INTRODUCTION TO ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House,Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom.Hawke, Neil Introduction to Administrative Law I Title II Parpwor

TO ADMINISTRATIVE

LAW

Cavendish Publishing LimitedCPLondon • Sydney

TO ADMINISTRATIVE

LAW

Neil Hawke, LLB (Hons), PhD

Professor of Environmental LawHead of the Department of Law

First published in 1998 by Cavendish Publishing Limited, The Glass House,Wharton Street, London WC1X 9PX, United Kingdom.

Hawke, Neil

Introduction to Administrative Law

I Title II Parpworth, Neil

344.2026

ISBN 1 85941 191 6

Printed and bound in Great Britain

‘Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state,

an intolerable one.’

(Thomas Paine, 1737–1809)

Administrative law provides many of the safeguards which prevent ment becoming an intolerable evil It is the purpose of this book to provide anintroduction to administrative law and its control of government power indicat-ing, wherever possible, the nature of those powers, the purpose of governmen-tal functions as well as the scope and effectiveness of legal control The book isdivided into four parts covering the administrative agencies of government, thenature, characteristics and sources of its powers, the judicial review of adminis-trative action and the remedies for unlawful and irregular administrative action

govern-To help the reader through the subject, a glossary of terms used in the book isprovided, together with a selected bibliography of further reading and a range

of self-assessment questions The book is designed for use by those pursuingdegree level courses in Law or Public and Social Administration Equally, thebook will be of use to those undertaking sub-degree or professional courses insimilar areas

The last decade has seen some very significant changes in administrativelaw, driven mainly by government policy This is vividly illustrated by changes

in the status and functions of local government and the stringency of centralgovernment control of local administration Elsewhere privatisation has pro-duced many more pages in the statute book The government’s reliance on pre-rogative powers has also been reappraised by the courts, particularly throughthe landmark decision in the GCHQ case It is clear that the courts are prepared

to be far more proactive in adjudicating prerogative acts, even if only to delaythe government’s actions on the ground of unfairness More generally, thecourts’ willingness to develop an increasingly comprehensive view of therequirements in law of ‘fairness’ has coloured a good deal of judicial review Inthe same way there has been a continuing expansion of those bodies amenable

to judicial review: the self-regulatory bodies in the financial markets, for ple Finally, reference is made in the book to the rapidly expanding influence ofthe law of the European Union which affects the framework of municipaladministrative law as much as it affects any other area of relevant ‘national’law

exam-We are indebted to Liz Steward of the Department of Law for her unfailingenergy and helpfulness in word-processing the text Without her efforts wewould have found it very difficult to meet any of our deadlines!

Professor Neil Hawke

Neil ParpworthDepartment of Law

1 September 1995

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Preface v

Part 1 Administrative Law and the Administrative Agencies

1.1 Definition of Administrative Law 1

1.3 The Constitutional Background to Administrative Law 51.3.1 The sovereignty and supremacy of Parliament 51.3.2 The separation of powers 9

1.4 Administrative Law in Perspective 14

2.1 The Conduct of Government 172.2 Legal Immunities of the Crown 192.3 Crown Servants and Agents 202.4 Central Government Functions 22

3.3.1 Implementation of the Franks Report: the Council on

3.3.2 Rules of procedure for statutory inquiries 293.4 Inquiries Procedure and Organisation 303.4.1 Planning appeals and statutory inquiries 303.4.2 Planning appeal decisions by inspectors 313.5 Inquiries Procedure Rules 323.5.1 Inquiry preliminaries 323.5.2 Procedure at the inquiry 333.5.3 Procedure following the inquiry 343.5.4 Notification of a decision and reasons 353.5.5 Procedural differences for decisions by inspectors 353.6 Legal Enforcement of the Inquiries Procedure Rules 353.7 Scope of the Statutory Inquiry System 363.7.1 Exclusion of statutory inquiries 363.7.2 Restriction of statutory inquiries 373.7.3 Statutory inquiries and proposals for

controversial development 383.7.4 The Windscale Inquiry 383.7.5 The statutory inquiry in future 39

C ONTENTS

4.4.2 Audit 484.5 Central Government Control of Local Authorities 50

4.5.2 The administrative appeal process 524.5.3 The approval process 53

4.6.1 Right of access to meetings and inspection of documents 554.6.2 Disclosure of pecuniary interests 55

4.8.1 Coverage of the Acts 58

4.11 Legal Liability of Local Authorities 604.11.1 Tortious liability 614.11.2 Statutory authority 61

5.3 Varieties of Tribunal and their Functions 685.3.1 Tribunals and appeals from departmental decisions 685.3.2 Tribunals and ‘first instance’ claims 695.3.3 Tribunals and disputes between individuals 705.3.4 Additional functions of tribunals 705.4 Allocation of Functions to Tribunals 715.4.1 The policy element in administrative decisions 715.4.2 The Civil Aviation Authority and the Transport Tribunal 725.4.3 Objective decisions: tribunals or courts? 725.4.4 Immigration appeals 725.4.5 Tribunals and local authority decisions 73

5.4.6 Tribunals and inferior courts 745.5 Tribunals and Inquiries Act 1992 745.6 Tribunals and Inquiries Act Safeguards 755.6.1 Tribunal membership 755.6.2 Rules of procedure for tribunals 765.7 Aspects of Tribunal Procedure and Organisation 775.7.1 The presidential system in tribunals 775.7.2 Openness in tribunal procedure 775.7.3 Tribunal representation 785.7.4 Legal aid, advice and assistance 785.7.5 Legal immunity for tribunal proceedings 795.7.6 Precedent in tribunals 80

6.1.4 Industry, commerce and public utilities 886.1.5 Economic, social and welfare regulation 886.1.6 Social standardisation 89

C ONTENTS

6.1.9 Legal liability of public corporations 906.2 The Independent Television Commission 916.2.1 Membership and status 916.2.2 Powers, duties and functions 92

Part 2 Administrative Powers

7 The Nature and Characteristics of Administrative Powers 97

7.2 The Law of the European Union 987.2.1 The object of the EU 987.2.2 The nature of EU law 997.2.3 Administrative law, administrative powers and EU law 1007.3 The Nature of Statutory Administrative Powers 1017.3.1 The nature of discretionary powers 1027.4 Characteristics of Administrative Powers 1027.4.1 The initiation of administrative action 103

7.4.3 Financial regulation 1047.4.4 Contractual regulation 1047.4.5 Regulation by the criminal law 1047.4.6 Disciplinary regulation 105

8.1 The Range of Administrative Powers 106

8.2 Legislation 1078.2.1 The advantages and disadvantages of legislation 1078.2.2 The Renton Committee on the Preparation of Legislation 1098.2.3 The categories of legislation 1098.2.4 The legislative procedure for Public Bills 1108.2.5 The legislative procedure for Private Bills 1118.2.6 The status of Private Bills 1118.2.7 The scope of Private Acts 1128.2.8 Private Local Acts and reorganisation

8.2.9 Miscellaneous Provisions Acts and Adoptive Acts 1148.2.10 Provisional Orders 1148.2.11 Special Procedure Orders 114

8.3.1 Primary and delegated legislation in action 1158.3.2 Statutory instruments 1168.3.3 The classification of delegated legislation 116

8.4.1 The EU institutions 1248.4.2 European Court of Justice 125

8.4.4 The direct applicability and direct effect of EU law

Part 3 Judicial Review, Ultra Vires and Natural Justice

9.1.5 Application requirements 1329.1.6 Appeal requirements 133

10.6.1 Prior notice 17010.6.2 The opportunity to be heard 17210.6.3 Scope of the rule 17210.6.4 Legal representation 17310.6.5 Duty to give reasons 17410.7 The Effect of Breaches of Natural Justice 176

11.1 The Nature of Substantive Powers 17811.2 Judicial Review of Substantive Powers 17811.3 The Limits of Statutory Powers 17911.3.1 Defining the limits 18011.3.2 Fundamental matters of law 181

11.3.4 Administrative agencies 18211.4 Error of Law on the Face of the Record 18311.4.1 Error of law on the face of the record and the

doctrine of ultra vires 184

11.5 Ouster Clauses and the Doctrine of Ultra Vires 18511.6 The Limits of Discretionary Powers 18711.6.1 The problem of subjectively worded

11.7 Policy and the Exercise of Discretionary Powers 19211.7.1 Lawful and unlawful policies 19211.7.2 Acts under dictation 19411.7.3 The interpretation and application of policy 19511.8 Relevant Considerations 195

C ONTENTS

12.2.2 Administrative and judicial remedies serving

12.2.3 Exclusive administrative remedies 208

13.4.3 Locus standi generally 215

13.4.4 Locus standi for the declaration 218

13.5.1 Varieties of injunction 22013.5.2 The prohibitory injunction 22013.5.3 The mandatory injunction 22113.5.4 The interlocutory injunction 222

13.5.5 Locus standi for the injunction 22313.5.6 Injunctions and the Crown 224

13.6.1 The grounds for certiorari 225

13.6.2 Bodies amenable to certiorari 225

13.6.3 Certiorari and the duty to act judicially 226

13.6.4 Certiorari and private bodies 227

13.6.5 Locus standi for certiorari 229

13.8.1 The legally enforceable duty 231

13.8.2 The scope of mandamus 232

13.8.3 Locus standi for mandamus 23313.9 The Application for Judicial Review 23313.9.1 Recommendation for reform: the application

13.9.2 Remedies available on an application for judicial review 23513.9.3 Procedures and other requirements 235

13.9.4 The importance of the application for judicial review 23713.9.5 The application for judicial review and the protection of

13.9.6 Proposals for reforming judicial review 240

13.10.1 The background to statutory review 24113.10.2 The scope of statutory review 24113.10.3 The grounds for statutory review 24213.10.4 The six-week limitation 24213.10.5 The person aggrieved 242

13.12 Powers of Annulment in the European Court of Justice 24413.12.1 The power of review 24413.12.2 The scope of review 24513.12.3 The grounds for annulment 24513.12.4 Related functions of the European Court of Justice 246

14.1 The Background to Crown Proceedings 24714.1.1 The Crown Proceedings Act 24714.2 Contracts and the Crown 24814.2.1 Employment contracts 24814.2.2 The funding of Crown contracts 24914.2.3 Contracts fettering future executive action by the Crown 24914.3 Tortious Liability of the Crown 25014.3.1 Vicarious liability of the Crown 25014.3.2 The employer’s common law duties 25014.3.3 Common law duties relating to Crown property 25114.3.4 Breach of statutory duty 25114.3.5 The discharge of judicial responsibilities 25114.3.6 Immunity in respect of certain acts of members of the

14.4 Judicial Remedies and the Crown 252

14.4.1 Mandamus and the Crown 25214.4.2 Injunctions and the Crown 253

14.6 Public Interest Immunity 25414.6.1 The conclusiveness of claims opposing discovery 255

C ONTENTS

14.6.2 Public interest immunity recognised 25514.6.3 The application of public interest immunity 25614.6.4 Administrative agencies and the disclosure

of confidential confidential information 257

14.6.5 Public interest immunity and Matrix Churchill 25814.6.6 Public interest immunity certificates 259

15.1.1 Ombudsmen in the UK 26115.2 The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration 26215.2.1 Government departments and authorities

subject to investigation 26215.2.2 Matters excluded from investigation 263

15.2.4 Alternative remedies 26415.2.5 The investigation of administrative functions 26515.2.6 Procedures for investigations 26615.2.7 Injustice in consequence of maladministration 26715.2.8 Maladministration and injustice in practice 26815.2.9 Judicial review of reports and decisions 26915.3 Health Service Commissioners 27015.3.1 Matters excluded from investigation 270

Adams v Naylor [1946] AC 543 247 Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry Industry Training Board v Aylesbury

Mushrooms Ltd [1972] 1 WLR 190, [1972] 1 All ER 280 134, 213 Ali v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1992] 3 All ER 512 239 Allen v Gulf Oil Refining Ltd [1981] AC 1001, [1981] 2 WLR 188, [1981] 1 All ER 353 62 American Cyanamid Co v Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396, [1975] 2 WLR 316, [1975]

1 All ER 504 222 Anisminic v Foreign Compensation Commission [1969] 2 AC 147, [1969]

2 WLR 163, [1968] 1 All ER 208 9, 176, 182, 183, 185, 186, 204, 213, 214 Anns v Merton London Borough Council [1978] AC 728, [1977] 2 WLR 1024,

[1977] 2 All ER 492 62 Asher v Secretary of State for the Environment [1974] Ch 208, [1974] 2 WLR 466,

[1974] 2 All ER 156 199 Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948]

1 KB 223, [1947] 2 All ER 680 187, 196, 201 Attorney General, ex rel McWhirter v Independent Broadcasting Authority

[1973] QB 629, [1973] 2 WLR 344, [1973] 1 All ER 689 221, 223 Attorney General, ex rel Tilley v Wandsworth London Borough Council [1981]

1 WLR 854, [1981] 1 All ER 1162 194, 195 Attorney General of Hong Kong v Ng Yuen Shin [1983] 2 AC 629, [1983]

2 WLR 735, [1983] 2 All ER 346 164 Attorney General v Bastow [1957] 1 QB 514, [1957] 2 WLR 340, [1957] 1 All ER 497 221 Attorney General v British Broadcasting Corporation [1981] AC 303, [1980]

3 WLR 109, [1980] 3 All ER 161 79 Attorney General v Crayford Urban District Council [1962] Ch 575, [1962]

2 WLR 998, [1962] 2 All ER 147 47 Attorney General v De Keyser’s Royal Hotel Ltd [1920] AC 508 12 Attorney General v Melville Construction Co Ltd (1969) 20 P & CR 131, (1969)

67 LGR 309 221 Attorney General v Sharp [1931] 1 Ch 121 221 Attorney General v Wilts United Dairies Ltd [1921] 37 TLR 884 44, 123 Avon County Council v Buscott [1988] QB 656, [1988] 2 WLR 788, [1988]

1 All ER 841, (1988) 86 LGR 569 239 Ayr Harbour Trustees v Oswald (1883) 8 AC 623 193

Backhouse v Lambeth London Borough Council (1972) Times, 14 October, (1972)

116 Sol J 802 50, 202 Bank of Scotland, Petitioner (1988) SLT 282 228 Banks Horticultural Products Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1980]

JPL 33 .201 Barnard v National Dock Labour Board [1953] 2 QB 18, [1953] 2 WLR 995, [1953]

1 All ER 1113 138 Barnes v District Auditor for No 11 Audit District, 24 February, 1976 unreported

(Divisional Court of the Queen’s Bench Division) 50 Barraclough v Brown [1897] AC 615 208, 215 Barrs v Bethell [1982] Ch 294, [1981] 3 WLR 874, [1982] 1 All ER 106 220, 233 Bates v Lord Hailsham [1972] 1 WLR 1373, [1972] 3 All ER 1019 220 Becker v Home Office [1972] 2 QB 407, [1972] 2 WLR 1193, [1972] 2 All ER 676 158 Birkdale District Electric Supply Co Ltd v Southport Corporation [1926] AC 355 194 Blackburn v Attorney General [1971] 1 WLR 1037, [1971] 2 All ER 1380 215, 218 Board of Education v Rice [1911] AC 179 172 Boyce v Paddington Borough Council [1903] 1 Ch 109 219 Bradbury v Enfield London Borough Council [1967] 1 WLR 1311,

[1967] 3 All ER 434 136 Brayhead (Ascot) Ltd v Berkshire County Council [1964] 2 QB 303, [1964] 2 WLR 507, [1964] 1 All ER 149 151 British Broadcasting Corporation v Johns [1965] Ch 32, [1964] 2 WLR 1071, [1964]

1 All ER 923 .21, 87 British Oxygen Co Ltd v Minister of Technology [1971] AC 610, [1970]

3 WLR 488, [1970] 3 All ER 165 192 Bromley London Borough Council v Greater London Council [1982] 2 WLR 62, [1982]

1 All ER 12 197 Brooks and Burton Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1977] 1 WLR 1294, [1978] 1 All ER 733 145 Brown v Director of Public Prosecutions [1956] 2 QB 369, [1956] 2 WLR 1087, [1956]

2 All ER 189 56 Bugg v DPP [1993] QB 437, [1993] 2 WLR 628, [1993] 2 All ER 815 119 Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Bank of England [1980] AC 1090, [1979] 3 WLR 722,

[1979] 3 All ER 700 257 Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75, [1964] 2 WLR 1231, [1964]

2 All ER 648 6, 107 Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] AC 75, [1980]

3 WLR 22, [1980] 2 All ER 608 33, 154, 162, 163 Button v Jenkins [1975] 3 All ER 585 133 Buxton v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1961] 1 QB 278, [1960]

3 WLR 866, [1960] 3 All ER 408 242

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Byrne v Kinematograph Renters Society [1958] 1 WLR 762, [1958] 2 All ER 579 156

Calvin v Carr [1980] AC 574, [1979] 2 WLR 755, [1979] 2 All ER 440 176 Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 2 WLR 53, [1994]

1 All ER 53, HL 63 Carltona Ltd v Commissioners of Works [1943] 2 All ER 560 139, 260 Chester v Bateson [1920] 1 KB 829 123 Cocks v Thanet District Council [1982] 3 WLR 1121, [1982] 3 All ER 1135 237, 239, 240 Coleen Properties Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1971]

1 WLR 433, [1971] 1 All ER 1049 14, 181, 192 Coney v Choyce [1975] 1 WLR 422, [1975] 1 All ER 979 137 Congreve v Home Office [1976] QB 629, [1976] 2 WLR 291, [1976] 1 All ER 697 191, 264 Continental Reinsurance Corporation (UK) Ltd v Pine Top Insurance Ltd [1986]

1 Ll LR 8 259 Conway v Rimmer [1968] AC 910, [1968] 2 WLR 998, [1968] 1 All ER 874 255, 259 Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works (1863) 143 ER 414 160 Cory, William & Son Ltd v Corporation of London [1951] 2 KB 476, [1951] 2 TLR 174, [1951] 2 All ER 85 193 Costello v Dacorum District Council (1983) 81 LGR 1 198, 200 Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [1985]

AC 374, [1984] 3 WLR 1174, [1985] ICR 14, [1984] 3 All ER 935 11, 178, 201, 202 Covent Garden Community Association Ltd v Greater London Council [1981]

JPL 183 219, 229 Credit Suisse v Allerdale Borough Council (1994) Independent, 17 June 44 Credit Suisse v Waltham Forest London Borough Council (1994) Times,

8 November 44 Crompton (Alfred) Amusement Machines Ltd v Commissioners of Customs

and Excise [1973] 3 WLR 268, [1973] 2 All ER 1169 257 Crown Lands Commissioners v Page [1960] 2 QB 274, [1960] 3 WLR 446, [1960]

2 All ER 726 194, 249 Cullimore v Lyme Regis Corporation [1962] 1 QB 718, [1961] 3 WLR 1340, [1961]

3 All ER 1008 130 Cumings v Birkenhead Corporation [1972] Ch 12, [1971] 2 WLR 1458, [1971]

2 All ER 881 192 Customs and Excise Commissioners v Cure and Deeley Ltd [1962] 1 QB 340,

[1961] 3 WLR 798, [1961] 3 All ER 641 2, 123, 189 Customs and Excise Commissioners v ApS Samex [1983] 1 All ER 1042 126

D v NSPCC [1978] AC 171, [1977] 2 WLR 201, [1977] 1 All ER 589 256 DPP v Hutchinson, [1988] QB 834 118 DPP v Hutchinson [1990] 3 WLR, [1990] 2 All ER 836 118

Davy v Spelthorne District Council [1983] 3 All ER 278 238 Derbyshire County Council v Times Newspapers [1993] AC 534, [1993] 1 WLR 449, [1993] 1 All ER 1011, HL 59

De Verteuil v Knaggs [1918] AC 557 177 Dimes v Grand Junction Canal Proprietors (1852) 10 ER 301 166, 176 Doody v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1993] 3 WLR 154, [1993]

3 All ER 92 155, 175 Dowty, Boulton Paul Ltd v Wolverhampton Corporation (No 1) [1971]

1 WLR 204, [1971] 2 All ER 277 221, 222 Dowty, Boulton Paul Ltd v Wolverhampton Corporation (No 2) [1973]

2 WLR 618, [1973] 2 All ER 491 180 Duncan v Cammell, Laird & Co Ltd [1942] AC 624, [1942] 1 All ER 587 254, 256, 259 Dunkley v Evans [1981] 1 WLR 1522, [1981] 3 All ER 285 124 Dunn v R [1896] 1 QB 116 248 Dunne v North Western Gas Board [1964] 2 QB 806, [1964] 2 WLR 164, [1963]

3 All ER 916 63 Dutton v Bognor Regis Urban District Council [1972] 1 QB 373, [1972]

2 WLR 299, [1972] 1 All ER 462 62 Dyson v Attorney General [1911] 1 KB 410

[1995] 2 AC 633, [1995] 3 WLR 152, [1995] 3 All ER 353 219

E (A Minor) v Dorset County Council 63 Eckersley v Secretary of State for the Environment (1978) 76 LGR 245 189 Ellis v Dubowski [1921] 3 KB 621, [1921] All ER 272 194 Enderby Town Football Club v Football Association Ltd [1971] Ch 591, [1970]

3 WLR 1021, [1971] 1 All ER 215 173 Epping Forest District Council v Essex Rendering Ltd [1983] 1 WLR 158, [1983]

1 All ER 359, (1983)81 LGR 252 148 Equal Opportunities Commission v Birmingham City Council [1989] AC 1155,

[1989] 2 WLR 520, [1989] 1 All ER 769 218 Errington v Minister of Health [1935] 1 KB 249, [1934] All ER 154 160, 162, 163 Essex County Council v Minister of Housing and Local Government (1967)

18 P & CR 531, (1968) 66 LGR 23 161 European Parliament v Council of the European Communities [1987]

ECR 1513, [1986] 1 CMLR 138 124, 246

Factortame Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [1989] 2 All ER 692 224, 225, 253 Factortame Ltd and Others v Secretary of State for Transport (No 2) [1991]

1 AC 603, [1990] 3 WLR 818, [1991] 1 All ER 70 7 Fairmount Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1976]

1 WLR 1255, [1976] 2 All ER 865 163, 170

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Findlay, Re [1985] AC 318, [1984] 3 WLR 1159, [1984] 3 All ER 801 195 Fiordland Venison Ltd v Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [1978] 2 NZLR 341 152 Fletcher’s Application, Re [1970] 2 All ER 527 231, 266 Francovich v Italian Republic [1991] ECR I-5403, [1992] IRLR 85 127 Franklin v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1948] AC 87, [1947]

63 TLR 446, [1947] 2 All ER 289 161, 162, 167 Fraser v Mudge [1975] 1 WLR 1132, [1975] 3 All ER 78 174 French Kier Developments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1977]

1 All ER 296 34, 35, 151 Fry, Ex p [1954] 1 WLR 730, [1954] 2 All ER 118 157

Gaiman v National Association for Mental Health [1971] Ch 317, [1970]

3 WLR 42, [1970] 2 All ER 362 153 Gain v Gain [1961] 1 WLR 1469 260 Giddens v Harlow District Auditor (1972) 70 LGR 485 49 Givaudan v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1967] 1 WLR 250, [1966]

3 All ER 696 151 Glynn v Keele University [1971] 1 WLR 487, [1971] 2 All ER 89 160, 164, 173 Golden Chemical Products Ltd, Re [1976] Ch 300, [1976] 3 WLR 1, [1976]

2 All ER 543 140 Gouriet v Union of Post Office Workers [1978] AC 435, [1977] 3 WLR 300, [1977]

3 All ER 70 219, 223 Gregory v Camden London Borough Council [1966] 1 WLR 899, [1966]

2 All ER 196 219, 229 Grunwick Processing Laboratories Ltd v Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration

Service [1978] AC 655, [1978] 2 WLR 277, [1978] 1 All ER 338 130 Guppys (Bridport) Ltd v Sandhoe (1975) 30 P & CR 69 150

H K (An infant), Re [1967] 2 QB 617, [1967] 2 WLR 962, [1967] 1 All ER 226 163, 165 Hall & Co v Shoreham-by-Sea Urban District Council [1964] 1 WLR 240, [1964]

1 All ER 1 201 Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council v Secretary of State for the

Environment [1991] AC 521, [1990] 3 All ER 589 269 Hanks v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1963] 1 QB 999, [1962]

3 WLR 1482, [1963] 1 All ER 47 198 Hazell v Hammersmith and Fulham London Borough Council [1992] 2 AC 1, [1991]

2 WLR 372, [1991] 1 All ER 545, HL 44 Hedley, Byrne & Co v Heller & Partners [1964] AC 465, [1963] 3 WLR 101, [1963]

2 All ER 575 63 Herring v Templeman [1973] 3 All ER 569 156 Heywood v Hull Prison Board of Visitors [1980] 1 WLR 1386, [1980] 3 All ER 594 237

Hibernian Property Co Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment (1974)

72 LGR 350 162, 163 Hill v Parsons (CA) & Co [1972] 1 Ch 305, [1971] 3 WLR 995, [1971] 3 All ER 1345 159 Hitchens, Robert (Builders) Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1978]

JPL 554 207 Hoffmann-La Roche & Co A G v Secretary of State for Trade and Industry [1975]

AC 295, [1973] 3 WLR 805, [1973] 3 All ER 945 222, 243 Home Office v Dorset Yacht Co Ltd [1970] AC 1004, [1970] 2 WLR 1140, [1970]

2 All ER 294 250 Hone v Maze Prison Board of Prison Visitors [1988] AC 379, [1988] 1 All ER 321 174 Horrocks v Lowe [1975] AC 135, [1974] 2 WLR 282, [1974] 1 All ER 662 59 Hounslow London Borough Council v Twickenham Garden Developments Ltd

[1971] Ch 233, [1970] 3 WLR 538, [1970] 3 All ER 326 157 Howard v Bodington (1877) 2 PD 203 128 Howard v Secretary of State for the Environment [1975] QB 235, [1974]

2 WLR 459, [1974] 1 All ER 644 133 Howell v Falmouth Boat Construction Co [1951] AC 837, [1951] 2 TLR 151, [1951]

2 All ER 278 145 Huth v Clarke (1890) 25 QBD 391 141

Inland Revenue Commissioners v National Federation of Self-Employed

and Small Businesses Ltd [1981] 2 WLR 722, [1981] 2 All ER 93 (sub nom

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p National Federation of

Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd [1982] AC 617) 216, 229, 233, 235

James v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1965] 3 All ER 602 147 Jeffs v New Zealand Dairy Production and Marketing Board [1967] 1 AC 551,

[1967] 2 WLR 136, [1966] 3 All ER 863 139, 169, 172 John v Rees [1969] 2 WLR 1294, [1969] 2 All ER 274 160 Johnson, B & Co (Builders) Ltd v Minister of Health [1947] 2 All ER 395 160, 163 Jolliffe v Secretary of State for the Environment (1971) 218 EG 565

[1995] 2 AC 633, [1995] 3 WLR 152, [1995] 3 All ER 353 212

Keating v Bromley London Borough Council (1995) Times, 30 June 30, .63 Kent County Council v Peter Thompson Poultry [1989] COD 517, [1989] Crim LR 651, [1990] 2 CMLR 893 115 Kent Messenger Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment (1976) 241 EG 25 151 Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council v Wickes Building Supplies Ltd [1992]

3 WLR 170, [1992] 3 All ER 717 222 Kruse v Johnson [1898] 2 QB 91 118

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

L (AC) (An infant) Re [1971] 3 All ER 743 134, 146 Laker Airways Ltd v Department of Trade [1977] QB 643, [1977]

2 WLR 234, [1977] 2 All ER 182 13, 147, 194 Lavender, H & Son Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970]

1 WLR 1231, [1970] 3 All ER 871 194, 242 Law v National Greyhound Racing Club Ltd [1983] 1 WLR 1302, [1983]

3 All ER 300 228 Leary v National Union of Vehicle Builders [1971] Ch 34, [1970] 3 WLR 434,

[1970] 2 All ER 713 164, 176 Lee v Department of Education and Science (1968) 66 LGR 211 134 Leech v Parkhurst Prison Deputy Governor [1988] AC 533, [1988] 1 All ER 485 158 Legg v Inner London Education Authority [1972] 1 WLR 1245, [1972] 3 All ER 177 135 Leigh v National Union of Railwaymen [1970] Ch 326, [1970] 2 WLR 60, [1969]

3 All ER 1249 176 Lever Finance Ltd v Westminster (City) London Borough Council [1971]

1 QB 222, [1970] 3 WLR 732, [1970] 3 All ER 496 142, 213 Lewis v Heffer [1978] 1 WLR 1061, [1978] 3 All ER 354 156 Liversidge v Anderson [1942] AC 206 190 Liyanage v R [1967] 1 AC 259, [1966] 2 WLR 682, [1966] 1 All ER 650 10 Local Government Board v Arlidge [1915] AC 120 171, 172 London and Clydeside Estates Ltd v Aberdeen District Council [1980]

1 WLR 182, [1979] 3 All ER 876 129 Lord Advocate v Strathclyde Regional Council (1988) Times, 17 March 20 Luke v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1968] 1 QB 172, [1967]

3 WLR 801, [1967] 2 All ER 1066

[1995] 2 AC 633, [1995] 3 WLR 152, [1995] 3 All ER 353 34

M v Home Office [1992] QB 270, [1993] 3 WLR 433, [1992] 4 All ER 97 224, 253

M (A Minor) and another v Newham London Borough Council 63 Main v Swansea City Council (1985) 49 P & CR 26 132 Makanjuola v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [1992] 3 All ER 617 258 Malloch v Aberdeen Corporation [1971] 1 WLR 1578, [1971] 2 All ER 1278 159 Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissioner [1979] Ch 344, [1979]

2 WLR 700, [1979] 2 All ER 620 215 Manchanda v Medical Eye Centre Association (1987) 131 Sol J 47 173 Manchester City Council v Greater Manchester Council (1980) 78 LGR 560 45 Manton v Brighton Corporation [1951] 2 KB 383, [1951] 1 TLR 1105, [1951]

2 All ER 101 142 Maritime Electric Co Ltd v General Dairies Ltd [1937] AC 610 144 Marleasing v La Commercial Internacional De Alimentacion SA [1992] CMLR 305 127

Marshall v Southampton and Southwest Hampshire Area Health Authority

(No 1) [1986] QB 401, [1986] 2 All ER 584 127 Maxwell v Department of Trade and Industry [1974] QB 523, [1974]

1 WLR 583, [1974] 2 All ER 122 156 Maynard v Osmond [1977] QB 240, [1976] 3 WLR 711, [1977] 1 All ER 64 173 McEldowney v Forde [1971] AC 632, [1969] 3 WLR 179, [1969] 2 All ER 1039 123 McInnes v Onslow Fane [1978] 1 WLR 1520, [1978] 3 All ER 211 154, 155, 157, 162, 175 Meade v Haringey London Borough Council [1979] 1 WLR 637, [1979]

2 All ER 1016 188 Meroni v Commission [1958] ECR 133 245 Mersey Docks and Harbour Board v Gibbs (1886) LR 1 HL 93 21 Metropolitan Asylum Board v Hill [1881] 6 AC 193 62 Metropolitan Properties Co (FGC) Ltd v Lannon [1969] 1 QB 577, [1968]

3 WLR 694, [1968] 3 All ER 304 167, 168 Miller v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1968] 1 WLR 992, [1968]

2 All ER 633 172 Ministry of Housing and Local Government v Sharp [1970] 2 QB 223, [1970]

2 WLR 802, [1970] 1 All ER 1009 61 Morgan Grenfell & Co Ltd v Sutton (1995) Times, 23 March 44 Mountview Court Properties Ltd v Devlin (1970) 21 P & CR 689 151 Murphy v Brentwood District Council [1991] 1 AC 398, [1990] 3 WLR 414, [1990]

2 All ER 908 62, 63

Nagle v Feilden [1966] 2 QB 633, [1966] 2 WLR 1027, [1966] 1 All ER 689 157 Nakkuda Ali v Jayaratne [1951] AC 66, [1951] 66 TLR (Part 2) 214 161, 162, 190 Neilson v Laugharne [1981] QB 736, [1981] 2 WLR 553, [1981] 1 All ER 829 256 Nell v Longbottom [1894] 1 QB 767 56 Nelms v Roe [1970] 1 WLR 4, [1969] 3 All ER 1379 141 New South Wales v Bardolph (1934) 52 CLR 455 249 Niarchos v Secretary of State for the Environment (1978) 76 LGR 480 195 Norfolk County Council v Secretary of State for the Environment [1973]

1 WLR 1400, [1973] 3 All ER 673 143, 145, 148 North Tyneside Metropolitan Borough Council v Allsop [1992] 1 CR 639, (1992)

4 Admin LR 550 44 Norwich City Council v Secretary of State for the Environment [1982] QB 808,

[1982] 2 WLR 580, [1982] 1 All ER 737 3, 191 Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1974] AC 133, [1973]

2 All ER 943, [1973] 3 WLR 164 257 Nottingham No 1 Area Hospital Management Committee v Owen [1958]

1 QB 50, [1957] 3 WLR 707, [1957] 3 All ER 358 19

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

O’Reilly v Mackman [1983] 2 AC 237, [1982] 3 WLR 1096, [1982]

3 All ER 1124 237, 238, 239 Padfield v Minister of Agriculture [1968] AC 997, [1968] 2 WLR 924,

[1968] 1 All ER 694 151, 181, 198, 232, 253 Pearlman v Keepers and Governors of Harrow School [1979] QB 56, [1978]

3 WLR 736, [1979] 1 All ER 365 181, 183, 186 Pergamon Press Ltd, Re [1971] Ch 388, [1970] 3 WLR 792, [1970]

3 All ER 535 26, 156, 170 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (No 1) [1969] 1 QB 125, [1968]

2 WLR 1471, [1968] 2 All ER 545 173 Pett v Greyhound Racing Association (No 2) [1970] 1 QB 46, [1969]

2 WLR 1228, [1969] 2 All ER 221 173 Pfizer v Ministry of Health [1965] AC 512, [1965] 2 WLR 387, [1965] 1 All ER 450 21 Philips v Eyre [1870] LR 6 QB 1 107 Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765, [1974] 2 WLR 208, [1974]

1 All ER 609 8, 122 Pickwell v Camden London Borough Council (1982) 80 LGR 798 50 Plewa v Chief Ajudication Officer [1994] 3 WLR 317, [1994] 3 All ER 323 108, 122 Portsmouth Water plc v Secretary of State for the Environment (1993)

66 P & CR 410 34 Potato Marketing Board v Robertsons [1983] 1 CMLR 93 100 Powell v May [1946] KB 330, [1946] 1 All ER 444 118 Poyser and Mills’ Arbitration, Re [1964] 2 QB 467, [1963] 2 WLR 1309, [1963]

1 All ER 612 150 Pride of Derby and Derbyshire Angling Association v British Celanese Ltd [1953]

Ch 149, [1953] 2 WLR 58, [1953] 1 All ER 179 62 Princes Investments Ltd v Frimley and Camberley Urban District Council [1962]

1 QB 681, [1962] 2 WLR 940, [1962] 2 All ER 104 144 Province of Bombay v Municipal Corporation of Bombay [1947] AC 58, [1947]

62 TLR 643 20 Punton v Ministry of Pensions and National Insurance (No 2) [1964]

1 WLR 226, [1964] 1 All ER 448 213 Pyrford v Secretary of State for the Environment (1977) 244 EG 383,

[1977] JPL 724 34, 35 Pyx Granite Co Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1960]

R v Bailey [1994] Crim LR 367 169

R v Barnet and Camden Rent Tribunal, ex p Frey Investments Ltd [1972]

2 QB 342, [1972] 2 WLR 619, [1972] 1 All ER 1185 196

R v Barnet London Borough Council, ex p Islam [1992] COD 60, [1991] EGCS 83 43

R v Barnsley Licensing Justices, ex p Barnsley and District Licensed Victuallers’

Association [1960] 2 QB 167, [1960] 3 WLR 305, [1960] 2 All ER 703 168

R v Barnsley Metropolitan Borough Council, ex p Hook [1976] 1 WLR

1052, [1976] 3 All ER 452 162, 163, 165, 203

R v Birmingham City Council, ex p o [1983] 2 WLR 189, [1983] 1 All ER 497 55,59

R v Blackpool Rent Tribunal, ex p Ashton [1948] 2 KB 277, [1949] 64 TLR 338,

[1948] 1 All ER 900 179, 225

R v Bowden [1995] 4 All ER 505, [1995] 159 LG Rev 649 58

R v Bradford-on-Avon Urban District Council, ex p Boulton [1964] 1 WLR 1136,

[1964] 2 All ER 492 229

R v Bristol Corporation, ex p Hendy [1974] 1 WLR 498, [1974] 1 All ER 1047 232

R v British Broadcasting Corporation, ex p Lavelle [1983] 1 WLR 23 227

R v Broadcasting Complaints Commission, ex p Thames Television Ltd,

(1982) Times, 8 October 230

R v Camborne Justices, ex p Pearce [1995] 1 QB 41 166

R v Chief Constable of West Midlands Police, ex p Wiley [1994] 1 All ER 702 257

R v Chief Rabbi of the United Hebrew Congregation, ex p Wachmann [1993]

2 All ER 249, (sub nom R v Jacobvitz, ex p Wachmann [1992] 1 WLR 1036) 228

R v Civil Service Appeal Board, ex p Bruce [1988] I CR 649 228, 248

R v Code of Practice Committee of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical

Industry, ex p Professional Counselling Aids Ltd (1991) 3 Admin LR 697 228

R v Commissioner for Local Administration, ex p Croydon London Borough

R v Deputy Governor of Camphill Prison, ex p King [1985] QB 735, [1985] 2 WLR 36, [1984] 3 All ER 897 158

R v Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner, ex p Moore [1965] 1 QB 456,

[1965] 2 WLR 89, [1965] 1 All ER 81 172

R v Director of GCHQ, ex p Hodges (1988) Independent, 21 July 135

R v Disciplinary Committee of the Jockey Club, ex p Aga Khan [1993] 1 WLR 909,

[1993] 2 All ER 853 228

R v Eden District Council, ex p Moffat (1988) Times, 24 November 55

R v Electricity Commissioners, ex p London Electricity Joint Committee Co

(1920) Ltd [1924] 1 KB 171 138, 159, 226

R v Epsom and Ewell Corporation, ex p RB Property Investments Ltd [1964]

1 WLR 1060, [1964] 2 All ER 832 131

R v Essex Justices, ex p Perkins [1927] 2 KB 475 169

R v Football Association, ex p Football League [1993] 2 All ER 833 228

R v Fulham, Hammersmith and Kensington Rent Tribunal, ex p Zerek [1951] 2 KB 1, [1951] 1 TLR 423, [1951] 1 All ER 482 179

R v Gateshead Justices, ex p Tesco Stores Ltd [1981] QB 470, [1981] 2 WLR 419,

[1981] 1 All ER 1027 138

R v General Medical Council, ex p Colman [1990] 1 All ER 489, [1990] COD 202,

(1990) 2 Admin LR 469, CA 6

R v Gough [1993] AC 646, [1993] 3 WLR 883, [1993] 2 All ER 724 168, 169

R v Greater London Council, ex p Blackburn [1976] 1 WLR 550, [1976] 3 All ER 184 230

R v Greater London Council, ex p Burgess [1978] ICR 991, (1979) 77 LGR 74 43

R v Gwent County Council, ex p Bryant (1988) Independent, 19 April 137

R v HM Treasury, ex p Smedley [1985] QB 657, [1985] 2 WLR 576, [1985] 1 All ER 589 9, 11

R v Hackney London Borough Council, ex p Gamper [1985] 1 WLR 1229,

[1985] 3 All ER 275, (1985) 83 LGR 359 55

R v Hendon Rural District Council, ex p Chorley [1933] 2 KB 696 56, 166, 225, 229

R v Hereford Corporation, ex p Harrower [1970] 1 WLR 1424, [1970] 3 All ER 460 233

R v Higher Education Funding Council, ex p Institute of Dental Surgery [1994]

R v Housing Appeal Tribunal [1920] 3 KB 334 170

R v Hull Prison Board of Visitors, ex p St Germain [1979] QB 425,

[1979] 2 WLR 42, [1979] 1 All ER 701 158, 172, 226

R v Hull University Visitor, ex p Page [1993] AC 682, [1992] 3 WLR 1112,

[1993] 1 All ER 97 183

R v Inland Revenue Commissioners, ex p Preston [1985] AC 835, [1985] 2 WLR 836, [1985] 2 All ER 327 147

R v Inspectorate of Pollution, ex p Greenpeace (No 2) [1994] 4 All ER 329 217

R v Islington London Borough Council, ex p Building Employers Confederation,

R v Lewisham London Borough Council, ex p Shell UK Ltd [1988] 1 All ER 938 200, 203

R v Licensing Authority, ex p Smith Kline [1988] 3 WLR 896 253

R v Liverpool Corporation, ex p Liverpool Taxi Fleet Operators’ Association

R v North Hertfordshire District Council, ex p Sullivan [1981] JPL 752 219, 229

R v Northumberland Compensation Appeal Tribunal, ex p Shaw [1952] 1 KB 338,

R v Parole Board, ex p Wilson [1992] QB 740, [1992] 2 All ER 576 155

R v Police Complaints Board, ex p Madden [1983] 1 WLR 447 226

R v Pontypool Gaming Licensing Committee, ex p Risca Cinemas Ltd [1970]

1 WLR 1299, [1970] 3 All ER 241 133

R v Port of London Authority, ex p Kynoch [1919] 1 KB 176 193

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

R v Post Office, ex p ASTMS [1981] ICR 76 [1981] 1 All ER 139 135

R v Registrar-General, ex p Smith [1991] 2 QB 393, [1991] 2 WLR 782, [1991] 2 All ER 88 10

R v Richmond-upon-Thames London Borough Council, ex p McCarthy and Stone

(Developments) Ltd [1992] 2 AC 48, [1991] 3 WLR 941, [1991] 4 All ER 897, HL 9

R v Secretary of State for Education, ex p Hardy (1988) Times, 28 July 148

R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex p Equal Opportunities Commission [1993]

1 WLR 872, [1993] 1 All ER 1022, CA, [1994] 1 All ER 910, HL 7, 214, 218

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Brent London Borough

Council & Others [1982] QB 593, [1982] 2 WLR 693 162, 193

R v Secretary of State for the Environment, ex p Hillingdon London Borough

R v Secretary of State for Health, ex p Keen [1990] COD 371, (1991) 3 Admin LR 180 7

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Asif Khan [1984]

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p McQuillan [1995] COD 137 6

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Northumbria Police Authority, [1988] 2 WLR 590, [1988] 1 All ER 556 12

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Oladehinde [1991] 1 AC 254 140

R v Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex p Tarrant [1985] QB 251 174

R v Secretary of State for Social Security, ex p Britnell [1991] 1 WLR 198 122

R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association of Metropolitan

Authorities [1986] 1 WLR 1, [1986] 1 All ER 164, (1985) 83 LGR 796 137

R v Secretary of State for Social Services, ex p Association of Metropolitan

Authorities (1993) 5 Admin LR 6, [1993] COD 54 135

R v Secretary of State for Transport, ex p Factortame Ltd (case C-213/89),

[1990] 3 CMLR 807 253

R v Sevenoaks District Council, ex p Terry [1985] 3 All ER 226 168, 194

R v Sheer Metalcraft Ltd [1954] 1 QB 586, [1954] 2 WLR 777, [1954] 1 All ER 542 120

R v Sheffield City Council, ex p Chadwick (1985) 84 LGR 563 55

R v Sussex Justices, ex p McCarthy [1924] 1 KB 256 168

R v Thames Magistrates’ Court, ex p Polemis [1974] 1 WLR 1371,

[1974] 2 All ER 1219 173

R v Trafford Magistrates’ Court, ex p Riley (1996) 160 JP 418, [1995] COD 373 171

R v Westminster Assessment Committee [1941] 1 KB 53 167

R v Wirral Metropolitan Borough Council, ex p Milstead (1989) 87 LGR 611 43

R v Wood (1855) 119 ER 400 118

R v Worthing Borough Council, ex p Burch (1983) 49 P & CR 53 194 Racal Communications Ltd, Re [1980] 3 WLR 181, [1980] 2 All ER 634 181, 182, 183, 185 Rands v Oldroyd [1959] 1 QB 253, [1958] 3 WLR 583, [1958] 3 All ER 344 56 Ridge v Baldwin [1964] AC 40, [1963] 2 WLR 935,

[1963] 2 All ER 66 159, 172, 176, 177, 213, 214, 226 Roberts v Hopwood [1925] AC 578 196 Robertson v Minister of Pensions [1949] 1 KB 227, [1949] 64 TLR 526,

[1948] 2 All ER 767 144, 145, 249 Roebuck v NUM (Yorkshire Area) (No 2) [1978] ICR 676 166 Rogers v Home Secretary [1973] AC 388, [1972] 3 WLR 279, [1972] 2 All ER 1037 255 Rollo v Minister of Town and Country Planning [1948] 64 TLR 25,

[1948] 1 All ER 13 136 Roy v Kensington and Chelsea and Westminster Family Practitioner Committee

[1992] 1 AC 624, [1992] 2 All ER 705 239

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Royal Aquarium and Summer and Winter Garden Society v Parkinson [1892]

1 QB 431 79 Royster v Cavey [1947] KB 204 247 Rylands v Fletcher (1868) LR 3 HL 330 63, 251

Save Britain’s Heritage v Secretary of State for the Environment [1991]

1 WLR 153, [1991] 2 All ER 10, (1991) 89 LGR 809, HL 36, 151, 180 Schmidt v Home Secretary [1969] 2 Ch 149, [1969] 2 WLR 337, [1968] 3 All ER 795 165 Secretary of State for Education and Science v Tameside Metropolitan Borough

Council [1977] AC 1014, [1976] 3 WLR 641, [1976] 3 All ER 665 191, 192 Secretary of State for Employment v ASLEF (No 2) [1972] 2 QB 455,

[1972] 2 WLR 1370, [1972] 2 All ER 949 190 Secretary of State for Social Services v Tunnicliffe [1991] 2 All ER 712,

(1992) 4 Admin LR 57 108 Secretary of State for Trade and Industry v Langridge [1991] Ch 402,

(1992) 4 Admin LR 16 129 Selvarajan v Race Relations Board [1976] 1 All ER 12 138 Simmonds v Newell [1953] 1 WLR 826, [1953] 2 All ER 38 120 Simpson v Attorney General [1955] NZLR 271 130 Sloan v General Medical Council [1970] 1 WLR 1130, [1970] 2 All ER 687 171 Smith v East Elloe Rural District Council [1956] AC 736, [1956] 2 WLR 888,

[1956] 1 All ER 855 186, 242 Smith v Inner London Education Authority [1978] 1 All ER 411 222 South-East Asia Firebricks v Non-Metallic Mineral Products Manufacturing

Employees Union [1981] AC 363, [1980] 3 WLR 318, [1980] 2 All ER 689 186 Southend-on-Sea Corporation v Hodgson (Wickford) Ltd [1962] 1 QB 416,

[1961] 2 WLR 806, [1961] 2 All ER 46 144 Sovmots Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1977]

QB 411, [1976] 2 WLR 73, [1976] 1 All ER 178 196 Staden v Tarjanyi (1980) 78 LGR 614 118 Stanbury v Exeter Corporation [1905] 2 KB 838 61 Steeples v Derbyshire County Council [1981] JPL 582 218 Stoke on Trent City Council v B&Q (Retail) Ltd [1984] AC 754, [1984] 2 WLR 929,

[1984] 2 All ER 332 221 Stringer v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1970] 1 WLR 1281,

[1971] 1 All ER 65 46, 196 Suruk Miah, Re (1976) Times, 4 February 143 Sydney Municipal Council v Campbell [1925] AC 338 198, 221 Tamlin v Hannaford [1950] KB 18, [1950] 65 TLR 422 20 Taylor v Munrow [1960] 1 WLR 151, [1960] 1 All ER 455 50

Taylor v National Union of Seamen [1967] 1 WLR 532, [1967] 1 All ER 767 160 Tesco Supermarkets Ltd v Nattrass [1972] AC 153, [1971] 2 WLR 1166,

[1971] 2 All ER 127 64 Thomas v University of Bradford (No 2) [1992] 1 All ER 964 169 Thornton v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council [1979] QB 626,

[1979] 3 WLR 1, [1979] 2 All ER 349 238 Town Investments Ltd v Secretary of State for the Environment [1978] AC 359,

[1977] 2 WLR 450, [1977] 1 All ER 813 21 Turner v Secretary of State for the Environment (1974) 72 LGR 380 242, 243

Van Duyn v Home Office [1975] Ch 358, [1974] 1 WLR 1107, [1974] 3 All ER 178 100 Vine v National Dock Labour Board [1957] AC 488, [1957] 2 WLR 106,

[1956] 3 All ER 939 138 Von Colson v Land Nordrhein Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891 127

Wandsworth London Borough Council v Winder [1985] AC 461, [1984] 3 WLR 1254, [1984] 3 All ER 976, (1985) 83 LGR 143 239 Webb v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1965] 1 WLR 755,

[1965] 2 All ER 193 198 Wells v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1967] 1 WLR 1000,

[1967] 2 All ER 1041 143 Westdeutsche Landesbank Girozentrale v Islington London Borough Council (1993)

91 LGR 323 45 Western Fish Products Ltd v Penwith District Council (1979) 77 LGR 185 146 Westminster Bank Ltd v Minister of Housing and Local Government [1971] AC 508, [1970] 2 WLR 645, [1970] 1 All ER 734 200 Westminster Corporation v London and North Western Railway Co

[1905] AC 426 199 Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054, [1985] 3 WLR 335,

[1985] 2 All ER 1106, (1985) 83 LGR 725 199, 203 Wilkinson v Barking Corporation [1948] 1 KB 721, [1948] 64 TLR 230,

[1948] 1 All ER 564 169 Williams v Home Office [1981] 1 All ER 1151 256 Wiseman v Borneman [1971] AC 297, [1969] 3 WLR 706, [1969] 3 All ER 275

[1995] 3 All ER 353 156

X (Minors) v Bedfordshire County Council [1995] 2 AC 633, [1995] 3 WLR 152 63

Yew Bon Tew v Kenderaan Bas Mara [1983] 1 AC 553, [1982] 3 All ER 833 108 York District Council v Poller [1975] 73 LGR 522 64

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

UK Law

Abortion Act 1967 110 Acquisition of Land Act 1981 27, 30, 61, 119 Agricultural Marketing Act 1958 94, 181, 232

s 19 181 Asylum and Immigration Appeals Act 1993 76 Atomic Energy Authority Act 1954 21

British Steel Act 1988 92 Broadcasting Act 1990 91, 104

Cheques Estate Act 1917 19 Children and Young Persons Act 1963 195

s 1(1) 195 Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Acts (Northern Ireland) 1922–1943 123 Civil Aviation Act 1971 13, 66, 147, 194 Civil Aviation Act 1982 66

s 6 66 Clean Air Act 1993 105

s 1 105 Coast Protection Act 1949 130 Commissioner for Complaints Act (Northern Ireland) 1969 261 Companies Act 1985 26 Companies Act 1989 140 Control of Pollution Act 1974 110 County Courts Act 1959 186

s 107 186 County and Voluntary Schools (Notices) Regulations 1968 137 Criminal Justice Act 1991 88, 155, 175 Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 88 Crown Proceedings Act 1947 17, 19, 96, 248

s 1 248

Dangerous Dogs Act 1991 171 Defence of the Realm Act 1914 123 Deregulation and Contracting Out Act 1994 60 Disqualification of Directors Act 1986 129

s 1 18, 51 Education Reform Act 1988 41 Electoral Act 1927 (New Zealand) 130 Electricity Act 1989 92, 93 Employment Act 1980 68 Employment Protection Act 1975 90, 95

s 14 130 Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978 68, 214, 249 Environmental Protection Act 1990 41, 95, 224

s 140 121, 122 Environmental Protection (Non-Refillable Refrigerant Containers)

Regulations 1994 121 European Communities Act 1972 7, 98, 126

s 2(1) 126 European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986 98 European Communities (Amendment) Act 1993 98

I NTRODUCTION TO A DMINISTRATIVE L AW

Finance (No 2) Act 1940 2, 189

s 33 189 Finance Act 1989 149

s 146 149 Financial Services Act 1986 228 Food Act 1984 115

s 95(2)(b) 115 Foreign Compensation Act 1950 9, 182

s 4(4) 182

Gaming Act 1968 184 Goods Vehicles (Licensing of Operators) Act 1995 66, 80, 132 Gulf Oil Refining Act 1965 112

Health Authorities Act 1995 7 Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 21, 250 Health Service Commissioners Act 1993 261 Highways Act 1959 200 Highways Act 1971 64 Highways Act 1980 25 Housing Act 1985 74, 109, 116, 119, 131, 189, 192, 211, 231

s 13(5) 140 Immigration Act 1988 99 Industrial Development Act 1982 102, 103, 109 Industrial Relations Act 1972 190 Industrial Training Act 1964 135 Insolvency Act 1986 86

s 124A 140 Interception of Communications Act 1985 215 Interpretation Act 1978 108

Justices of the Peace Act 1949 170

s 3 170

Landlord and Tenant Act 1987 83 Leasehold Reform Act 1967 181 Leicestershire County Council Act 1970 112

s 6 112 Licensing Act 1964 170

s 130 .170

s 193 .170 Local Authority Social Services Act 1970 60 Local Government Act 1933 180

s 163 180 Local Government Act 1972 40, 41, 109, 113, 120

s 250 31, 35

s 262 113, 114

s 320 31 Sched 13 44 Local Government Act 1974 261, 265, 269, 271 Local Government Act 1985 40, 41 Local Government Act 1986 45 Local Government Act 1988 45, 261

s 17 45 Local Government Act 1992 40, 48 Local Government (Access to Information) Act 1985 59 Local Government Finance Act 1982 48 Local Government and Housing Act 1989 48

s 1 57

s 2 57

s 19 56

s 33 45 Part V 46 Sched 9 160 Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1982 114 Local Government Planning and Land Act 1980 46, 193 Local Government (Scotland) Act 1975 261 Local Government (Wales) Act 1994 41 London Government Act 1963 41

Malaysian Industrial Relations Act 1967 186 Malvern Hills Act 1924 207 Medical Act 1983 6 Mental Health Act 1983 70 Merchant Shipping Acts 1894–1995 25, 108 Metropolis Management Act 1855 196

s 62 196, 197 Military Lands Act 1892 119 Minister of Town and Country Planning Act 1943 52

National Health Service Act 1946 184 National Health Service Act 1977 7 National Health Service Reorganisation Act 1973 261, 270 New Ministers and Secretaries Act 1916 123