Tiếng anh chuyên nghành điện chương 4

Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison,Unit 4 Con Edison, tiếng anh chuyên ngành điện, tài liệu tiếng anh chuyên nghành, bài tâp tiếng anh chuyên nghành, tiếng anh chuyên nghành×, bài giảng tiếng anh chuyên nghành, Tiếng anh chuyên nghành điện chương 4

Fig.1-1 Con Edison’s system outline

Unit 4: Con Edison

Con Edison - A bit of background on a complex field

Many players figure in New York City's electricity system The most visible player is

Con Edison, which supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves

Westchester County, too Since the industry was deregulated, Con Edison delivers electricity through its immense transmission and distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its 690-square-mile service area (Among other statistics: Con Edison's 93,000 miles of underground cable could circle the Earth 3.6 times; it has 36,000 miles

of overhead cable.) Electricity not generated locally is imported via transmission lines that come in from New Jersey, from Long Island, and from the northeast and Canada through Westchester County

Conceptually, Con Edison's system looks like this:

As its name suggests, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation of many small power generation companies Today, history is reversing itself: clean

"distributed generation" is coming into favor, as the substantial benefits of a decentralized system come to be appreciated and as new technologies facilitate it Con

5

15

10

Edison defines distributed generation as a facility producing up to 20 MW of electricity dedicated to the support of nearby associated load Con Edison's portfolio includes electric and natural gas delivery, as well as steam delivery through the largest district steam system in the world

Among other players are these:

• The Public Service Commission regulates retail electric, gas, and steam

utilities

• The New York State Research & Development Authority (NYSERDA)

promotes energy efficiency, R&D, and environmental goals It provided $2 million to Verdant Power's project in New York

• The Independent System Operator (a.k.a the New York Power Pool)

operates the state's high-voltage electric transmission system and administers the state's wholesale energy markets

• The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates interstate

transmission of electricity and licenses hydropower projects

• The New York Power Authority sells electricity to the city government and

other parties and owns and operates several electric generation plants

The Economic Development Corporation's quarterly Energy and Telecom News is a

good source of information on developments in this complex, dynamic field The

Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 2004 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An Electricity Resource Roadmap," provides a good overview of the city's current and

future energy needs and its strategy for meeting them

Task 1 Rephrasing

Rewrite the following sentences, replacing the words in italics with expressions

from the passage which have similar meanings:

1 The most visible player is Con Edison, which provides most of the electricity

the city uses and serves Westchester County, too

2 Con Edison distributes electricity through its immense transmission and

distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its 690-square-mile service area

3 As its name implies, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation

of many small power generation companies

4 The Independent System Operator (a.k.a the New York Power Pool) operates

the state's high-voltage electric transmission network and administers the state's

wholesale energy markets

5 The New York Power Authority sells electricity to the city government and

other parties and owns and operates several electric generation stations.

20

25

30

35

Task 2 Contextual reference

What do the pronouns in italics in these sentences refer to?

1 Since the industry was deregulated, Con Edison delivers electricity through its immense transmission and distribution system to the 3.2 million customers in its

690-square-mile service area (line 5 & 6)

(a) The industry’s; immense transmission and distribution system’s

(b)Con Edison’s; immense transmission and distribution system’s

(c) Con Edison’s; Con Edison’s

(d)The industry’s; Con Edison’s

2 As its name suggests, "Consolidated Edison" was formed through consolidation of

many small power generation companies (line 12)

(a) Con Edison’s system

(b)Consolidated Edison

(c) Consolidation

(d)Power generation company

3 Today, history is reversing itself: clean "distributed generation" is coming into favor, as the substantial benefits of a decentralized system come to be appreciated

and as new technologies facilitate it (line 15)

(a) Consolidated Edison

(b)History

(c) Distributed generation

(d)Decentralized system

4 It provided $2 million to Verdant Power's project in New York (line 24)

(a) NYSERDA

(b)Energy efficiency

(c) R&D

(d)Environmental goal

5 The Mayor's Energy Policy Task Force 2004 report, "New York City Energy Policy: An Electricity Resource Roadmap," provides a good overview of the city's

current and future energy needs and its strategy for meeting them (line 37)

(a) The Mayor’s; the city’s current and future energy needs

(b)New York City Energy Policy’s; energy needs

(c) Overview’s; future energy needs

(d)New York City’s; the city’s current and future energy needs

Task 3 Checking facts and ideas

Decide if these statements are true or false Quote from the passage to support your decisions

1 Only Con Edison figures in New York City's electricity system

2 Con Edison supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester County, too

3 Con Edison imports electricity from New Jersey, from Long Island, and from the northeast and Canada through Westchester County

4 Con Edison defines distributed generation as a facility producing 20 MW of electricity dedicated to the support of nearby associated load

5 Con Edison provides services of electric and natural gas delivery, as well as steam delivery through the largest district steam system in the world

6 Public Service Commission and NYSERDA are parts of Con Edison

7 Verdant Power's project in New York is funded by NYSERDA

8 The state's high-voltage electric transmission system is operated by the Independent System Operator

9 The function of FERC is to only license hydropower projects

10 The New York Power Authority owns and operates several electric generation plants

Task 4 Relative clauses 1

Study these sentences:

1 The most visible player is Con Edison.

2 Con Edison supplies most of the electricity the city uses and serves Westchester

County, too

Both these sentences refer to Con Edison We can link them by making sentence 2 a

relative clause

1+2 The most visible player is Con Edison, WHICH supplies most of the electricity

the city uses and serves Westchester County, too

The relative clause is in CAPITALS Note that Con Edison in sentence 2 becomes

WHICH

Study these other pairs of sentences and note how they are linked:

3 Consumers are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers

4 These consumers use large quantities of energy

3+4 Consumers WHO USE LARGE QUANTITIES OF ENERGY are supplied at higher voltages than domestic consumers

5 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations

6 In the intermediate substations the voltage is stepped down to 11kV

5+6 33kV lines are fed to intermediate substations WHERE THE VOLTAGE IS STEPPED DOWN TO 11kV

Now link these sentences by using a suitable relative clause:

1 Energy is vital to New Yorkers' lives and to New York City

New York City is the financial, corporate, and communications capital of the United States, as well as a leading world destination for business and tourism

2 The investments and improvements are necessary to meet growing energy demand The energy demand has increased more than 20 percent during the past 10 years

3 For the summer of 2007, the company forecasts a peak load of 13,575 megawatts for its service area

The peak load for its service area includes a peak of 11,780 megawatts for New York City and 1,795 megawatts for Westchester County

4 Workers require illumination of 300 lux

The workers install heavy machinery

5 In 1982, the first hydro-electric plant was built in the United States

The first hydro-electric made use of a fast flowing river for generating electricity

6 The large consumers should be supplied stable voltage

The large consumers use a large quantities of electricity

7 Dams are constructed to create artificial water storage areas at the most convenient locations

Dams control the water flow rate to the power station turbines

8 Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today

The Francis turbine was developed by James B Francis

9 An electric motor is a machine for converting electrical energy into mechanical energy

The electric motors can be run on direct (dc) or alternating current (ac)

10 Hydroelectric power now supplies 20% of world electricity.

The hydroelectric powers use the kinetic, or movement energy of rivers

Task 5 Pronoun links between sentences

When we link sentences together, or into paragraphs, repeated nouns usually become pronouns

EXAMPLES

1 A short circuit occurs in a generator

2 The short circuit may cause large current

3 The large current may damage the equipment

When a short circuit occurs in a generator, it may cause large current This may damage the equipment

Note: When there may be misunderstanding, or when the repeated noun comes a long time after its first mention, the full noun is used

EXAMPLES

Power system electricians install and maintain high voltage electrical power distribution equipment, including generators and transformers in generating stations or

powerhouses They inspect and test installed electrical equipment at power houses and major substations They repair or replace faulty electrical equipment and complete test

and maintenance reports

Compare this version where the full nouns have been kept:

Power system electricians install and maintain high voltage electrical power distribution equipment, including generators and transformers in generating stations or powerhouses The power system electricians inspect and test installed electrical equipment at power houses and major substations The power system electricians repair or replace faulty electrical equipment and complete test and maintenance reports

Now replace the repeated nouns in following paragraph with suitable pronouns where there is no likelihood of confusion

Investor-owned electric utilities are privately owned entities The investor-owned electric utilities represent 8 percent of the total number of electric utilities and approximately 75 percent of electric utility generating capability, generation, sales, and revenue in the United States Like all private businesses, investor-owned electric utilities have the fundamental objective of producing a return for investor-owned electric utilities’ investors These utilities either distribute profits to stockholders as dividends or reinvest the profits Investor-owned electric utilities are granted service monopolies in certain geographic areas and are obliged to serve all consumers As franchised monopolies, these utilities are regulated and required to charge reasonable prices, to charge comparable prices to similar classifications of consumers, and to give consumers access to services under similar conditions Most investor-owned electric utilities are operating companies that provide basic services for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity The majority of investor-owned utilities perform all three functions The investor-owned electric utilities operate in all States except Nebraska, where electric utilities consist primarily of municipal systems and public power districts

III INFORMATION TRANSFER

Task 6 Mathematical symbols used in hydro power engineering

Study the following table of mathematical symbols used in hydro power engineering Then write out the below expressions in full

Table 1: Mathematical symbols used in electrical engineering and electronics

± ± 3dB Plus or minus three decibels

= R = R1 + R2 R equals/ is equal to R one plus R two

≈ or ≅ I ≈ 30 mA I is approximately equal to thirty

miliamps

∗ or × f × 120 f times/ multiplied by one hundred and

twenty

No sign between two

quantities V = IR V equals I times/ multiplied by R

One quantity over

I is equal to V over/ divided by R

√ 5 The square root of/ root of five

-10 8-10 75 Eight to the power minus ten; seven to

the power five

ten volts

Table 2: Terms, symbols, units and abbreviations used in electrical power engineering

Angular frequency ω (omega) Radian per second rad/s

Conductivity σ (sigma)

γ (gamma)

Siemens per metre S/m

Electric field strength E Volt per metre V/m

Electric flux density D Coulomb per square

metre

C/m2

Magnetic field strength H Ampere turn per metre At/m

Permeattivity ε (epsilon) Farad per metre F/m

1 W = LI2

2

1

2 W = CE2

2

1

3 H =

l

U

C L

5 E = Blv

Task 7 Sentence building

Join the following groups of sentences to make the longer sentences Use the words

printed in italics at the beginning of each group You may omit words and make

whatever changes you think are necessary in the word order and punctuation of the sentences

1 Who

Customers require three-phase service

The customers need large amounts of electricity to run heavy machinery

2 Either… or…

Customers receive electricity through overhead lines

Customers receive electricity through underground lines

3 Where

Historically, investor-owned electric utilities have been most successful in serving large, consolidated markets

Economies of scale afford the lowest prices in large, consolidated markets

4 Which

Facilities are called cogenerators

The facilities produce electricity and another form of useful thermal energy through the sequential use of energy (usually heat or steam for industrial processes or heating/cooling purposes)

5 If

These gases and particulates are not captured by some pollution control equipment

These gases and particulates are released into the atmosphere

V READING AND SUMMARIZING

Electricity Basics

The basic unit of electric power is a watt, which is a rate of producing or consuming energy A typical light bulb, for example, consumes electricity at the rate of 75 watts,

or 75 watt-hours of electricity in one hour of operation One kilowatt is 1,000 watts The average household in the United States uses almost 12,000 kilowatt-hours (12 million watt-hours) per year A power plant with a 1-megawatt capacity (1,000 kilowatts), operating continuously (8,760 hours) for a year would generate enough electricity to supply approximately 750 households (A different way to understand what those units of electricity represent is to relate them to horsepower, another measure of power A kilowatt is roughly equivalent to 1.3 horsepower; a 1-megawatt plant is equal in power to approximately 10 medium-sized automobile engines.)

Another characteristic of electric power is voltage, which is a measure of electromotive force Electricity is usually generated and transported at very high voltages (more than 100,000 volts) Electric voltage is lowered, by a series of transformers in the substations and on feeder lines close to where it is consumed, until

it reaches 120 volts (in the United States) at electrical outlets in a typical household

In the United States, the electric power system generates a form of electricity, termed alternating current, in which voltage oscillates in a regular cycle The frequency of that cycle is 60 times per second, referred to as 60 hertz Electric motors and other devices

in the United States are designed to use 60-hertz alternating current If the electric current deviates significantly from that designed frequency, it can seriously damage motors and appliances

At any time, the amount of electric power (the number of watts) that is being consumed on a utility network (the system of generation and consumption points connected by wires and other transmission equipment) must be nearly equal to the amount of power that is being generated The voltage and frequency of the current will adjust according to physical laws to maintain a balance If a sudden change in consumption occurs without an adjustment in generation (or vice versa), the voltage will change, possibly damaging equipment throughout the network Certain types of generators have controls that automatically adjust output to match consumption Utility networks also have many protective devices that minimize any damage from a rapid change in voltage For example, electric fuses or circuit breakers automatically cut off electricity when they detect a large voltage change caused by, say, a lightning strike or short circuit that could damage equipment

Electricity consumption at any point in time is referred to as the load On a typical utility network, the load fluctuates continuously as customers start and stop their equipment Network operators continually adjust production to match those fluctuations When consumption is low, they use plants that are designed to run continuously at a low operating cost As consumption rises, they add production from other plants whose operating costs are higher that are designed to start and stop and adjust output quickly In periods of extremely high consumption, they use older plants that are less efficient and even more expensive to operate As a result, the cost of supplying an additional unit of electricity (the marginal cost) typically rises as