 w hich will

explain that on joot is correct.

Students and teachers w ill decide for them selves what is

the best w ay to use this book.v/hat is constant is the quality

of content and how helpful it is to all those w ho use Englisk

U sing the w rong preposition

Absorbed (= very much interested) in, not at.

D on't say:The m an was absorbed at his work

Say: 'rhe m an w as absorbed in his work

Accuse of, not joy.

D on't say: She accused the m an for stealing,

7 Say: She accused the m an of stealing

Note: Char ge t akes wi l : Fhe man ek os fhatged wr / tl l m urder.

A ccustom ed to, not w ith

D on't say: I'm accustom ed w ith hot w eather

Z stzy I'm accustom ed to hot weather

Ncte: Al so used ' t o: Re / ' s used f o 1 he heat

Af rzi d of , not h om.

Don't say: Laura is afraid from the dog

/' Say: Latjra is afraid of the dog

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A im at, not on or anainst

.

Dorl' f say: She ai med on (or agai nst) th

e target

7 Say: Sh

e aimed at the target.

hlgle' Use the pr eposk ti a;l at tch de

nct e r tt i onr t hrow at, shout at fire

at,shoot at. Sboot(kthoutthe at) means t

o ki l 8e shot a bt r d ( = he bi t and klljed it).

Angry with, not against

Not e 1 ' We 9et angl wi t h a persoq b

ut at a thi ng' &c was angr y at the wear her ( f

Note' Anxi ous meanlnq w ishi ng ver

y m ueb t akes for Par ent s ay c' anxi ous tor r /p // ' r cbi j dr en à success.

A rrive at, not to.

Don ? say:W e arrived to the villa

Ashamed of, not yom.

Don't say: Hc's now ashamed f

rom his conduct.

Z Say: He's now asham ed of hi

s canduct

Noter l t I sn' t ccr r ect t o u6e ashamed of

meanl ng shy Ashamed r nears

f eel i ng sha

me t )r gui laboct somethi og.Ghy meaps feelinj nefvous wltschmeone

l ns tead cl f sayà ng: 1- m asham ed ( or sha

med) of my r eac/cr,say:

t m shy of m.z 'eacher.

1 O Believe in, not to

D on't gm ?.'W e believe to G od

é s'tzy; W e believe in God

Not e: To beli eve i n r rp eans t o have fai t h i n To bel i eve ( wi thout t he i n) means

t o r egard sor nethi ng as t rue: / begeve eeef yn l N/ l g he says

Boast of or about, not Jor.

Don't çtzy.' Jam es boasted for his strength

7 Say: James boastet l of (or about) hi s strength.

Careful of, with or about, not for.

D on't zy.' Elke's very careful for her health

é kỵtzy; Elke's very careful of/about her health,

O r;You should be m ore careiul w ith your m oney,

Note: Take tare of : à? e t akes rare of hl s money

Travel by train, etc., not with the tm fn

, etc.

Don't say: He travelled with the train yesterday

@' s'tzy.' He travelled by train yesterday,

Not e: We say: by tr ai by boat by pl ane, by bi ke; ai so, by l and, by sea,

by ai q by bus; i n : bus or on a bus; by tar or $n a tạ , by laxi or i n a taxi :

on horse-back, on a donkey, on a bl tyde; on foot.

Compl ain about, not for.

D on't say: A nnette com plained for the w eather

@' Say:A nnette eem plained about the w eather,

Not e: W hen tal ki ng abcot i l nes s we us e tompl ai n of W e ay: She comp/ a/ ned of a sor e t hr oat

1 5 Composed of, not from.

D0?1'1 say: Our class is com posed from thirty students

Z Say: O ur class is com posed of thirty students

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Parl 1 M isused form s

16 Confidence in, not /o.

Don't say: I have great confidence to you.

Say: I have great confidence in you.

Not e: l n confû dence: Let me r e/ ? you s or net h/ r g i n conf i dence ( = as a secr et ).

Conform toj not with.

Don't say:v e m ust conform with the m les.

Stzy:W e must conform io the rules.

Note: com pl y t akes wi th ' Ae' ?com pl y wi t h your r equesr

18 Congratulate on, not fo'.

D on't say: I congratulate you for your success

,

Say: I congratulate you on your success.

Consist of, not h' om.

Don't say:A year consists from twelve m onths.

Say: A year consists of twelve m onths.

Note: Take grea! care never to use consis' t I n the pasuk ve form

.

20 C overed with, not by.

D on't say:The m ountains are covered by snow.

/' Say: The m ountains are covered w ith/in snow.

Cure of, not yom.

D on't say:The m an w as cured from his illness.

/ Say: 'lhe m an was cured of his illness.

Nct e The noun cur e takes f or: Fhere / no ct / re f or r l sf di sease

Depend on or upon, not h' om.

Don't say: It depends from her.

V Say: It depends on (or upon) her.

Note: Rel y on or upon / cap' r rel y on r or upon) &! ' !.

23 Deprive of, not h' om.

D orj'f st.y: N elson M andela w as deprived from hisfreedom

.r' Say: N elson M andela w as deprived ol his freedom.

24 Die of an iilness, not h' om I zrl illness.

Don't s(7)?.' M any people have died.from m alaria.

,/' Say: M any pepple have died of m alaria.

Not e: Peopl e di e of i l nes s, of ht l nger , of thi rs of or from wounds; fr om

overwork; by vl ol ence, by the sword by pestil ence; in tattl e; for their coantry ,

for a cause, t hr ough negl ect; on t he s caff ol d; at the stake

D ifferent from , not than

D on't Jtzy: M y book is diffcrent than yours

.z' Say: M y book is different from yours

26 Disappointed by, about or at, not h' om.

(a) by/at/about:

Don't say: Phillipa was disappointed from the lowmark she got in the test

bf Say: Philiipa was disappointed by/about/at the low

m ark she got in the test

(b) with/in:

D on't say: Jane w as disappointed from her son.Say: Jane was disappointed with/in her son,

Note' Bef cr e a per son we use w i th or i n, bef ofe a thi ng we use at about or

by and before a gertl nd we use at: Keith ! à ver y dt iappointed af cl oé winn/ ng

t he pc i ze W e uGe that ( opt i onal bef ore a new cl ause) : Ivas dt ' sappoi nt i

r rhat ) ! di dn % pet qn t ' nv i at t on

D ivide iltto parts, not in parts

D on't say: I divided the cake in four parts

Say: l divided the cake into four parts

Note: A thi r g may be di vi de ' d in hal f or i n two: Paut d/ e/ ded t he appl e f hal t

( or n twol

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Pad 1 M isused form s

28 No doubt (n) oi or about, not Jor.

D on't say: l've no doubt for his ability

Note' Doubtful of : / am dotzâtfu? of hi s aôfl' t y to pass.

29 D ressed in, not w ith

D on't say:Fhe w om an w as dressed w ith black

/ Say: The wom an w as dressed in black

B0 Exception to, not o/.

D orl't say:This is an exception of the rule

J' Say: This is an exception to the m le

Not e: Ae say wi tb tùe except i on of : She I i ked aI I her st l bjt z cr s wç 'h t '

exçeption of phy- s/ c c

Exchange for, not :y

D on't say: H e exchanged his collection of m atchboxes

by som e foreign stam ps

Z Say: H e exchanged his collection of m atchboxes for

som e foreign stam ps,

Note' ln exchange for' He gakz e tbel n / 7! L 5 oId car in exchalw e for a nevv one.

32 Fail in, not jrom.

Don't say: Steven failed from m aths last year

Say: Steven failed in m aths last year

33 Full of, not with or from

Don' t say: The jar was full with (oA from) oil.

Not e ' Fi l takes wi th: Jane fi l ed the gi ass wi th water

34 Get rid oi, not fwm.

Don't Jcy.' 1'11 be glad to get rid from him.

Say: 1'11 be glad to get rid of him

35 Glad about, not from or with.

Don' t l' f zy ' Francis was glad from (or with) receiving

your letter

Say: Francis was glad about receiving your letter.

36 Good at, not in

D on't s'f)?; M y sister's good in m aths.

Say: M y sister's good at maths

Not e 1: Bad at, cl ever at qul tk at sl ow at.etc Ftowever , w eak in: He' s weak i n grarnmac

Not e 2: He' s good i n dass means that hi 5 conduct 1 5 good.

37 Guard against, not yom.

Don't çtly.' You must guard from bad habits,

V Scy;You m ust guard against bad habits.

38 Guilty of, not fot'

Don't çtzy: He was found guilty for m urder.

é scy; H e was found ggilty of murder

39 Independent of, not hnm.

Don't stzy; Clare's independent from her parents.

é $tzy.' Clare's independent of her parents.

Not e: w e say dependent on: A zhl l d ' à depen* nt on i s m r enl s

40 Indifferent to, not Jor.

Don't scy;Ihey're indifferent for politics

é 5'fry.'n ey're indifferent to politics

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Part 1 M isused form s

lnsist on, not to

Dou 't say: H e alw ays insisted to his opinion

ê'

.

$.m / He alw ays insisted on his opinion

Hole Persi st tak e q i n bl e per</xfed in hts s/ /p y f ' deas

Interested in, not for.

D on't say: She's not interested for her work

Say: She's not interested in her w ork

Note Also take an interest io 5he takes a qreat i nterest F rl mosi c

Jealous of, not from.

Say: He' s very jealous of his brother.

Leave for a place, not lo a place

D on'/ say:They're leaving to England soon

Say:They're Ieaving for England soon

Li ve on, not jnom.

Don J/ say: H e lives from his brother's m oney.

Say: H e lives on his brother's m oney

ftla'lrried to, not w ith

SJty.'Their house is opposite to ours

Note' Opposi te ours is also correct

D ss by a place, not h' om a place.

D ozz'à say:W ill you pass from the post-office?

Say: 'W i11 you pess by the post-office?

Nole' Al so pass the post-offiçe i s correqt.

Play for a team , not w ith a team

D on't say: H e plays regularly w ith that team Say H e plays regularly for that team

Pleased with, not fyom.

D on't say:The teacher is pleased from m e

Say.' The teacher is pleased with m e

Nch te bhle 5av p Ieased at c) pl ease d w i th I f a n abstract nou n or a tla use

fol k ows: Fhe; z ' v vere pl eased ar ( of G/ MJ wha? he s a/ x Fhey v ver e pl eased at ( o? wi th) her r esul t

Popular w ith, not am ong

Doazl say: John's popular.am ong his friends

Say: John's popuiar w ith his friends

l-ook at, not to

Don't say: Look to this beautiful picture.

Say: Look at this beautiful picture

Note: Also gaze at, stare a' tp etc But S ook after ( = t ake car e of) ' look for

( = tc , t a f ld) , I ook over ( = examl nel ; I ook i nto ( = examl ne cl osel yl ' Iook on

or upon ' = cons l derl ' I ook down on ( = have a I ow opi np an cf ) , I ook up to

( = r eq pect l I ook out for = eypect l I ook forw ar d ' o ( = expect wl t h pl easuf e)

'

I ook to ( = r et y on)

Prefer to, not f' rom.

D onlt say: I prefer a blue pen from a red one.

$(7y.' l prefer a blue pen to a red one

t

Note: Al so pref erable to: Tt), 5 zaT j s preferable to t ' ny ol zi cl

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Part 1 M isused foàm s7

Preside at or over, not in.

Don't say:W ho presided in the last m eeting?

Proud of, pot Jor.

D onlf say.' He's very proud for his prom otion

.

Say: He's very proud of his prom otion.

Nate b %e Say take L 'a; pride in 4 crafrsfrl an takes a pride ? ' n /?/

; bvr lrk

Rejoice at or in, not Jor.

Say: W e rejoiced at (or in) her success.

Related to, not w ith

Don 't May.'A re you related w ith Sim on in any w ay?

./ Say: A re you related to Sim on in any w ay?

Note Al so relation to j s he any relation fo you?

58 Repent of, not Fom.

D on't say: H e repented from hi: crim e.

V Say: He repented of his crim e.

Not e Repent ance t dkes for: b! e J ee/ s repent ance for / 5: n

D on'f say: A re you satisfied from your m arks?

Z Say:A re you satisfied w ith your m arks?

Notp Ak so content w ith e deli ghted with, unhappy with,happy w i thv

di spl eased wi th e dissasisfi ed with, disgus&ed w i th

60 Sim ilar to, not 'a7pr/7.

D on 't say: Your house is sim ilar w ith m ine.

/ Say: Your house is sim ilar to m ine.

61 Sit at a desk etc

., not on a desk etc

Don't sayl The bank m anager wa

s sitting on his desk.Say:The bank manager was sitti

ng at his desk.

Noke Ah so siat a 'abl e.But: on a çhair on a bench

, on a :ofa, etc ; i n an arm-chai r, in a tree of up a tree

, A r d someli mes pertbes @ $I ts ) on a t r ee

.

Spend on, not jor.

Don't say: I spend a lot of time fo

r m y com puter

Z Say: 1 spe

nd a 1ot of time on my com puter

.

63 Succeed in, not at.

Don't say: I hope he'll succeed at hi

s w ork

Z Say: I hope he'll succeed in his work

.

Note: A person sklt&eed: to a pfopert

y., t i tl or an off i ce: Ouees F/ l kal l et 1

rom (or than) that.

/' Xc

yrel-his is superior to that.

Not e: Al s o i ntedor to junior &o, seniof1o subsenuenl 1o,prior to.

65 Sare of, not jor.

Don't stzy; I'm quite sure for her h

onesty

Say: I'm quite sure of her honesty

.

Note: Al so Eer tai n of2 l aî n qt /r e cert Ain of f'

Surprised at or by,not for.

D

on't say: H arold was surprised for the Io

ud bang./ Sa

y: Harold was surprised at/by the loud bang

.

Note Al s a as toni shed atf by,amazed Bt/by, alarmed al/by

a puzzl ed at/ byl sbotked al/ by

.

%

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Pa rt 1 M isused form s'n .

H ave anotber look at

Prepositions after certain ur ords

Note carefully the prepos'itions used af ter the follow-ing

Suspect of, not for.

Don't say: I suspect Kate for stealing th

e perl

Say: I suspect Kate of stealing the pen.

Not e Ai scz suspi ti ous of Dogs ar suspi ci ous of sbrangers

.

68 Take bys not yom.

DonJf say: Robert took his brother from the hand.

.z' Say: Robert took his brother by the hand.

r kol er Al so: hol d by, catch by,seize by, soatch by

,

Not e Ai so bi nd to: Tbe pc/ soner was bound to t be srake

Tired of, not from.

D on't say:The boys are tired from eating b

oiled eggs.

Say': The boys are tired of eating boiled eggs.

Translate into, not fo.

D on 't say: Translate this passage to E

nglish

b'ay: Translate this passage into English

.

Trem ble w ith cold,

etc., not J' ropï cold, etc.

D

on 't say: The m an w as trem bling from cold

.

/ Say: The m a'n was trem bling w ith cold.

Mot e Al so shake w i th .3rèd shiver with: The thf kes shakl'np with f

edr

Warn (a person) of danger, not about danger

.Don't say: They w ere warned about the danger.

Say: 'They wçre warned of the danger

inf erested ;'' t 'jea Ous O ?1()ok f-n'larrief.i ro

yjj

7:

pteasedprefer toproud t),J

related !(

rq' neut oj

sa.tisfied '?pi'f:

sim ilar tosucceed insuperior jo

surprised at, by

suspect of tired OJ

translate ïnjo

warn ' ( )J about

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Part 1 M isused forms

Nt) :e 2: W e w arn a person aqains! a fault: &! ' s tedcber w êrned h/ ' m agafnxt

breakl bg the rules.

74 W rite in ink, not with ink

Don't say: I've written the letter with ink

J Say: I've w ritten the letter in ink

Note W e use ln A' i len we are referrtn: to the flnal work: Fhe df awfng was

dof ne i n char coaf Dor a vvç t tes her f el t er s l n gr een ! 1* W hen we ar e ref er rl ng lo

the I nstrument uged we use w i th The chil dren Jre p edro/r?g rll wqte w ith a

pen Helen preéer s to pa/ pr with < - thm br1 Jsh.

(See Exercises 73-76 on pages 168-170)

Fond of + -ing

Dorl'r say: She's always fond to talk./' Say: She's alw ays fond of talking.lnsist on + -ing.

D on't say: Sim on insisted to go to London

.

Say: Sim on insisted on going to lvondon

80 Object to + -ing.

/ 5' &y ' I object to being treated like this.

Prevent from + -ing,

D on't say: The rain prevented m e to go

M isuse of the infinitive

Use the gerund and 1 $4)2 the injini ti ve:

(a) After prepositions or preposition phrases '

W ithoutj etc + -ing

Don't say: D o your work w ithout to speak

Z Say: Do your work without speaking

76 Instead of, etc + -ing

D on'! say: H e went away instead to w ait

/' Say: H e went aw ay instead of w aiting

(b) A/ter words which zl wzf/t 7r/y take a preposition:

77 Capable of + -ing

Don't stty.'They're quite capable to do that

Say:They're quite capable of doing that

Not e Al so i ntapabl e of; to + t he l nfl nl ll ve f ol l ow: abl e or unabl e b' e

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M is u sed f o rm sPart 1

(c) After cprlt zfa verbs:

186 A void + -ing

D on't say: You can't avojd tcl m ake m istakes

.' Say': You can't avoid m aking m istakes

Nc l e: Al so can' t hel p t = carl ' avoi d) : I can' t he/ p l aughing.

Enjoy + -ing.

Don' t say: l enjoy to play football.

.' * Say: l enjoy playing football.

Note: Uîe the gerund or to + infini ti ve after verbs meany ng ' to Iike or to

di sl i ke' He I i kes read/ ng Engi i sh books , or bi e l i àe s to read (r t gl i sb books.

88 Excuse + -ing

D on't say: Please excuse m e to be so Iate

Say: Please excuse m y beilzg so late

OA: Please excuse m e for being so late

Finish + -ing

D on 't say: H ave you finished to speak?

Say: Have you finished speaking?

Note: l' o + i nf l ni tl ve of tbe qerund fol l ow ver bs meani ng to begi n' 5he begaa

ta speak, or 5he began s ' peek/ npa

90 Go t )îl (continue) + eillg.

Don't say: 'l'he m usic went on to play al1 day

J' Say:The m usic w ent on playing all day

Note: Al yo keep onq 5he kept on pl a ,/n.g the pfdpcl

91 Mind (object to) + -ing.

D on't say: W ould you m ind to open the door?

J Say: W ould you m ind opening the door?

H ave another Iook at

2 After wordb which regularly take a preposition, such

as fond of insist 0? ?, tired t)j succeed i?1.

Examples: 1'm ti ved oj doing the work again He

sacceeded in ctz/chïl?r the rat

3 After certain verbs, st lch as azl oid, e? z joy, fi nish, JJDP,

nsk, excuse

Examples:n ey enjoy rl /t yyir? g football.' rhe wind has

stopped lplo?zlïng

4 After the adjectives busy and worth.

Examplej: Lena was busy z t, ?' ? f; ' r? g a book, This date ts

uyorth remem bering

S A fter certain phrases, such as it's no use, it's no good,

I can' t hel p, would you mind, look jc/ rztwrd to.

Exam ples: l think k'f%' no use /r.vp'?kg again f can't help

feehng angry about it,

U se the gerund or the infinitive after certain verbs, such

as begi n, /? ' àc, di sli ke, hate, love, prefen

Example; He began to talk or He began talking

e

Trang 14

92 Practise + -ing

D onlt say: You m ust practise to speak English

J' Say:You m ust practise spealting Euglish

98 Rem em ber + -ing

D onnt stzy; l don't rennenlber to have seen b hc!'t

7 Say: 1 don't rem em ber seeing him

O F l don't rcm m nber baving seen hiln

Risk + -jng

D onnt say: àVe coulfln't risk to leave him alone

Say:V/e couldn't risk Ieaviog him alone

Stop f -ing

Don't say: The wind has aim ost stopped 'tc, blou/

Say Ttle winfl has alm ost stopped b1.owing

Not e 7 % l so give up (= s top) : ! - pat ? e I r; st voki r g,

(d) A' ft ct t 'ta ' ? adjec ti es:

96 Busy + -in.g

D ot',t say: H e was b usy to revistz the exalos

Say: H e was busy revising for the exam

s-W orth + -ing

Don't say: is today's film worth to see?

Say: ls today's film worth seeing?

(c) After certain phrases:

98 H ave difficulty in + -ing

Don't say: She has no diffièulty to do it

J Say: She has no difficult'y in doiag it

H av'e the pleasure of + dng

Don't say: l had the pleasure to m eet him.

Say: l had the pleasure of m eeting him.

Nor e A' s o take pl easure i n S te takes gr eat pf easure i n hel ol f ; ' ar her s

102 It's no use + -ing

D on ' $t;y lt's no use to cry like a babySay; It's no use crying like a bnby.It's no good + -ing

D orl stzy; lt's no good to get angry.

Say: lt's no good getting angry

102 Look forward to + -ing

D ()n31 say: 1 look forward to sec him soon.

Z Say: I Iook folavard to seejng him soon.

1G3 'lllez'e is no harm in + -ing

Don't s'Jy.' 'Fhere's no harm to visit her now./ Say: 'n ere's no harm in visiting her now,

U se of the w rong tense

1O4 U sing the past tensc after did instead of the infinitivewithout to

(J) To ask questions:

/ Say: D id you go to school yesterday?

(b) To make negati ves:

D on ' sayl l did not w ent to school yesterday.

19

Trang 15

Say: I difl not go to school yesterday

U5e t he pr esent i nf i ni t/ ve wi thou! to/ not t he past t ense af ter he auyi k ary di l.

Note: t he ans wer to a questi on begi nni ng wi ti l di d i al ways f n t he past enỵ eê

Dl - d you 5- t he p/ ct e ? - Fey t / s aœ t he pj cl ur e; or Fes , I dl d.

1 05 Using the third pemon singular after does instead of

the infinitive without 'to

(a) To ask questions:

Don't say: Does the gardener waters the flowers?

Z Say: Does the gardener water the flowers?

(!?) To make negatives'

Don't say: The m an doesn't waters the flowers

7 Say: 'rhe m an doesn't w ater the flowers

Af ler 1he auxi l ary does use t he i nt i ni ti ve wi thout to, and not t he t hi r d per s ch

of tile present.

Not e ' r he answer t o a ques ti on begi nni ng wi th Does i s al ways i n t be pr esent

teqse t r per son: Does he Jke t ' Ye zi nema? - Fes ; he J ke s 2 he cl ' ner naz ' cr

May chd ng es o mi gh' t l subof dl r ate cl a oses,whe n t he k'erb Irh the rn z In

ti ause i s in th e past sf m p2e tense

Note The conj t ctl o n thaỵ p nẹ z e r pr ece ded by a C r cl ma.

ê$()Ik? T t I s ru l e ( i oesn ' appi y ( to ker bs wl h i n quot at k ons.(2) to facts thha !are

t r u e a t a I t m e s W e s a y :

1 Sl n# 2 s ai ' 1 am wal tl f g f or youỵ af h swer'

2 He said that Lorbt jon is a grêơl ûlty

1C8 Using w ilI/'lI instead of w ould/'d in a subordinateclause,

/ Say: l' le said (that) he would/' d come tomorrow.

W i l l : : ạ e S t o w o t il d/' d I n subcr dl nat e cS a9eS.wble n th e bkerb Ifr the rcha Irl( P u T; p I s r ? pa q' t t e r

(For Secti ons 104-105 see Exercises 33 and 34 on

Say: Ben thought he could w in the prize.

Carl changes to coul d i n subordlnate cl auses when !he verb iln the main clause

I S I r the oast s I m p I e te nse

Say': H e tried to kick the ball aw ay.

Dcl ' t tk se thhe bl f' n ple pa st :en S ë af :er to .

1 06 U sing the third person singular after can, m ust, etc.,

instëad bf the infinitive without to

Don't Jf7y: Ian can speaks English very well

Scy; Ian ean speak English very well

Af ter t he ver bs t anœ must may, shal land wi l us e t he i nti ni ti ve wi t hout p.

and not the thi r d per son of t 6e pr es ent.

107 W rong sequence of tenses

Don't lcy: Rachel asked m e what I ap doing

d' Say: Rachel asked m e what I was doing

A he9 1he vef b i n t he mai n cl ause i k n the past tensee os e past ỵ ense i

wbordinate çlauses.

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M isused fornlsPart 1

1 1 2 Using the past simple tense after an auxiliary verb,

instead of the past participle

Don't say: l've forgot to bring my book

Say: I've t'orgotten to bring m y book

USe t he past p8c tfpl ( and nf a t he pas t t epse) wi lh the auxi l ar y ver b have eh

i ts puf- ts.

1 16 Using the simple past tense with a recent action

,

instead of the 'present perfect.

D o/z'f say: Tne clock stnlck.

Say:The clock has siruck.

$ vt : z are speaki ng f ; f arl acti ccj ust fi ni shed we must use îhe pr esent pedect

i nstead of tile slmple past tense.For exôrflple. immetliatery aiter the clock

s tr i kes, we st l oL l dp' t say T he c l oz k â zruci',but Ibe dock has strlzck'

-1 1 3 Using must Or ought /r3 to express a past obligatiori

Dony say: You ought to com e yestelday 1 17 Using the sjm ple presenf kustead of tl'le present

X Say: YOu ought ttl have come yesterday perfect

Or You should have come yesterday Don't &a)? ))m at thjs school two years.

, ar,d ougsl to as past tenses lo expregs a past duty (wqich Z Say: l've beeu at this school two yeam.

oor, ! use mus

wasn' t done) se the per fec t t nf i ni tt ve wi t hout t o after ough' t to ar si l oul d Us e the present per f ect ( and no! t j

e si mpp e pr esor l # or ar q sctj os segun y ftj j ( expr ess i pns suc? l as il ad ' tow ' a: obl lied &o past aod coot i aul r g i ao tj l e esent rve bc wa ar tlsc/l ao/ xpp yegz

Note' k n i r hdl f ed G peek : h ub e rtl x and ought t o as past t enses: He Fal t d )) Bl00C I 5 I ' Ai l her e,

mbl dr f' 1 18 U sing the sim ple present instead of the present

perfect

he silnple pagt after a since clause of tim e.

fect insiead Of t

.çcy.' Since he cam e, w e re happy.

,we've been happy

d filri' yesterday ''

1 say: 1 have Seen a g61O

present instead of the present

he pdstat stated tirno

in t

irne, îike

Continuous-d or a phrase denoting past t

)) n a sentence has a vîoç

Note: W e

etc alway: u9e a Donk xgry Look! Two boys fight

Iast week,las t yeat then, aqo, ''

Don't stzy; l saw the Parthenon of Athens

Say: I have seen thc Parthenon of Athens 2a

l f we ar e speakf ng of t he r esut t of a pas t act i on f at her t t ap of t he acli on I

we must use the present perfecttense Whe!n sorpebodv sao, lhave xeenz

Pdr t henoqf he or s he i s not t hl nki ng so r c ucb of t l 7e past act of seei ng i t,

te present result of tbat pastaclion

Note: W e ôl so tlse the present ' contr ntmbr s for the future when somet hi ng i s gre-arr anqed or expected wi th sume certasnty: Lorna i s arrfv/ ng tomormw at

sk F()m eod Iare eaf//g out tonhht

rlhe continuous form of the tense m isused.Don't stzy.' Pm undeotanding the lesson now.Say: I tm derstand the lesson now.

As a r t e, ver bs denot i ng a s tate r alher han an act have no conti nuous f orms

.

l ike undetstand,know bel beve li kea l ove, bel onga preferl consist mean

e hear , see, etc

2 3 -

Trang 17

1 2 1 Using the present continuous for a habitual action,

instead of the sim ple present

D on't say: Every m orning I'm going for a walk

z' Say: Every m onling 1 go for a w alk

Use t he sl mpl e pr esent ( and not t he pr es ent conti nuous) to expr ess a pr esent

h a b i tual action Not e Us e t he pr esent cont i nacus to expr ess a habp tual act i on wi t h the wcr d

a l w ays or wi th a verb denotl ng a conti nuous state: He is alway; talki ng y ' ctass; He p' s' Iiving ip londclp.

1 22 Using the verb to use for the present habitual action

D on't say: l use to get up at six every m orning,Say: 1 get up at six every m orning

O 'r.' I'm accustom ed to getting up at six, etc

T*e verb to use doesn't express a habi t in the preseot / use means / errp/ oy:

I use : ' per? tc vvçile w/êh.

126 U sing the future in a clause of tim e, instead of thepresent tense

D on't say: 1'11 see you w hen l shall com e back

z Say: 1'11 see you when 1 com e back

I f the verb in the main cl ause i s i n tl 7e f uture, the verh I n the time cl at lse must be in the present tense.

Note: Doo't u5e the pfesent tense and the past perfect i n the same sentence I t woul d be i ncorr ect to s ay: My br ot her Jayl - t hnt he had r l ot gone t o the cinema faxt ni ghl.

125 U sing the past perfect instead of the sim ple past tense

D on't say: I'd finished the book yesterday

J Say: I finished the book yesterday

Don't use the past perfect unles: there i s another Merb jn the past tengtk i n the sam e sentence.

(See Section 124 )

Ncte' Used to expfesges a past state or habl t and I t usuall y refers to some ol é situation which nc Ionger exists: / used eo see ht ' m es zery day; My fafber used

to p/ ay fov tball k œ?y we/ /.

123 Using the past continuous for a habitual action,

instead of the sim ple pàst tense

D on't qçc.y,' Last year I w as w alking to school every day

v' Say: Last year l w alked to school every day

Use t he si mpl e pas ' t ens e to expr ess a habi t i n the pas t, and not the past

cc nti n uous Note: Uâe the past conli nuous tense to descri be events in the past happenknq at

$ he t i me another act i cc t ook pl ace: i/ eak ç wal ki ng f ci chool when l nef ht tn.

1 24 Using the past tense instead of the past perfect

D on't saylThe tm in already Ieft before I arrived

V Say:Fhe train had already IeR before I arrived

t J5 e t he past perf ec: when t he ti me of cne past acti op i ' mor e past t ùan t hat ci another Put the acti on whi ch was compl et ed f i stn the past per i ect and the second auti on i n the past tense.

128 U sing the present tense after as if or as though instead

of the past

D on't say: Janine talks as if she know s everything./ Say: Janine talks as if she knew everything

Use the past tense after the pbrase as if or as though He sa/l' s as if he krlew

ever yt hi t g, means p - e t al ks a s he woul d t al i f à e knew et ë er #h/ r g.

Note: Use the subjective were with the verb to be nfter as if:-e actsa: if

eere a ri ch rflan.

127 U sing the future in the if clause instead of the presenttense

D on't î'f.p: If he'll ask m e, I w ill/'ll stay

/ Say: If he asks m e, I w i1l/'1l stay

Use the present tense i n a future condrtional ln the if cl ause and the future tense in the main tl ause

Note: Bu1 the future tense may be used in an i f cl ause expressi ng i' request: Iyof l w dl rl l gi ve rne some money I -/ / /* buy you a dnhk.

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Part 1 h,?sused f orm s

-5 29 Using the past conditional of w ish instead of the

present indicative

Don't say: 1 would wish to know m ore English

J Say: I wlsh (that) I knew mor' è English.

Use the present tense of w i sh to express a present meani ng, fol lowed by a

thal clause containing a past tense.

1 30 U sing a w rong tense w itlz an im probable condition

Don't say: If he would/'d ask m e, I Fould/'d stay

/ Say: If he asked m e, I w ould/'d stay

Expr ess an i mprobabl e condi ti on by t he past t ens e and us e the condi ti onal i n

the mai n cl ause Thi s use of the pâst tense doesn' t i ndi cate a ti me but a degr ee

of probabil i ty.

13 1 U sing a w rong tense w ith a counterfactual condition

D on't say: If he'w ould/'d have asked m e, I w ould/'d

stay

7 Say: If he had/'d asked m e, I w ould/'d have stayed

Expr ess a count er f actual that di dn' t happen) condi ti on by the pas t peded and

l -se the pa5t conditiooal i n the rnain trause Thi s use of the past peried doesn'l

indicate a ti me but an impossibl e happeni ng.

132 U sing the infinitive instead of a finite verb

D on't say: Sir, to go hom e to get m y book?

J Say: Sir, m ay I go hom e to get m y book?

The i nfini ti ve si mpl y names an acti on wi thout referpnce to person, number or

tk r ne Ther efur ee i t tan' t make sense wd thout t he hel p of a fi ni t e ver b.

133 M ixing up the tenses

D on't say:rhey asked him to be captain, but he

refuses

é Say:They asked him to be captain, but he relused

l yoo besk n wi th i ! vefb r efer r ng to pas t t i me, keep the verb f ofms i n the pas t.

The same rule appli es to tenses throughout a composi ti on.

(See Exercises 24-30 on pages 148-151 )

Exam ples: I yead the new spaper evel'y day.J>?n readirig

an English book (now).

2 U se the Sim ple Past w hen a definite tim e or date is

m entioned, and use the Present Perfect w hen no tim e is

m entioned

Exam ptes: l did my hom ework last night.I're Jonc m y

homework (so l can watch ' 1' V - or whatever - now).

J) Express habitual or repeated actions in the past either

by the Sim ple Past or by the phrase used to.

Example: 1 went (or l used to goj to thc cinema eve! '

week last year

No&e: Dcn' t ase the Pas t Con&i nugus L l was gof nf l for a past habi tual

ac -ti on, but for an attion irè ' the pas' t coy hlinui ng a: the time another adion took pi ac e : I wa< goi ng t o rà l e ci nema when / m et hi m

4 'Fhe only correct tense to use is the Present Perfect ifthe action began ir),the past and is still continuing in thepresent

Exam ple: IYc beett in this class for tw o m onths.

5 Be very carefui No'r to use the future but the Presenttense in a clause of tim e or condition,if the verb in the

m ain clause is in the future

Example: I will/'ll vish the Parthenon when l go (or if f

yo) to Athens

H

Trang 19

Pad 1 M isused fokm s

Don 't ti(zp.' lt's a secret betw een you and 1

Saỵ' lt's a secret betw een you and m ẹ

Belw een I b a preposl tlun arhd aiI preposl tlf ir'q take tbe ol alectlve cahe ? e:c'r tbenh

1 39 Using an object pronoun before a gerund.

D on't çay,' H im laughing at her was w hat m adeher angry

k/ 5cý His laughing at her w as what m ade her angrỵ

b ikêt zev kv/ tkst: an wing veri ' q a ltob o ) f' e pr eced ln( ? nod lr b or prorl clt ? r ' f' a ul

E ) 8 ) p o s î e s Ý

D or; %ay: A friend of him told us the news

J' S'tz(ỵ' A friend of his told us the news

b hlc ' J ! ắhle ( i() t2 bl( ! 9e r I t IV 0 kOf + na m e + Y, h i5 , m i 3 e : ? tc ' b ' /hl e f l k% ' e b' w r 1 3 ! l $1

e r np k' I ( islse ' Lh e pe rson vê à l ptlsGesses rat her t han the l hh kg ' vvh ' (J l l 1d k ' lot ïf x ur ' 4.

A f ri end of h i s I s sl mpk y afh othpr way ()i saykr! q one of h is f riends

1 34 C onfusion of gender

Don't say: n e door is open, please sbut her

7 Say:The door is open, please shut it

I Ensh l sh onl y nar r es of peopi e and anf mal s have çender rnascul i ne or

feml ni ne) l ndnl mat e t hi ngs ar e ceut er , ant j t ake t he pr cl nt ln i t l n t he si ngul ar

Note: It' s posslble to use mascklli ne or femknl ne pronouns wiien i nanimate

thl ngs ar e per sonî f ed: Engl and kpr oud of Aer 'at ,

Don't say: H er room 's w indow is open

Say: n e window of her room is open

With inanimate objects we ustlaliy use the ofstructar The 4cofrof the car

' The i eg 0/ ? he t abj ẹ he sl lrf at - e o/ t he k var ec w i th the names of pl eces and

ocganisalk ons we can use ei ther' London's streets = Tf -k e streets of Londoụ

l tal ý s cli matẹ = 7he cll rnate of ktal ỵ The schuol' : f ' nairi offl ce = The maln offlûe

of the school.

Noté Howevec we dc s ay: a daý s wmrk, a ni ght' s reslr a week' s hol i day,

a pound': worth, etc., especi al ly wkth Simi l ar medsures ot tl rnẹ

Don't say: It was him

J Say: It was hẹ

The proncun comlng after !he k' erb to be must be in the ncp rnlnatit ? e case, and

rlt dn the gbject/ve lr written compositjon However, the objective Case is now

usual l y used in cgvé fsati onq Itz: merlt w a$ him/hes/them , e1c

1 37 Using 1he objective case after the conjunction than.

D on't saỵ M y sister is taller than m ẹ

Say: My sister i s tall er than l (am).

The wurd than ls a conjunctlon, and car) crtly be folloiNed by a proncun In the

nor rlinati ve ca6e The verb comfng aftef the pror houn I s generalf y oml ttod.

Note: Use the objective case In spoken Engiish 'fou 'e much taller 'félan mẹ

14 1 M isuse of -self form s

D on 'T say: M ichael and m yself are herẹ

q(ly: M ichacl and l are here,

t / ;i l t' le s rn :) e perlona prorlt atl s 1 , youf h e, 0t : I f no em :) ! la 1I $ ie k ' ' i ? cé n' lt ,

The r pl Les I vp p rclt n o t ra$ th I rd pe r Sor' a ril h i m sel f a r1 d thert l se Ives a ! d ! - cl t

l n I F 5e I t al n : 1 t bhel rse I ves.

www.IELTS4Ụblogfạcom

Trang 20

Part 1

143 lWisuse of nouf verb hom cnyms

Don't J4,y.' Beclky played a good play of chess

.

?' Say: Becky played a good gam e of chess

Sor ne ver bs and nouns do hah e the same f or m and anaj opt nus r aeèr - nç j i i

English: 'L6e polie J#/1! tal/g.b? Heather drearria tong Wvfd dreatvz # p'g;

l e t he / s wj b catct l you ol - t! Fbe zompaç y dancet ian At kl can o' ar - ce Howev / er ,

we sed c um usf ? the same wor d I ke thi s Usual i y we t r y t o avoi d i t i i s on' t e w' E y:

She f owpà la t ong tl art l e wi b h t hi vp il ov i e y ot z ï ' vi lbe caupbt ol pt ' I he

compa ny d/ e? 7 Af r can danz - e.

344 Using the relative pronoun which for persons

Don't say: l've a brother which is at school

7 Say: l've a brother wbo is at school

Oni y uS e whi ch as a r ef i e pr onouc for ani r nat s or t bl nqs The ri sht pr cnoun

ta uSe f or peopl e 1w ho (whose wbom).

) 45 Using what or which after evea thing, etc

Don' t :0 I heard evenrthi ng whi ch (oA what) he sai d.

Say: I heard everything (that) he said.

'

Don' t use tha r el ati ve pf anouns w hi ch and what aft er everythl ng, al l

somethingr anythins a Iot.(not mu<h), àittle.or notbing.We car; vle that

af t er t hese wor ds ar cen i a e oml tt ed.

146 W ho and whom Don't say: 1 saw the wom an whom you said lived next

door

.

#' Say: i saw the woman (who) you said lived next door.

b he r ar el y use whom i r moderc ingf i sb W e s tl l use i t aft er preposi ti ons tow

by# W i th, after , on et c For exampl e/ Tt t e p' r/o w/om you k ver e speakr kg !

fk/ye/'a, We ppet to avoid this nowadays by changln: the orderof the '

sept ance: 7he gi r! pou wer e speak/ np t o ? s N/ ger f aa You can al so u5 e that l n

pl ace of who: I - he gl ?/ tbat you wer e w eaki ng t o / Nj ger j an.

( For Sections 144-146 see Exercise 18 on page 145 )

M isused form s

147 Using who, whom , or w hich after the superlative,instead of that

D on't say: It's the best which I've seen

Use the r el atl ve that lnot who, w hom , or whi th) aft er a super h atl ve I t qar h however, be ocrli tted.

148 The sam e as/sam e that

D on't say: Am elia bought the sam e bag that m e.Say: A m elia bought the sam e bag as m e

After the sam e we use as urhless it' s fol lowed by iq subordinate ciause ln kkhL ch

case we use that cr gr r t' AJJ sl nt t h ordered l ? c same meal ( t hat ) be

ocdef ' ed bebore.

NoteE Sometl mes we use that I nstead oi who t )r which afte: same: P!e k voro

b he s' am e c/othes thaz he wor' e çm Stfrp cray

149 Using w ho? or w hat? instead of which?

D 0:1*/ say: W ho of the tw o boys is the taller?

Say: W llich of the tw o boys is the taller?

U5e the interroqati ve pronoun which? #or b0th peopE e and thl ngs, asks for one

o ut of a def i ni te nu mber Note: The i nterroçatl ve pronoun what? doesn' t kmpl y chok ce: W bat' s your

t ei ephone number? J t'al s o us ed to ask f or t ù per son' s pf uf sl on: W hat' s your fatyer? - J -/e' s a lavvyer

1 50 W ho? and W hom ?

(a) W ho?

D on't say: W hom do you think w ill be chosen?

J Say: W ho do you think w ill be chosen?

(b) W hom?

Don't say: W ho do you think l saw yesterday?

J Say: W hom do you think I saw yesterday?

I q sent enc r a? who i s the subject ef wi l be chosen, 6o yco ï ht ' nk l s a

31

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1 b 1 Using onq other instead of another.

Don't suy: Please give m e one other book

Z Say.' Please give rrle another book

1F2 Using the superlative instead of the com parative

Den't stzy.' John is the tallest of the two boys

/ Say: John is the taller of the tw o boys

U%e r h e tompari)! i 7e wi ler two peopl e or t hhln g5 tire comp a red See 1 54

Den't say: Am y is taller from her brother

/ Say: Am y is taller than her brother

At lj ectl ves (or il dverbs) kn ti le ccr - nparatkve are fol lowed by than and not by f rom

1 54 Using the com pnrative instead of the superlative

Don't s(ty.' Cairo is the larger city in A frica

/ Say': Cairo is the largest city in A frica

u lse t h e Supe rl atI ' qe k z/hen more tha n two pe rson S or tNI pgs are cofrh pared

1 5.5 Using the rrsarc instead of m ost

Don't say: The m ore people w ill agree w ith m e

/ Say: M ost people w ill agree with m e

USe m ost l ' not t he more) when J / o o mean t he mal ont y of

Ncle L J Se the more I 7 se nlences I ike' The moa re l coajp/a'o,,hP rnore

fds' jfh M t; mere we ' zk zr/fe (he &ipp/e? ' our rr pror becomes.

AAistlseci fornpi

1 56 Usê-ng m ore good or m ore bad instead of bettez

O r' !#/Or- ' Se

Don '1 say: Vhis one looks m ore good than that.Say: -fhis one looks better than that

The adjectlk' es good and bad have i rregul ar fori ms of cclmoa rl ql nn good.

be tte r , bes' t ar l d badd w orse, w orst

(Fo< Sedions 151-156 sce Exercises 7 and 8 on

page 1-40.),

157 Using hom e instead of at hom e

Donàt say: In the afternoon I stay hom e

Say: I)A the afternoon l stay at hom e

1 58 Using frotn instead of one ol or among.

D on 't say: She is from Lhe nicest girls 1 know

Say: Sbe is one of the nicest girls l know

1 59 Usi ng the passive infini ti ve (to be + past participle)

D on't say: English isn't easy to be learned

Say: English isn't easy to Iearn

The adj ect i ves easy, di ffi cul t har d , heavy, good, et c a re ger nra f ol l os ved

by the eclive pnflnitl ve.

160 U sing arl intransitive verb in the passive form

D on't say: She w as disappeared from the house.Say: She disappeared from the house

.

As a ru I e, don' t u5e I nt ra nsl tl ve ve rbs 11 ke appear, seem , beEorne, tonsi st

ln the passi ve form Intransl ti ve verbs don't have :n oblec!

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M isused form sP

art 1

1 6 1 Mixing up one form of the verb with another

young rather than wasting time worrying about

the future

Say: lt' s better to enjoy yourself when you're young

than to waste tim e worrying about the future

tlof l 't mIx one form of the vefb w l lh another l f the f I rst vefb in a comparl sun I s

i n the knflnltF ve, the second must al so be In 1he iqflnitl ve.

1 62 W rong sequence of m oods

D on't say: If you w ould/'d do m e this favour, l w i1l/'ll

be very grateful to you

.f' Say: H you would/'d do m e this favour, I w ould/'d be

very grateful to you

O r' lf you w ill/'lI do m e this favour, I w ill/'d be very

grateful to you

163 The unrelated participle

D on't say' Being in a hurry, the door w as left open

/ Say: Being in a hurry, he left the door open

Take care to provide the Ioqlcal subject ratinq to the partiple phfase In the

sent ence gi ven, the l osl cal subj ect t o bei ng i n has'e i 6 he and not t he door.

164 The question phrase isn't it? m isused

Don't say: H e played w ell yesterday, isn't it?

vr tîtzy.' H e played well yesterday didn't he?

Use the questl on phrase Ssn'' t it onl y when the pretedi p: Statement contai ns

the werck is: ?t i s a hot day; isn't Ff' ?

Note ln ttiig form of question, use the sarr?e tense and persoc as k n the

pf ecedi ng st at ement and use t $e cor r ec' t auxl k ar y I f, howeveq the pr ecedd ng

stalement I s l n the negalive form, the questlon phrage Omits no' t W e say:

) They are on holi day, aren'' t they?

They ar en' t on hal i cl ay are t hey?

2 You Speak Cnçli sh don' t you?

You don' t speak Fr ench, ' do you?

( See Exercise 36 on page 154 )

q 65 M isuse of the gelaznd to express purpose.

D on't say: I com e here for learning English

Z Say: l com e here to Iearn English

Expr ess puf pose by usl ng 1he I nf l ni t ve nOt t he t-lizrtlnd.

1 66 Yes or N o in answer to negative questions

Yes, - that is, I saw it,A

, - that is, I didn t see it

l n answeri ng neçati ve questl ons, say Yes I f the answer 2 5 aa df fmat l on,and

No lf l t' s a negati ve That ts answer w l thout any regafd to the aeqalt ve forr

-of th e q! i estlon

16 U sing a double negative

D on't say: She says she's not afraid of nobody.Say: She says she's not afraid of anybody

Or She says she's afraid of nobody

I n Er lgll sh tvlo negatlves are equal to an afflrmatloe statement You shoul d avul d kk si ng two negati ve words In the same clause: when not l s uFed,none

changeg t o aoyf nothi ng to anythi ng, nobody tu anybodyj no one t o anyone now here to anyw here, Gei ther ner to either or.

( See Exercise 38 on page 155 )

1 68 U sing one tim e or two tim es instead of once or tw ice

D on't say: I was absent one tim e or tw o tim es.Say: I w as absent once or tw ice

Use once and twice i nstead of one time and two ti mes.

169 Using a day, etc., instead of one day, etc

D on'l say: h day they went sight-seeing in Florence.Say: O ne day they w ent sight-seeing in Florence

Ll se one C not a or an) wd th day, ni ght, morni ng, afternoon and eveni ng ,

Ahen the one means on a certain

Trang 23

M isused form s

1 70 U sing the c//ler day instead of lhe next day , etc

Don 't say: D avid slept well and was better thc

other day

V' Say: D avid slept well and was better the aext dtay

2ote The other day I S a I di f nneaa i$ a f ev s d a' a go / rr! a; è o, l a''? g'

the otAer day

1 7 : Using otle f 7? 2J a Jl f ztt instep d ( ( )f half past one, etc.

D on't $tt)/.' Lessorls begin at eight aud a half

v' S(7y.' Lessons begin at haif past eight

! t el l g l' nt a S ay ha I f past ene ha i past ' vzo hal f pa 5t th r ee e::

1 72 Using as l t- tr ft zït p instead of a: usual.

D t)N ' say: A s usl.lally, he jef t his pen at hom

e-J S'&y, A s usual, he left his pen at hofue

,173 Using according ro m y' opf'/''ol? instead of l!1

m y opinion,

D on't sau: A ckèording to m y opinion, she's right

Say: ln m y opinion, she's right

r Nl el ë Avo I d l :s1 )g the ph hrasc' as I t: h in k I Il Stea r j of i th i n !: t E ? z He ' s I d pzà ar 'a'

l tbink ; 2( ? / ' ap/ nt r ht as / think)

174 U sing at the end instead of in the end

Don't st7)?.' A t the end they reached thc city

Say: ln the end they reached the city,

ln the end means f p nal ly ar at I ast' at the end mearls at the farlhes: polnt of

pa r: Fhel ee ' T an jnc/ez at tbe end of fb/ s bftok Fhere ' 5 é3 & otdoy at the end of

'hls l npcràt' ti

q 75 U sing under r/zir rain instead of in the rain

Don't say: They played football under the rain

/ stzy; 'Fhey p3ayed iofltball in the rain

qote Ai so i n the sun and i n the shade L He k va- ç 5/ t T/ kg i n 1 he sun ( : i

with the follow ing twenty-one verbs

atỵl, js, are, was, w ere; haz/co has, had; 5WJ//, should;will, zt/opfd,' can, ctạ/fl; m tzy, m ight; m ust; need; #fkze,'ought , , to; used , to

Exam ples! 12rn ??of ready You m ỵtstn't d() that H e can'twrite weli l'le oughtn't to go

In conversation, not is often shortened to n '/.W e saydon 't for do ?Tưf, doesn't for does not, ftlW?7?f for did not,

say shan't for shall not, won 't for w ill not, can't for

crfz 3/lo/, )

2 Use do, does, JPW, w jth N(?t and the present infinitive

those twenty-one given above

The w ord order is:

SLJBJECT + do (Jfacy, didj + not + INFINITIVEExam ples: I don't go there very often H e doesn't teachEnglish They didn 't see the gam e

3 Use other words of negative m eaning to expressnegatives: tïo, nobody, no c?)7t nothing, nozoheye,Exam ple: They know nothitlg

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M isused form sP

art 1

176 Using the reason is because instead of the reason

is that

D on't vqcy.' The reason is because I believe it

/ Say: Ihe reason is that I believe it

The wor d reason denot es cat z se, t her ef e the reason i s b- ause i s

c epet i on The c or r ect i di om C s the Keason i s tha: -

177 Using a coNnfry instead of the country

D on'l say: 1 spend m y holidays in a countly

1 Say: I spend m y holidays in the country

A toun' try i s a pl ace ll ks France, Indi a or Egypr The çounlry I s D fural area

where there are no tow ns or cl riel.

Don't say: I aslted Paul if he was going

Say: I asked Paul whether he was going

W here or not I r npi i ed, use whether, not i Upi i ke whetber , i does not

expect a Yes f)r No reply: l sh/l/ speek to hjnj if he comes.

17S Using any for two, instead of either

Don't say: Any of these two books is good

/ Say: Either of these two books is good

Either means one or tl ne other of twc) ; any means une of three gr more: Any

t pé lhese boct es wi ll do.

180 U sing likes m e instead of I like

Don't say: Ihe cinem a likes m e very much

/ Say: 1 like the cinem a very m ucb

Not e: 7he qi nema appeal s to me i s ûor r ect f and means / ke t he ct hel na

ve@ nluch.

18 1 U sing ncj/hfar or instead of neither ' nor

D on't say: Sara speaks neither English or French,

Say: Sara speaks neither Engjish nor French.

Fl eme m ber Neither m ust be f ollowed by nor and not by or E ithe r i s f ollowf t:j

by or: S h e :i rIks 1?1 tl ae r :) ra nq f ) Ju I ce or ap pIe j LL ice

182 U sing both in a negative sentence instead of neither.

D on't say: Both of them didn't go to sehool today.Say: Neither of them went to school today.

Refrl errib/ r: C 1 7 a r nçl p' bo' th In to neithe r 1 n i) negatk ve senre nce a n d zr se ë 5

r os ve b tv rb

1 8.'8 Using also or /oo in a negative sentence instead

t af ,either

?' ton' t s' t y ' Joe hasn't come also (or too),

,$'y.' Joe I'asn't com e ejther.

184 Usicg and in a neg ative serltellce instead of cr.

.0 (arf %ay: I don't like red and orange.I w ant the

b lu e one Say: I dori't like red or orange.i w ant the blue one

l 'l le crleanl r! g of the f I rst senterlce i s that you Jon': I lke the two tol clurs

l oget her l ' h C r end ed m ea nl g 1 6 t hat you don ' ke eI ter of t er n ,

evt ?n Separatel y.

Note I f bve Joln cl auses kvl th dl ffe re r ht s u bl etr ts kve uSe a nd even df tercnegatik' e : > c; Jid rl wr te to r! l / 2 afld I was worrk ed

18b U sing till instead of before or w hen.

D on 'f say: I'd reached the school till the rain started.

/ Say: 1'd reached the school before the rain started.

O r.' l'd reached the scheol w hen the rain started.

Before or when F nt r oduces a cl av l si q of tl me I f the verb of the maln cld u5e denotc! q arh actlon corrk pl ecl before ti la t af tlq e ttme clause

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M isused form sPart 1

U n-E nglish expressions

Mi stakes ojten resul t #o? , n too close a translation ïnlo

Engli sh offorei gn idi otnati c expressions ' Th/ jollowing are

exatnpl es oj such nlistakes:

Go ff lr a ride on a bicycle, etc., not go J()A a walk on

a bicycle, etc

D on't say: W e w ent for a walk on our bicycles

Say: W e w ent for a ride on our bicycles

Note: W e ri de on a bl cycl e- on t l or yebảk, et c but we ri de I n a 6us,traln c)r

other publi c vehl cle.

1 92 M ount or get on a horse, etc not ride a horse, etc

D on't say: Peter rode his horse and went hom e.Say: Peter got on his horse and rode hom e

Note: To ride denotes a contlnuous actb on To m ount gr to get on denotes a sicnpl o actlt ;rt

a horsez etc

D on't say: They cam e down from their horses,Say:They got off their horses

Note: ' ' A!e get otlt of 6 i laxl or a car ' b hle get on or off the traln,thz bus, etc.

1 86 Take an exam , not give an exam

D(?zI'r say: The pupil gave his exam

Say:fhe pupil took his exam

Note Ttl e teachef gives of se' ts thie exam The &tudent takes 1h0 exam or sits

tkke cixam

1 87 'ro be right or w rong, not lo have Afglrf er w zong

Do?J'f say: You've right ozYou've w rong

Say:You're right or You're w rong

188 To be busy, not to ha'rpe w ork

Don't say: I have m uch w ork this m orning

Say: l'm very busy tllis m drning

Not e' W e can say: l bave a l ot of work t o do t h? ' mol rl j p:

189 lt's cold, etc,, not it has cold, etc

D ort't say: It has cold this winter

v' Say: Itls cold this winter

190 Go for a walk, not makc a walk

Don't say:W e made a walk along the river

Say:W e went for a walk along the river

Not e: W e can al sg say ' Ae had a wa/ k or kk' e t ook a w a/ k onç L he rl yer.

1 94 Go on foot, not go with the feet.

D en't say: Shall w e go there with the feet?

v' Say: Shall we go there on foot?

1 95 Take or have a show er, not m ake a show er

D or?'f say: I m ake a shower every m orning

V' Say: 1 take a show er every m orning

OA.' l have a shower every morning

Note' W h en spea k I nq of the sea or t $e rl ver sơy to bathe to have a bathe,

to go for a bathe, to go bathinq to go for a swim or to go sw imming

196 A sk a question, not m ake a question

D on't say: Naom i m ade rrle several questions.

/ Say: N aom i asked m e several questions

- A & .

<

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1 9-7 Take an hour, not need f't/? J2t)&'r, etc

D on't sa)?.' 1'11 need an hour to do that

%/' Say: It'II take m e an hour to do that

1 98 G ive a discount, not w ake a discount

J.)()?It $?y I'Ie m ade m e a sm all discount

%/ Sf'?y' H e gave m e a snlall discount

) 99 Take exercise, ntlt m ake exercise

D f)/' say: You ought to m ake m ore exercise

t/' Say: Yotl ought to take m ore exercise

200 G ive or deliver a lecture, not m ake a Iecture

D on ' %ay': H e rrlade an interesting lecture

V i(7y.' H e gave an interesting lttcture

O r; H e delivered an interesting lecture

Notta Vv 'v Ga y Ht? m ade a, ' / c! tereït:aq speech

20 1 Say one's prayers, not tnake or (730 c'llc 's prifyyr

D on 't &t?y.' l m ake m y prayer before l go to bed

/' Say': l say m y prayers before l go to bed

Note' To say g race i s tl 7 as k God % b I e5s I nï p bef ore begin nl nf? a r n ea i

202 Pretend, not make onesel f that.

D orl'f say: Sh: rnakes herself that she know s

/ 5'/zy She pretends to know

203 H ave a dream , not scc a dream

Don't say: i saw a strange dream last night

Say: l had a strange dream last night

O T: l dream t a strange dream last night

Don't say: H e drinks too m any cigarettes

Say: H z sm okes too m any cigarettes

805 M ake a m istake, not do a m istake

Don't say: l did one mistake in dictation

Say: l m ade one m istake in dictation

206 Tell or speak the truth, not s'cy the lrul/l

D on ' say: Fiona aiw ays says the truth,Say: Fiona always tells the trtlth

O r.' Fiona alw ays speaks the truth

Nc lte: Ah so ' to lell a 1ie (T q ot to say a Iie) Ye told n' ) t? < i /!e.

207 See or watch a game, not to /o#t )?&' a game.

D on't sz?y.' D id you follow the gam e?

.# Say: Did you see (or watch) the game?

Note Avold f iayl f np ro foll ovv the lessoo vvhen you moan to attend ' the ( lags

208 Turn (switch) the li ght on or off, not open or y/fp zl

the light

Don' t say: Please open (or shut) the light.

Not e : We I ighl, blow out d :l r pu1 ou' t a l arnp , ( ? ca ndl e, or a fûfe.

279 Give an exam ple, not bring an exam ple

D on'/ say: Can you bring a better exam ple?

/' Slpy.'.c an you give a better exam ple?

/ 1D Give a m ark, not put a rrltzrk

D on't say: The teaeher put m e a good m ark

/ Say: 'Fhe teacher gavc m e a good m ark

rl e Avoi d l o put a l esson, to pu: a goal Sl ?! / I f st ead: t o gi ve a I esson,

to score a goal.

Trang 27

Part 1 M i

sused form s

2 1 1 Set a w atch by, not put a w atch w ith.

D orl'f say: I put m y w atch w ith the radio new s.

Z Say I set my watch by the radio news.

2 1 2 A watch i s slow or fast, not goes behi nd or i n #orlf.

Don't say: M y watch goes two m inutes behind.

/ Say: M y w atch is tw o m inutes slow.

r lote' Vlè ca n al sc say: Az l)z k qzdrcfl loses or gains

2 7 J ! Show a film, not pl ay a fil m.

D on'r say; This film w ill be played shortly.

/ Say: This film will be shown shortly.

2 14 H ave one's hair cut, not cut one's hair

Doa'f say: I'm going to cut m y hair

Z Say: 1'm going to have m y hair cut.

Note: Avoi tl, t r poke a pai r of shoes ( oc a sui t of cl othes) Say instead:

1 l ' ave a pai r of shoes ( or a sui t of tl othes) made

2 1 5 Learn by heart, not learn Jop' : out.

D on't say: W e have a poem to learn from out.

S6r.' W e have a poem to learn by heart.

2 1 6 Pt'f on w eight, not put w eight.

D on 't 1'Jy.' l've put at least three kilos.

V Say: I've put on at least three kilos.

Not e: The oppos i e of to put on wei qht ito l ose w ei ght: The has I ost

five kit os.

2 17 lt works miracles, not 1'/ m akes miracles.

D on't say:Ihat m edicine m akes m iracles.

Say:That m edicine w orks m iracles.

2 18 G etting on w ith, pot going w ith

D on't say: H ow is Susan going w ith her w ork?

Say: H ow is Susan getting on w ith her w ork?

2 -9 n ls m orning, etc., not today m orning, etc

D on'/ say: I haven't seen him today m orning

Sayv' l haven't seen him this m orning

N :)re E Xz v' o' z6 foc/ c ny' morplny, roddy afternoon loday' evenl ng, yestercioy

n? p)?J r/lrs ni gh r Say: this morning, ' this aflercoon, thi s evening, last night, ton i g ht,

220 Quietly, not slowly, slow ly

D on't say: The boy cam e in slow ly, slow ly

Say: The boy carne in quietly

12 1 'W hat's the m atter not W7?J?f have yolf?

D on 'f say: 'W hat have you today?

SJ!v.' hvhat's the m atter with you today?

N e : W hat' s wrong ( t vi th y' oul ' ?, W hat' s the tr o ub I e ( w i th yo u ) a n c

W hatz s the prob 1 em ? d a re a i 5 : J cr l ' reût

222 W hat do you call ? not H ow do you call ?

D on't say: H ow do you call this in English?

Say: W hat do you call this in English?

r kote' I f tho quostl on E srl ': about a th I ng, but about yome expresspon, we'd say How do you say 'hi s in English?

(See Exercise 62 on pages 163-164.)

45

Trang 28

Part 2 Inçorrect om issions

lnèorrect om issions 22 8 Li o s e hi n o a p r on r t hi ng , no t l t n a pt ? l )

D on't $dzy They w ere listening the m usic

J' Say: ''fhey were Iistening to the m usic

229 Pay for a thing, not pay a thing

D on : say: H ow m uch did you pay the book?

Z Say: How m uch did you pay for the book?

r lote A person ca 1 1 pay a nothe r peI son I -I ez 'q he cc lch a Is: ) pay ci bI I1 arh account of a Subscrkpll cn l -l e/she pays for a tl nir aq th ha! he/$; - Q Nuys

23O Point to or at a person or thing, not point a pcrstl/!(ar thing

D on't say: H e pointed the m ap on the w all

/ ch'tzy.' H e pointed to the m ap on the wall,

O r.' H e pointed at the m ap on the wall

O m ission of prepositions

Ihe jollowing are examples o f mistakes made through the

ontj y çïc' rl of the pzcposïrit ?n after ct Trllin words:

223 A sk for a thing, not ask a r/îfng

J.)07? sa)): She cam e and asked m y book

Sa)': She cam e and asked for rny book,

224 D ispose/get rid of a thing, not disposelget ziJ a thfnr

D on't s'zy; H e'll dispose/get rid all his property

Say: H e'll dispose/get rid of a1l his property

225 D ream of a thing, not dteam a !/?ï>?jI,

D()z?f say: Young m en dream gloor and riches

.$t?y.' Young m en dream of glory and riches

226 Explain to a person, not explain a pcrstaa,

D on't uîJ7y.' She explained m e the m atter

.$/y She explained the m atter to m e,

227 Knock at the door, not knock the door

D on :1 sa).' W ho is knocking the door?

Saq': qfho is knocking at the door?

Note' Also poin: out: b4e poFrlfed eut fhe bny zz:cl d' ' d rr To poi nt (oltl Aout

ar l y preposi tl on) maans to di rect: Don' t poi nt t he gun t hi s way'

23 1 Rem ind a person of som ething, not rem ind a pezsonsom ething

D on't say: Please rem ind m e that later

/ Say: Please rem ind m e of that later

232 Reply to a person, not yeply a person

D on ' sa)): She 's not replied m e yet,

Z Say: She's not replied to m e yet

2J3 Say to a person, not say a pcz'stln

D on't say.: Kevin said m e, C om e tom orrow '.?' Say: Kevin said to m e, fcom e tom orrow.'

Trang 29

Pai't 2 lniorrett om issions

234 Search for a lost thing, not seal'ch a Iost thing

D on't say: They're searching the ball

v/ Say: rIhey're searching ior the ball

Not e I n s earch of: 7 >e ' t olç goes i n seat ch of sheep To sear ch s of l neone or

sumethl ng ( wl thout t he for) means t o I ook I n one' s pocket s or house: The

poii ceman searched the man anct h/ ' 5 house.

240 m sh for a thing, not w ish a thing

D on't say: H e doesn't w ish any rew ard

V 5.tzy: H e doesn't w ish for any rew ard

241 W rite to a person, not w rite a person

D on 't say: 1'11 w rite her tom orrow

Z Say: 1'11 w rite to her tom orrow

Note: When !he difectcbject cfwrgte Is expressed, omit the prepositionL

/' write him a leeeen

235 Share w ith a person, not shaw a petson

D on't say: M y friend shared m e his book

/ Say: M y friend shared his book w ith m e

236 Speak to a person, not speak a person

D on't say: 1'11 speak him about that

Say: 1711 speak to him about that

I lote: k f kl speak to h I m means l' Ij do , : K the speakinç; l speak w ith hi r means

/ j ( ha k' e a cops zersatjc)rl wtth h/ f' rl.

237 Supply a person w ith som ething, not supply a person

som ething

D on't say: Can you supply m e all l need?

Say: Can you supgly m e w ith all l need?

Note: Al s:l provi de a person wlthë 5he provided her son with al 1

he peede:

238 n ink of a person or thing, not think a person

or thing

D 0z771 say: Think a num ber and then double it

Say: n ink of a num ber and then doubie it

239 W ait for a person or thinp not wait a person or thing

D on't say: 1'11 w ait you at the cinem a

Say: 1'11 w ait for you at the cinem a

hlate Await takes nc pr eposi ti on: l' m awaiting your rep/ y

242 The -s or -es of the third person singular om itted

D on't say: H e speak English very well

Z &tzy.' He speaks English very well

Take great care not to I eave out the -s or - es f rom the present tensee when the

subject ihe she, i ora ndun in the stngular

(See Exerci se 31 on page 151 )

243 Using don't instead of doesn't

Don't say: He don't care w hat he says

é Say: H e doesn't care w hat he says

Use don' : ( = do not ) wi th 1 , w e you, they, and wi th pl ur al nouns U5 e doesn' t ( = does not) wi th he, she, i and wi th si nguL ar nouns.

244 The -d or -ed of the past tense om itted

Don't s'tzyw' I receive a letter yesterday

/ Say: I received a letter yesterday

Take care not t o I eave out t he d or œd fr om t he pas t t ense of r egul ar v' er bs.

W hen speaking pronounce the ending of the past ter lse clearly.

Trang 30

ênccrrect om issions

Ha ,'a another look at

' Fhird person singular, sim ple present

'WPith the pronoulls he, she! it, or any singtllar l'lllttn the

vel'b in the present tense takes a special ttnding, -& -k'.% ()r

-ies he rt/tlr/es, it clfc/kf/s the s???? rises- s/tc 7t/o?'rjtrt

ç-2 'Wrhen the first person of the verb ttnds in $ x, t & sh,

ol- o, the third person singular takcs -e.%L

l w atch l finish l fix l gt)

he watches he finishes he fixes hfa goes

3 W -hen the first person of the verb ends in -y w ith a

consonant before it, form the third persbn singular by

changing y into ies'

l cart'y I study l f1y

he carries he studies he flies

Note: I f there is a vowel before the -y sve only add s for the third person

singular: he plays, he enjoys be ober

4 A few verbs are irregular in the third person singular:

5 M odal verbs such as w ill, can r/7Jy, m ust, and ought

do NoT change their form in the third person singular:

I w ill I can l m ay l m ust

he will he can he m ay he m ust

Remem ber: The lhird person singular of verbs in the

present tense takes -s -es or -ies

245 T'he -s, -es or -ies of the plural form om itted

Don't say: l paid six pound for the book

Say: i paid six pounds for the book

Take tare not 10 l eil ve out the -s, -es or -i es of the plural number Note t he f op lcwk rk g nc u rls tl ave ! rregu Ia r pl ura I s man , men ; worna n, wom en ; child, chiid ren; ox, oxen; f oo' t, feet; too' th , teeth; goose, geese;

mouse, rrilce,

246 The possessive ending om itted

D on't say: h hen's egg is different from a pigeon.Say: A hen's egg is difterent from a pigeon's

I f the f irst nou n I n < - comparlsor l l s I ?l tUe possessl ve ûase , the Second must al so

be I n t he possess I ve: f' ef.k z moz&e/ '' s no- be s ài qger Mz irp my fath er '

247 Om ission of the article before a countable noun inthe singular

D on't say: I've no m oney to buy car

V Say: I've no m oney to buy a car

A E 1 3 ru I e, u se el the r the or a or an be f o re a cou n!a ble rl ou n I n th e 5 ng ul

248 O m ission of a or an after the verb to be,

D on't say: I'm not teacher, I7m student

Say: I'm not a teacher, I'm a student

Use the Indef I nlte articl e a chr an to express a si ngul ar I loun-compdement of the

ve rb lo be I- here' an df l/ rrl a/ in t here /r' J q a mouse.

249 O m ission of a or an after the word half

D on't say: H e drank half glass of m iik

Say: He drank half a glass of m ilk

rk ote Hal f a qlass tar l hoar, a day, a rrl ile, etq I 5 the sl norte neu form of

hal f of a gl ass ( of an hou rof a day, of a m i l ew etc

250 O m ission of a or one before hundred, etc

D on't s'Jy.' H undred years m ake a centuly

Trang 31

Part 2 jncorrec't om issions

Say: A hundred years m ake a centuly

Or; One hundred years m ake a centtlry

ùse 1be indefini te artl cle a or lhe lhameral orlo before bundred arld thousand

$ee al so Secti on 527.

251 O m ission of a or an from m ake a noise, etc

D on't say: I told them not to m ake noise

Say: 1 told them not to m ake a noise

Note: Al so to make a mi stake, to make a fort unew to make a w i l

to make an im pressi ona to make an experi m ent, to m ake an auemp&.

252 Om ission of the before nam es of nationalities

D on't say: English are fond of sports

Say: n e English are fond of sports

Place the def I ni te arti cl e before the names c) f natl orlall tl,cpesûrzbing a people

ccl l ecti vel y' the Brl ti sh, the French, ' the Dutch the Swl ss fhe :g hpnese,

the Sudanese, et c.

253 Om issicm of the before nam es of musicat jnstrtzm ents

D on't say: 1 play violin, but not piano

Say: I play the violin, but not the piano

Use the deft nite afthcl e before the names of muslcal hnstruments

254 O m ission of the before the w ord cinem a, etc

Don't say: O n Saturday I go to cinem a

J Say: Ot1 Saturday 1 go to the cinem a

U$e def Iql te arli cI e before the words ci nema, lbealre, toncert, etc

(For Sections 247-254 see Exercises 16 and 17 on

page 144.)

255 Omission of the verb to be from the passive

Don't say: Charles D ickens born in 1812,

Say: Charles Dickens was born in 1812

Form the passlve form by usi ng ti qe verb ' to be, comblned wi th the past

par tlpl e of t he v er b r equl r ed ( to be + pas t par tlpl

q ' ( )

Have another lobk jt , -,

j je Indefinite art c

Use the indefinite article:

1 Before every comm on noun in the singular, if it isn't

j his: J boug t a ner l book (no/: l bought new book).

1 Bèfofe the words hundred and thousandk 4 hundredsoldiers were p'/ thè camp'

3 A ftcr the verb to àpc when a countable notm iri the

si ngul ar f ol l ows: Maryt s Jthcr i s a l awyer

4 ln certain phrases: to m ake a noise, a m istake,

a fortune, an impression; to have a healalhej a pain,

a cold, & cough

Don't use the indefinite article:

1 Before singulpr nouns ,that aren't used irl the plural

ë such as advice, ïpjflrr /ta/tàn, zt / ork, juynituze, / )rf ?aJ Example; He gave me yood advice (;l?i ' a good advice).

M any languages use the uumeral one instead of the

indefinite article a or an.This is not so in English.Ohe m an ?t?c7'!? into one shop ought tg be 4 7nf?.?? wenb

into a shop On: ik used only when the nu:nbc'' is

em phatic: One J?zw#o?t/ does not ?/?t'zke a Jr/zrlrr?cri

Trang 32

Part 2 Incorrect om issions

256 Om ission of the auxiliary do from questions

D on't say: You understand the problem ?

H e understands the problem '?She understood the problem ?Say: D o you understand the problem ?

D oes he understand the problem ?

D id sh'e tm derstand the problem ?

Place the auxilary verb dq (doesw did) before the subjed to aSk Aoestipns in

the simpl e present and si mpl e past teoses.

Not e: Don' t l lse the auxi i ar y do wi t h r nodal verbs, L i ke Lan m ay, m ust: Can

you r neet me totrtorrow?

(See Exercise 34 on page 153.)

257 Om ission of auxiliary do w hen do is a principal verb

D on't say: D o pupils their w ork carefully?

7 Say: Do pupils do their work carefully?

ln the correct form of ti he sentence, the first do meons nothing on i t5 own and

oni y hel ps to make the quegt i on The secood do i s t he pri nci pal ver b of t he

sentence- and ha5 the meeni ng of perf orm

258 O m ission of the preposition indicating tim e

Don't sfzy; I was born the thiêd of Decem ber

Z Say: I was bom on the third of December

A5 a r ul donf t bl se a not l n wi thout a pr eposi t on tc Sf ho! x t he t i me of

some adi on.

Noteq Don' t use a preposition wi th I ast year , next year z some day, one day,

thi s aflernt m nw et

259 Om ission of the preposition after the infinitive

Don't tsfry.' elxey've no houses to live

Say: Theyhve no houses to Iive in

The i nfi ni t ve of an i ntr ansi ti e ver b ( l ke I i ve, et c h i t must have a preposi ti on

after it.

U .

'r q' 'q, i, )$: : : q : : : : '7 '.;q: .à q ( , .

'

; .t , : .- : yJ

, ' I HA E ' %è àl iùil li ltmk' ht .t ' i', , :

, .) '' ( ri, ê : r :

i : ' :

i : : ' ' F . : ' k .E, r r;j: , :;.

: '

: , ; k,'; # , ..' r '

: , . '

, , '

'

, :: '' : '

, '

f : .k

L.L4./at.'tx, r,'rk+ ' :ï:a , E ' ' E ' ' ' ' 7) %,.' ë?'>';.i % ' k i' l r : E .:.: e m : '' Jr ' ' ' t

' :.( 2 E à ; , ,, : .'' (

, :., '

$ 'à t ;' .7.: :. : . ,.x : : ; .; , ' , , : Li:g : i , , : ;. : ( .

L , : j ; j E wj j j - op jhqy av pl' tv u j

; ' ? . , ' '

: ': , :,. , y : ! t , , j , : : r r ! ( ,.

E u j j jj o jjj w j(; wasj r :

: : /t.Di CVMX ' '.' : ' : : ' E tt #S* #P Wfsea: ' ? : ! :

yg 1 : ; L , r 1 k # : ou ty j weres ': ..1 '' ' '

: .

. : *Y 4 ,

y' ilîùt k ' /L J/I SJ : 1 ) yott, he (she, it) wil l/' ll be;

( r ' : : : L y

, ë W e, you, they wlll/ 1 1 he.

Present Per/t ?t z 1, yöki, have/' ve been, hc (she, it)

Usq tbe vel'b tq yeF

1 Witi z Eiléi Brèsent ' Parti cîple to form thv continuotts

Fo be, + Past Partkiplt

r y r kinï , ) fl : qf f' he l ett er ,w at zf/hlfe?? yy s j o j u a

i . ' L : j : : ' '

: ' ' ' : j ' ' , j , ' )

j ' ' ' ' .r

'

j q ' : ' '

Trang 33

Pad 2 lntorred om issions

260 Om ission of there as an introductory w ord

D on't sc.y.' Once lived a great king

Say: O nce there/n ere once lived a great king.

Use the adverb lhere to introduce the subject ufa sentence in which the verb

stands before the suihect

261 Om ission of how after the verb to kmow

D on't ycy; She know s to play the piano

Z Say: She knûw s how to play the piano

Aft er t l ne verb t o know t he adverb how al ways comes bef or e an i nfi ni ti

262 O m ission ol other after a com parative

Don't sJy H omer wag greater than all the Greek

263 Omission of before in comparisons

Don't tçfry.' I'd never seen such a thing

/' Say: I'd never seen such a thing before

Doc' t I eave out t he wcr d befoœ i n maki ng a compar i sc m beM een one thi ng

and aI 1 at hers of t he same ki nd.

264 Om ission of else after everybody, etc

D on't ,$cy.' She is stronger than everybody

V Sfly; She is-stronger than everybody else

Us t he wof d el se I n maki nq a compar i son bet ween one per son or t hi ng and

pI I other s of t he s ame kp qd af ter evel ybody anybody, anyt hi ngg et c

265 Omission of the dem onstrative pronoun one

D on't say: This is the only that I Iike

7 Say: This is the only one that I like

l Jf ' the demor l st raki ve pr onaun one (pl ural onesh i n pl ace of a noun

rriantt ooed befofe.

266 O m ission of the personal pronoun before the

infinitive

D on't say: I w ant to tell m e the truth

v' Say: 1 w ant you to tell m e the truth

E/lpressthe subjectof the iniinltkve atter verbs llke vpant, Iike, wish, etc If It is

ddfferent from that of the maln verb

D on't say: ls very hot in the Sudan

/ Say: It's very hot in the Sudan

Llse t$e pronoun it as the subjet: t)f an irnpersonal vefb

clause

Don't say: W hen he saw the teacher, stood up

'/' Say: W hen he saw the teacher, he stood up.

k n a Sent ence begl nni ng wi t h an adver bl ar ci at ise, expr ess t he per svna pr onoun

as t ùe subj ect cf the mal n cl ause.

269 Om ission of the personal pronoun after a quotation.

D on't say: tl'm learning English,' said

/' Say: tl'm learning English,' he said

After a quotatl clrl,expres S the personal pfonc un as the su blect of thereportlng verb

270 ' The object of the transitive verb omi tted.

D on't say: l asked her for som e paper

,but shehad not

V Say.' 1 asked her for som e paper, but she hadnone/didn't have any

A$ a rul ez every transi ti ve verb mugt have an expressed otject: here.none

t equl val ent t o not anyb h s the obl ect of had.

76

Trang 34

Part 2

lncorsett om issions

Omi ssion of the di rect object when there are

two objects.

D on't say: 1 asked him for som e ink, and he gave m e,

Say: I asked him for som e ink, and he gave m e som e

Some transl tl ve verbs I lïe gi ver brins, send, tel l, buy, show, must have two

exprehsed obl ecls , dl rect and lndl rect: here som e IS thc' dlrect oblect of gave

272 The object of the verb enjoy orrl itted.

Say: I enjoyed mysel f duri ng the holjdays.

Or ' I enjoyed my holidays.

Don' t f ol l ow t he verb enj oy by a pr epûsl l on I t must al ways t l ave gn obJ ect.

whl' zh may el ther E )e a refq exike pronoun or a ooun.

Note tke hêy I had a good lime, as thls l s afl ldl urrl atlc expression, but we

ca n' say f eqoyed my pme W e mu gt spet l er pbi z ed my l l me i n Grèece.

Dorl'r say: n e unfortunate w as shot dead

Say: The unfortunate m an was shot dead

The r'ou n that corn es after an attective ca n ' be u odecstooda' Itmust

be expreshed

Note Oml: the nauri af :er ar n adjectl ve cnl y when the adyecll ve : 2 used as a

n ou n i n the p I ura I The poor env y t be r / ch

274 O m ission of the word and betw een num bers

D oîlt say: Eight thousand thirty-seven

Say: Eight thousand and thirty-seven

Use :l he congunctl ol h and to ûonnect hundred, thousand million to a number

t al tens o ' ynl ts

2755 O m ission of the w ord or between num bers

Don't say: I've only two, three friends

J' Say: I've only tw o or three friends

W e m ust ( ? ' wayb I nsert l he con! u rlcti on os betwee n n um bers I ke th I 5 tw o or

îhree men f ive or six pages, eight or ten

days-276 O m ission of the w ord old from age

D on ' say: M y sister is fif teen years

Say: M y sister is fiiteen years old

Note ' ' kue ca n ai so say ' My 5/ ; rer ts fitteen years o / agee or slmp I My sf stec :s ffeen

For this used instead of for this reason

D on't say: For this he wants to leave

Say: For this reason he w ants to leave

Thc, phrase f or lhis I S r ncorrect $ay for thi s reason or f or that reason Al s:l

ow i ng to that c r because of that.

278 Bettey used instead of had better

D ozlx say: Better go hom e at once

%/' Say: You'd better go hom e at once

The correct phrase I s had better You had betler go means It would be a qood thing for you to so.

279 Up and dow n used instead of upstairs and dow nstairs

D on't say: H e's up, he's dow n

Z Say: H e's upstairs, he's dow nstairs

He' s u p mean s h l e' s ou t of bed He ' ups tai r s ( dow nstai rs) mea ns h :% f ? the t ; pper ( I owe r f oof oi the bu I d I nq

28O Throw it used instead of throw it aw ay

D oN'f say) lt's dirty, throw it

/ Say: lt's dirty, throw it aw ay

Throw i t means to th row a thlng at someone or somewhere gof :h as a ball Throw i t aw ay means tc get rId of i t by throwlng It asl de

281 l don't think used instead of I don't think so,

D on't say: l don't think

Say: I don't think so

I don't think means I don't use my brai ns whl le l don' t think so means I am not of that oplal t an.

Trang 35

Part 3Pan 2

282 Bejol ' e yeytcrfffr )? , etc , used i nstead of the day before

yesterday, etc

D onmt say: Lynne arrived before yesterday

Say: Lynne arrived the day before yesterday

The phrases ùefore yesterday Jlfter rclrrgrrol z, afte' - r?exp kv/et r ar e l nqerrect

Tay i nst ead, the day before yester day, $be day aft er tom orr ouv w the week

aft er next.

283 Thank you used instead of N o, thank you.

Don' t say: ' Fhank you (i f you want to refuse an offer),

Say: N o, thank you

Note: Use thank you to accept an offer It gerl eral ly r ' nearl b Yes e

please-U nnecessary w ords

U nnecessary prepositions

The ZV/Z'J.N below do not require a pzcposïf?bn fo go

w ith them because they have w ithin them the m eaning

of the pzvptlyïfy bn.

284 Answer (= reply to).

D on't stzy; Please answ er to m y question.Say: Please answ er m y question.

Nute: The noua answ er takes to #f?# answer to my gtstjorl kvas ivroog

.

285 Approach (= come near to).

D on'f say: D on't approach to that house.

%! Say: Don't approach tlm t house

286 Ask (= put a question to).

D on't say: I asked to the teacher about it.

Say: I asked the teacher about it

287 Attack (= go and iight against).

D on't Jfzy; They attacked against the enem y.

Z Say: They attacked the enem y.

Nute: W e say, to m ake an gttatk on: Fhey m ade an attack on l he enemy

D on't say: The book com prises of five chapters.

z Say:The book com prises five chapters.

O r n e book is com prised of five chapters.60

Trang 36

Unnecessary w ordsPart 3

289 Enter (= go i nto).

Don't say: W e entered into the classroom

Say: W e entered the classroom

Notcl Vie enter into a conversati ol) a debate or a dl scussl on.

290 Finish (= come to the end of).

D on't say: l've finished from m y w ork

/ Say: l've finished m y w ork

Don't say: Brian left from England last w eek

7 Say: Brian Ieft England last week

292 Obey (= act according to).

Don't uzly:W e should obey to our teachers

' Say:W e should obey our teachers

front seat

seat.

Note Permit has a si mik ar meanlnu to Iet thougkt lt' s used i n more formal

Sltallons: The feacbef' f qoêsrl ' ! permit t ls tg b alk / f) ciass.

294 Reach ( = arri ve at).

Don 't say: W e reached at the' school early

Say: W e reached the school early

295 Resemble (= be similar to),

D on't say: D oes she resem ble to her father?

Say: Does shc resem ble hel' father?

Nkore' resemblance takes to of betw een She bears no resel nblance fo tîer

fât her, There /$ no resem blance betw een lhefn

296 Tell (= say to).

D onst say: I told to him to com e at once

Say: l told him to com e at once

?97 Behind (= at the back of).

D on't say: Edw ard hid behind of a large tree

Say: Edw ard hid behind a Iarge tree

2j8 Inside (= in the interior of).

D on't %ay: The boys went inside of the room.

Say: The boys went inside the room

299 Outgide (= on the exterior of).

D on't say:They stood outside of the door

Z Say?They stood outside the door

300 Round (= on al 1 sides of).

D on 't say: The earth goes round of the sun.

/ Say:The earth goes round the sun

Note Ar ound i s n l ar I n mea ni n ? an d u:e t : round

(See Exercises 86 and 87 on page 174 )

U nnecessaly articles

3C)1 W rong use of tlte w ith proper nouns.

D on't say: The Sarah w ill go to the England.

/ Say: Sarah will go to England

Don' t u' ie tqe defl nlte articd e wi th prope! I hcuns

l kore' Generall y pr ace the bedore th le rhar - nes of rlvers, seas cceans, bays, gul fs, nloun rai n f an ges, g rou ps of I sl an t ls and cou nt rl es or provl rl ces tons I stl ng gf

an adlectl ' ze and a noun b' i zo $ayE 1he Nll e the Mediterranean,:he Atlanlit:,

1he ' zay of UF scay , the Persi an Gul f tbe Ai pî,the Dodeianese, the UnltedStates, the Cenlral Provlnces of Indi a.

Trang 37

Part B

U nneressary w ords

BO2 'W rong use of the with proper nouns in the possessive

D on't say: The Euripides' tragedies are fam ous.

k/ Say: Euripides' tragedies are famous

O ocl ' 1 use tl ae def k ni te a rti c I c' wl tl n proper ' rl( ; un 5 i n the possesgi ve ' Lase.

N ote If 1he n a me ends rn r ) n s of x 1 7( I di tc ul t t o prol lôun ce Wl t h t he extf

syi a bl c' % we (; r - n I t the # I nal s : t ' sî ana Ca#d is ' p' ol c' e : s d/; '2e

3O7 W rong use of the w ith nam es of m eals.

D on't say: W e'll start after the breakfast.

J' Say: W e'll start after breakfast.

Don' ! u5e the defi ni t e ar t cl e befcr e t he names of medl s br eakfas t l unth,

di nner a or suppes unl ess you ac e r ef ri ng to a par ti cal ar meal : Tbe / wr ? ch

bh ey provlded was excellent.

3O8 W rong use of the with nam es of gam es.Don't say: M y favourite gam e is the football.

Say: M y favourite game is football

oon' t u5e an arr i cl e befor e the names of games I i ke f ootbal l , hotkeyy 'enni s,

cri cket, vol l ey-bal l basket- ball

3O9 W rong use of the w ith nam es of diseases.

D on't say: The cholera is a dreadful disease.

Say: C holera is a dreadful disease

As a rul e, dcn't use the defl ni te article b' efore the names of diseaseu.Notez The indefi i ni te artl cle I s needed wl th common names of il lnesses: l kvas

st f er ? )g f rum a col # L a f evez a zough a headacheb.

303 W rong use of' the w ith abstract nouns.

D on't say: The bravery is a great virtue.

J Say: Bravery is a great virtue

Al nsl r a r i o uns i f u sed i n a ge ner al sense , can 't take t tl e artl c1 e

l kot i Abs tr act nouns usecl k I1 d portl cular Sense use tl le a rti fl Tbe braveq

of the spartan s was renovmed

304 W rong use of the w ith m aterial uouns.

D on't say: The gold is a precious m etal

%/ Say: G old is a precious m etal.

Dor l '1 u$e ôny artlcl e ' b' vl rl r materl allourls , i f used in a genera! sense

N ate rz ! eter I a I noun S, u sed I rl a pêrtlq t pl ar se n %e , requ ire t he def kn i te artl cle

The coal from fhe M idlands ; ' 5 expot êe? i to rnany ccl t/pcr/ es

30S W rong use of the w ith plural nouns used in a

general sense

D on't say: The dogs are faithful anim à' ls.

Say: Dogs are faithful anim als

Ocni t thle def I olte ar ll ûl e betore corrlmol l noLpns In tp ae pr u raI used i n a

general sense.

306 W rong use of the w ith nam es of languages.

Don 't use: Tim speaks the English very well.

Say: 'lim speaks English vel-y well

Never u se thi ? cl p f l I te 5 r! I cle Ll ef (J e the names o f Ian gu a ges.

310 W rong use of the w ith nam es of colours.

Don't say: rlhe green is a beautiful colour.

Say: G reen is a beautiful colour.

Dan' t use t he def i ni t e ti cl e befor e the names of col oqrs when used

as nouns

W rong use of the w ith the nam es of the senses.

Donmt say: The sight is one of the five senses.

Say: Sight is one of the five senses

l lor i use ao arti cl e bef ore tbe names of the f ve senses: si qhtwsmellr hêaring,tas' te aod touçh.

65

Trang 38

Part 3 Unnetessary w ords

31 2 W rong use of the w ith nam es of days and m enths

D on't say: Rh e Sunday can be a day of prayer

The D ecem ber is the last lnonth

Say: Sunday can be a day of prayer

D ecem ber is the last m onth

Don ' t use the defi nite aftlcl e before thi e names of days and months.

Note ' h /tp say the S unday bef ore I ast the December of 1 94 0 etc

H 1 3 W rong use of the w ith m an denoting the hum an race

D on't say: The m an is born a sinner

Say: M an is born a sinner,

Use man denoti ng the hur - naf l face, wl thout the detl nl te arti cle Apso, mank i nd r equ i reG no a rtl cl fxsease F s rl ' $e enemy of znarl/snt f

B 14 W rong use of the w ith school

D on't say: M y sister goes to the gchool

Say: M y sister goes to school

To go to sthool means to be a sjudent vvF le to go tu the schoot meôns

lo visit ' the schooi.

Note' Spml sgrl y to jeave school means to nop being a sluden, t arld to lea' i ?e 1he sfhool r ncal ls îo po aw ay from tt k e schuoi pr eml ses

37 5 W rong use of the w ith church

D on't say: O n Sunday I go to the church

Say: On Sunday I go to church

To go to çhorrh means to go arld pray; whi le to go to the church means

to go and visit the church.

Note: Slmi lacl y dlsti ngulsh between go to bed and go to the bed, go ' to prison arl d go to tlle prisonw go to m arket and go fo fbe marketg go to hospi4al and 9o lo 4he hospital, sit at lable and sit at the table.

3 1 6 W rong use of the w ith natuee

Don't scy; The nature is beautiful in spring

Z Say: N ature is beautiful in spring

Note: Us e the defi ni îe ar li e i f natur e i s used i n other meBni nqs: i s p n t he nakure of a dog t o be f ai t hful

J 1 7 G rong use of the with society

D on't say: h thief is a danger to the society

Say:A thief is a danger to society

Not e: Use t he defi ni t e art i cl e i f soci ety k s used (1 i n ô par t cul ar sense: T/l e soz let y of he Gr eeks k vas based or t fedc h m; ( 2) i n t he s ecs e

compankorlship.'enjoy f'he society o/ my friends

318 W rong use of the in the phrase in Iuture

(= from now on).

Don't say:You must be careful in the future

7 S6ly: You m ust be careful in future

Not etn 4he f uture means k n t he t i me lo come: Nobody Vnok vs wh't wp ïl happep i n e àe futuœ

3 1 9 W rong use of the after whose,

D on't ym /.'lx e boy w hose the father is i11 has left

co y:'l'he boy whose father is i11 has left

Don' t use the ar ti cl e aft er the r el ati ve det ef mi r her whos ew because i t t akes the

pl ate of the ar ti ci

320 W rong use of the indefinite article before work, etc

D on't stry G illian has found a w ork at the bank,

7 Say: Gillian has found work at the bank

Don' t use the i ndef i ni t e art i cl e befor e such war ds i s works f un heêl th, permissi on.

(See Exercise 17 on page 144.)

6766

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U nnecessary w ordsPan 3

U se of the infinitive

Have another look at

D efi nite article

A s a rule, nouns in English take no article whcn used it?

a gdrlrrlt/ sense, but if they're used in c/ particular sense

the article is needed Note the difference in the use or

omission of the article:

1 W ith plural nouns:

Honses are strong anim als

I'he horses in the field belong to the farm er

2 W ith abstract nouns:

W isdom is a great virtue

The wisdom of Solomon was famous

;3 m th material nouns:

Water is necessal to life

lhe rwtzfe?' in the kitchen is hot

4 m th days, m onths, and seasons:

Sum m er is a hot season

The xz/znArlcz of '99 was very hot

5 W ith nam es of languages:

English is spoken all over the w orld

The English she speaks is not correct

6 W ith nam es of m eals:

Breakfast is at ei ght o' clock.

The breakfast I had thi s morning was del ici ous.

7 m th names of coiours:

Blue is m y favourite colour

The blue in that picture has faded

68

Mistakes cp' é h' equently made àt y using the inhnitiz' e without

to ajter the followi ng ' &é ! A!7 î, whi ch do Flt )! require it.

32 1 C an + infinitive w ithout to

D on't say: M y m other can to sw im very w ell

Say: M y m other can swim very well

Note' AlAays w rkte the n egatp ve f orm caonot 1 35 z r ie w ord Al ternatl vel y, the short form can't can be used i nfcrcnall y

322 Could + infinitive without to

D on't say: I could not to see you yesterday

Say: I could not/couldn't see you yesterday

323 M ay + infinitive w ithout to

D on't say: M ay l to visit you next weekend?

Say: M ay ï visit you next weekend?

324 M ight + infinitive w ithout to

D on't say: H e m ight to com e in the m orning

z Say: He m ight com e in the m orning

32 5 M ust + infinitive w ithout to

Don't say: I m ust to see her at her office

V Say: I m ust see her at her office

326 Let + infinitive without to

D on't say:Tom 's father would not iet him to go out.J' Sn ': Tom 's father w ould not let him go out

327 Make (to force) + infinitive without to.

D on't xçfry'' You can't m ake Em m a to understand

.?' Say: You can't m ake Em m a understand

69

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Unnetessary w ordsPart 3

328 See + infinitive without fo

D on't say They saw him to leave the housc

Z Say:Fhey saw him Ieave the house

r ot They saw ht m I eavl ng t he house i s al st a corr ect.

329 W atch + infinitive w ithout to

Dotl't say: l w atched the girls to play hockey

/ Say: 1 w atched the girls play hockey

Note / vvztched f:e pr/s playlng bocke;z I S aE so corract.

330 H ear + infinitive w ithout to

D o?l'/ say: W e heard him to speak in English

./ Say: W e heard him speak in English

Not e 1 4* hear d r n speaki nn f ëngl t sb I S :1 5 cor r ect.

33 1 Feel + infinitive w ithout tn

D on't say: l could feel her heart to beat

Z Say: l could feel her heart beat

Or.' I could feel her heart beating

Nat e I f The ver bs make, see, w atchl hear , feel r ar e us ed i n t he passl ve,

to mus t be used: b' es was seen to I eave r he bouse ' He zz as heavd t o speak

dn Engt ' sh.

Dozl'r say: I went to the m arket and I bought fnzit.

Say: I w ent to the m arket and bought fruit.

In a compound sentencef expfess the sar'ne sabject once only and don't repeat

I t before each vecb, unl ess the sentence i 5 dong and compl kcated

334 W rong repeti tion of subject after an adjecti val clause.

D on't say: D avid, w ho is a careless pupil,he losthis book

b/' Say: David, who is a careless pupil, lost his book.

335 W rong repetition of subject after a non-finite

verb phrase

D on't say: K aren and Tom, having signed the register

,they left the church

/ Say: Karen andrlbm , having signcd the register,Ieftthe church

336 W rong use of personal pronoun in a relative clause.

D on't say:The book which I lost it w as new.

v' Say:The book w hich l lost was new.

Don 't Ll se ?l personal pranoun as wel d as a r elati ve In tF )e rel atl ve cl ause i f they bo' th refer lo ' the same n oun I n the f t gen tence b0t h w h i ch a nd i t ref r

to book

.: 387 W rong repetition of object.

Don't say: The doctor I know him very well.

.ê' Say: I know the doctor very w ell.

ln the sentente gi ven the wofis dodor and hirn denote one anci the same object ' fher efgre use ei ther dodof or him,blpt not both Irl the

sa me se nten ce

If l general t ' ve don 't puî the oblect before the verb so the buond ofder I; l ,The doctor / kookv ht n? very pve// i h algo w rong

332 W rong repetition of subject.

Don't say: M y little brother he is at school

Say: M y little brother is at school

Never repeat the subjectb? using a pronoun nfterthe nourl My little brothe,

and he deaote the same person Tbereforez us8 one or the other as sublect,

btlt l not both.

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