Web 2 0 and social media for business

The following sections will provide a sense of how a social media mindset emerged from the Internet and how World Wide Web use has become increasingly sophisticated and important to mode

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Roger W McHaney

Web 2.0 and Social Media for Business

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Web 2.0 and Social Media for Business

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1 Introduction to Web 2.0

To some, the term Web 2.0 might suggest a new version of the World Wide Web is running on a vast network of powerful computers somewhere In actuality, this is far from the truth Web 2.0 is a term

coined during the O’Reilly Media Web 2.0 Conference in late 2004 Since then it has been used to describe

applications that allow people to participate in information creation, digital resource sharing, webpage design, and collaboration on the World Wide Web Examples of Web 2.0 applications include Facebook, YouTube, LinkedIn, Flickr, WordPress, Wikimedia, and Blogger Put simply, Web 2.0 sites allow users to collaborate with each other in social settings Users create and share content in virtual communities set

up by software developers according to the purpose of the site Since Web 2.0 does not refer to updates

to technical specification but rather in how people use the Web, this term has been publically challenged

by World Wide Web inventor Tim Berners-Lee He feels the term is a piece of jargon because the Web

is operating in the way he had originally envisioned He called the Web a collaborative medium, a place

where we all meet and read and write (Laningham, 2006).

No matter if we call it Web 2.0 or not, the World Wide Web has been changed dramatically New material

is being created and posted by people from all across the globe Not too long ago, websites were created

by specialists from universities or businesses Today, everyday people are recreating the Web with their posts on Facebook, their photos on Flickr, their videos on YouTube, their blogs on Tumblr, their tweets

on Twitter, and their sense of what news is important on Digg, Reddit and StumbleUpon The Web has become an extension of our daily lives and that is important to business and the way people will interact

in the future

The following sections will provide a sense of how a social media mindset emerged from the Internet and how World Wide Web use has become increasingly sophisticated and important to modern business success

1.1 The Internet and World Wide Web

Without a doubt, the Internet has opened the world to vast possibilities of communication, information creation, data sharing and computing power The inventions of telegraph, telephone, radio, television, and

computer provided a glimpse of the future and a set of capabilities that would eventually be recreated in

an integrated environment made possible by digital technology The Internet’s humble beginnings can be traced to four networked host computers called ARPANET in 1969 to more than 5 billion devices in 2010

Expectations are that more than 22 billion devices will be online by 2020 (Jeffries, 2010) The Internet has provided infrastructure for “world-wide broadcasting, a mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for geographic location (Leiner, et.al 2011).”

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The Internet essentially is a vast computer network formed from numerous smaller, interconnected

computer networks (See Figure 1.1) This network of networks establishes a global data communications

system over which data has been transmitted using different approaches For example, email can be sent

from one server to another using a set of standards or protocol called SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol)

Files can be moved from one server to another using FTP (File Transfer Protocol) The development and acceptance of a variety of technologies and protocols has permitted the Internet to be used in numerous ways

Figure 1.1 Wordle Image Using Wikipedia Definition of Internet

One of the most significant services using the Internet is a collection of interconnected documents organized into human-readable computer screens called webpages A collection of webpages forms

a website The benefit of websites captured the general public’s enthusiastic attention shortly after its invention (Berners-Lee, et al., 1994) and all forms of information began to appear in easy-to-access online

formats Initially, websites were informational and static, and comprised little more than a collection of linked pages usually containing text and images Later, videos and digital assets such as flash animation were added to the mix Websites became more sophisticated and could be hosted on one or more web servers These servers were often tied to database management systems and application servers, and were accessible through Internet addresses known as Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) The collective whole of public websites became known as the World Wide Web (See Figure 1.2)

Web pages are text-based documents constructed according to specifications known as Hypertext Markup Language (W3C, 2009) These specifications permit a wide variety of software developers to create systems that work according to the same rules This means web pages can be created anywhere by anyone and then can be loaded into any browser with a connection to the Internet As long as the page conforms to the standards, it can be viewed as the developer intended on all compliant browsers and

computer systems Web pages are distributed and accessed using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, also known as HTTP The web browser acts as a client, requesting a resource a user wishes to view The pages

are stored on networked computers running programs that respond to client requests These computers are called Web servers and may run software such as Apache HTTP Server or Microsoft Information Services (IIS) running in Windows Server

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Figure 1.2 Wordle Image Using Wikipedia Definition of World Wide Web

Altogether, the computer or computers hosting websites function as web servers From a technical perspective, the client submits an HTTP request and the server responds by searching through stored

content and returns a response message which generally contains the requested content The transmission

of requested web pages can use encryption in the form of Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure, also called

HTTPS This protocol is a combination of HTTP with Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor,

Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) This protocol also provides secure identification of a web server so the client

is assured a connection is made with the desired location

The transmitted material is received by the client application, which could be a web browser, mobile device, application program or other software It will interpret the HTML markup language instructions and render the page into the desired form For Web browsers, this means a human readable version on

a display terminal The arriving material may also take the form of other digital artifacts that result in animation, audio or video outputs

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SLATES Category Description Examples

Search Finding information through keyword

leads to the collaborative work of multiple authors

Users create entries, edit and extend existing entries They also undo and redo each other’s work Bloggers create posts and comments on the work of others

Tags Users categorize content by adding their own

descriptive tags which are short, one or two word descriptions Tags facilitate searching based on what website users, rather than developers, believe the sites represent

Collections of tags created by multiple users are called folksonomies (short for folk taxonomies).

Tagging photos in Facebook with friends’ names Creating descriptive tags in StumbleUpon to alert other users of material on a particular webpage

Extensions Extension software provides additional

capabilities to Web browsers and allows more than just HTML documents to be used

Essentially makes the Web an application platform as well as a document server.

Adobe Reader, Adobe Flash player, ActiveX, Oracle Java, QuickTime are all extensions

Signals Syndication technology enables material

to be broadcast to multiple websites and

to notify consumers when new material appears

RSS feeds on CNN.com notify users of new breaking news.

RSS feed capability built into blogs permits new entries to be read in an application like NetVibes

Table 1.1 SLATES: Common Characteristics of Web 2.0 Components

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Linda Stone, a former Microsoft executive and visionary thinker, indirectly demonstrates the development

of Web 2.0 by looking at the evolution of technology in a new way She suggests that technologies have pulled back the shroud on our private lives and moved closer to the individual She describes how computing technologies first were available to only large companies and organizations due to cost and need for engineering expertise Personal computers moved information processing to the desktop giving power to knowledge workers in their everyday jobs Mobile devices and the Web moved power to the individual and their daily social lives – both in and out of the workplace This allowed collaboration, sharing, and interaction to reshape the World Wide Web into Web 2.0 Finally, Stone suggests that

technologies will eventually be integrated with our physical being She says, Intimate Layer computing

will result in devices that monitor our brain waves, examine our sleep patterns, and clock our heart rates and then use that information to better our lives We are already seeing these types of advances in many areas Table 1.2 summarizes (Stone, 2009)

Public Mainframe Computers (1945–1965) Power of information was controlled by a select few individuals

such as corporate managers.

Personal The Personal Computer (1965–1985) Power of information moved to the desktop so knowledge

workers could control data, words, and images.

Private Mobile Devices (1985–2005) Power of information moved to the individual so anyone with

a network connection and computing platform could control data, words, video, and images.

Intimate Self-Technologies (2005–2025?) Power of information will be intimately connected to the

individual’s physical presence and integrated with networked computing platforms.

Table 1.2 Technology Evolution Creating Environment for Web 2.0

To better understand the concepts behind Web 2.0, the following sections will provide an overview of its four major, interrelated components: social media, content sharing, filtering/ recommendations, and Web applications

1.2.1 Social Media Overview

When many people think of Web 2.0, social media comes to mind Hundreds of millions of people use applications such as Facebook as their primary tools to link with friends, relatives, and increasingly, business Social media and Web 2.0 often are considered interchangeable terms and indeed this is the largest area within Web 2.0 applications

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Social media facilitates the practice of social networking and is based on the premise that people are profoundly communal and have a need to interact using voice, gesture, and written language Not only

do people seek social outlets, they rely on social clues in decision making, planning, and communication

Social media supports a variety of interaction in digital environments by making it possible for users to supply, aggregate, filter, and consume information in various forms (McHaney, 2011, p.79–84) A Web 2.0 mindset makes it possible to move the inherent social nature of humans onto new digital platforms

Social media is more than Facebook Facebook facilitates the creation and use of social networks Online

social networks manifest in the form of virtual space where a community of people share information about themselves and their interests These networks can be public or restricted to a circle of friends People access their social networks by posting messages asynchronously or using chat tools to talk

or message in real time Social media users can leave multimedia messages (images, pictures, songs,

videos, or animations) on walls Members create online profiles with biographical information, pictures

of themselves, current status, hobbies, interests, and other information Examples of social media applications include LinkedIn (a favorite of business users) and MySpace

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Other forms of social media include instant messaging (IM) and texting Not long ago, the preferred

Internet-based communication method was email Today, most business users rely heavily on real time communication IMing and texting allow people to communicate in real-time or if a user is offline, the messages queue up and wait until the recipient is available IM providers have added features such as group chats, voice, video, file transfers, and other capabilities Examples of IM systems include Microsoft

Instant Messenger, Yahoo Messenger, and others Texting systems are often included with mobile smart phone devices and can be used to text or send emails

Audio and video conferencing add a level of richness to the IM interface Services such as GrapevineTalk

provide audio messaging and chat tools such as Yahoo Messenger and Microsoft Instant Messenger use both audio and video to enhance communication capability Web video conferencing and messaging ranges from personal video chats to chat rooms displaying multiple videos Skype is a popular web video conferencing tool that enables free web conversations as well as connecting to mobile phones and landlines Skype also permits file transfer and text messaging In the business world, Cisco’s WebEx and other similar products are often used for video or audio conference users

Metaverses (Stephenson, 1992) and virtual worlds are another area of social media The imaginings of science fiction writers have become (virtual) reality to millions of users who inhabit online environments

such as Second Life, Active Worlds and nearly 200 hundred others As computing power, network capability, and graphic resolution has improved, avatars (representations of users) are able to look and act realistically This permits users to interact and communicate in a wide variety of ways

Virtual worlds are becoming more popular both for social interaction and for business Researchers report a growth rate of 15% per month that does not appear to be slowing (Noor, 2009) The most popular virtual world, Second Life, has an internal economy and its own currency called the Linden dollar (L$) L$ can be used for all business transactions in Second Life and has a value that floats like any currency L$ are used by Second Life residents to buy, sell, or rent land as well as other consumer goods and services In Second Life, people can buy and sell homes, buildings, vehicles, clothing, skin, hair, jewelry, pets, artwork, devices, and capabilities for their avatars

Closely related to virtual worlds are online gaming worlds or MMORPGs (Massively Multiplayer Online

Role-Playing Games) These enormous virtual game platforms are commercially developed ventures that

provide adventure and social experiences for the participants Virtual worlds are a large and growing industry In 2008, subscribers to MMORPGs paid more than 1.4 billion dollars in subscription fees (Harding-Rolls, 2009) and the largest game, World of Warcraft, had more than 12 million subscribers

in 2011 (Blizzard Entertainment, 2011) World of Warcraft (WoW), from Blizzard Entertainment, is the most popular MMORPG Social media-based games such as these have enormous business potential

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More than ever, businesses are using social media as a means of locating, understanding, connecting

to, and interacting with their customers Marketing managers are able to move beyond placing ads in relevant venues and can view discussions that either praise or criticize their products and services Posts and conversations on social media sites are becoming valuable sources of data New data analytics tools and techniques are emerging to help businesses understand customers and potential customers New technologies focus on identifying customer sentiment toward particular brands or products, which helps in business planning In some industries, analysts are using special data analytics tools to monitor conversations, tweets and posts on social media sites such as Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter These tools sort through massive amounts of data using complex algorithms to monitor and decode words, opinions, rants, and even keyboard-generated smiley faces The results can help provide insights into consumer mindsets about both company offerings and more general feelings toward the economy and political environments

Social media is multifaceted and has many overlaps in both form and function A basic premise of social media is to enable the posting of content with the intent of encouraging interaction Social media users disseminate and publish text, audio, video, art, cartoons, documents, books and other media using Web 2.0 concepts (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010) Individuals have the ability to publish and distribute materials in ways available only to large organizations just a few years ago Social media promotes sharing

knowledge, the democratization of information, and allows everyone to become content producers rather

than just consumers Social media is a vast, growing area and can be viewed in various ways This book will examine some of the newer forms of social media, particularly areas being adopted by businesses and organizations In a sense, social media takes common services that have been used by businesses for

a long time – newspapers, magazines, radio, record albums, telephones, and television – and recreates them in digital form with an added benefit: a layer of social interaction

Blogging is a social media tool that helped spark the movement from the Web as a place for posting static information to a dynamic read/write communication venue (Wortham, 2007) Blogs allow users

to synthesize and mash material from a variety of sources using RSS feed technology and facilitate the collection of comments and opinions from Web site visitors Blogs can give businesses an immediate voice which can be heard by anyone, anywhere around the world without edits or filters

Businesses can collect feedback, comments, and suggestions directly from their clients, customers and others The blog’s author can acknowledge, edit, or delete this feedback depending on what the business wants the public to view Business blogs can have impact and help connect multiple shareholders in numerous ways Blogs have been used to give an organizational CEO a public voice, promote news stories, announce new products, provide product support, aid in marketing, describe organizational efforts concerning environmental matters, and in other ways Many companies use blogs as news release services because this ensures an entire statement, not an edited version, is posted Chapter 2 of this book will cover blogs in detail

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Podcasting is another form of social media In some ways, this technology can be compared to radio broadcast infrastructure, with a couple of advantages First, it costs very little to get started and second, it

is exempt (in the United States) from Federal Communications Commission (FCC) oversight Podcasters

have the potential to instantly connect to millions of listeners, provided they have Internet access Services

such as iTunes Store and Podcastalley.com list thousands of regularly produced digital audio feeds Some

of these are produced professionally by large corporations and others are created by individuals providing

music, political discourse, news stories, comedy, specialty information, or commentary on a variety of topics Some broadcasts come across as amateur but others are very well done and professional

Podcasts can be created and syndicated without requiring much cost or expertise From a conceptual viewpoint, podcasts can be regarded as audio blogs To create a podcast, digital audio files (generally

in MP3 format) are recorded and uploaded to a server where Internet users are able to access the material on their audio player, mobile phone, or computer These files can be syndicated which means their presence is listed and indexed on podcasting websites that make it easier for listeners to find and subscribe to the broadcasts

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In spite of its potential, the majority of podcasts still are released by small broadcasters and individuals Corporations and big media organizations are beginning to produce podcasts more frequently and recently, the Business Insider published a list of 10 Top Business Podcasts (Love, 2011) Table 1.3 illustrates Still, podcast listeners typically comprise niches and the podcasts cater to the Web’s long tail, which we will discuss later Customization and specific audience targeting tends to keep listeners loyal and coming back for more

Marketplace National Public Radio (USA)

DH Unplugged John Dvorak and Andrew Horowitz

http://www.dhunplugged.com/

Candid discussion on markets, finance, and economy related issues

Sales Guy’s Quick and

Dirty Tips for Getting

the Deal Done

Jeb Blount http://sales.quickanddirtytips.com/

Pointers on how to close more business deals and advance a sales career

Mad Money Jim Cramer on CNBC

http://www.cnbc.com/id/23257000/

Each episode of Mad Money is remade into a podcast covering investment advice

Econtalk Russ Roberts, Professor of Economics at George

Mason University http://www.econtalk.org/

Role economics plays in daily life with topics in areas such as free trade, finance, health care and others The Public Speaker’s

Quick and Dirty Tips

for Improving Your

Communication Skills

Lisa Marshall http://publicspeaker.quickanddirtytips.com

Promotes skills in public speaking and giving business presentations – also covers social situations in one’s personal life including poise, eye contact, and how to be a better speaker in general

Sound Investing Paul Merriman

http://www.merriman.com/learn/sound-investing/

Provides information and ideas on how to successfully grow investments and understand deep market analysis Planet Money Alex Blumberg on NPR

http://www.npr.org/rss/podcast/podcast_detail.

php?siteId=94411890

Blumberg directs correspondents to interview thinkers and the players that influence national economies

Marketing Edge Albert Maruggi

http://www.providentpartners.net/blog/

Advice and insight on new social media with an eye toward PR and marketing – topics often cover Facebook and Twitter

Table 1.3 Business Insider’s Ten Terrific Business Podcasts (Love, 2011)

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Frequently, podcasts are supplemented with a video component Video podcast producers include artists,

educators, hobbyists, small businesses and corporations that use inexpensive digital video technology

to create high-quality visual media with cameras, various editing software and an internet connection From the user’s perspective, a video podcast works the same as an audio one except that a video file type

is used (McHaney, 2011, 106–7)

Microblogging can also be classified as social media Twitter is a primary example of this technology Twitter facilitates social networking with a combination of instant messaging and blogging From a general

perspective, microbloggers send out brief messages that interested people can view on a Webpage, app

or mobile device Wikipedia describes Twitter as: “an online social networking service and microblogging

service that enables its users to send and read text-based posts of up to 140 characters, known as tweets It was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey and launched that July The service rapidly gained worldwide popularity, with over 300 million users as of 2011, generating over 300 million tweets and handling over 1.6 billion search queries per day It has been described as the SMS of the Internet (Wikipedia, 2012).” Tweets

are displayed on a user’s profile page and delivered to other subscribed users, known as followers By default, Tweets are public, but a sender can restrict delivery to his or her circle of friends Users also can receive updates via the Twitter website, instant messaging, SMS, RSS, email or through a third party application such as Twitterrific, TinyChat or Facebook

Microblogging offers a variety of benefits from a business perspective It can provide a real-time communication medium for a manager to contact her team It offers a channel for a business to send important information to its clients Tweets can be used to generate mini press releases A student can shadow the tweets of a corporate CEO to gain a better understanding of business The list goes on and

on Figure 1.3 provides an example business Twitter feed from Zappos.com CEO, Tony Hsieh

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Figure 1.3 Example Twitter Feed from Zappos CEO – Tony Hsieh

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Wikis are another popular form of social media While blogs and microblogs are essentially one-to-many technologies in which a primary user communicates to a group (with feedback capabilities), Wikis go one step further and promote the collaborative power of the web by allowing a community of people to develop content Essentially, wikis are group-blogs or collaborative Websites filled with informative content Wikis become a many-to-many technology where multiple users create and edit Web pages from their browsers Like most social media, Wikis support hyperlinks, images, audio, video, and most other features found on websites Wikis can be open or limited to specific users Business uses of wikis include creating repositories

of business knowledge, creating group-maintained policy documents, documenting procedures and solved

problems, and developing other collaborative documents Wikis work best in business settings when those using the wiki share in the long term benefit of having tacit knowledge maintained In other words, why reinvent the wheel for each software development project when certain lessons could be captured (Bishop, 2004)? A later chapter will provide more detail on business uses and development of wikis

1.2.2 Content Sharing Overview

Content sharing using Web 2.0 ideas has grown in importance and acceptance in the business world Businesses are getting their message out into the world by sharing their material At the same time they are finding innovative ways to leverage existing content that has been developed by others and licensed

with Creative Commons attribution (Creative Commons, 2012)

Content sharing has a great deal of overlap and integration with social media and some Websites like YouTube can be classified as social media primarily focused on video sharing Other forms of content sharing important to business include sites that promote text, photos, videos, multimedia, e-books, business

presentations and all sorts of other artifacts that are created then made freely available Sometimes the material is posted as a means of gaining recognition in particular areas Consultants and business services may take this approach when trying to connect with potential clients Other times the material is posted simply because the developer wants to perform a service to their particular area of interest Occasionally, material such as videos and photos, are posted because people want to share their experiences with friends and online social communities In any case, the vast abundance of shared, free information is staggering and can have a profound impact on business operations This section will provide an overview of several popular content sharing websites and briefly discuss their potential business uses

Probably the best known content sharing site is YouTube YouTube started as a place on the Web where people could post their videos and receive comments from viewers In addition, statistics like total number

of views are tracked to provide the contributors with a sense of whether or not their efforts were being appreciated by others YouTube now offers more sophisticated user analytics data on every uploaded video (Evans, 2009) By pressing YouTube’s “Insight” button, free information on views statistics, demographics,

community, and discovery data (how users found the video, including links followed to get there) can be seen

Businesses can also use YouTube (and other sites like it) to demonstrate expertise, share knowledge, market products and find/connect to customers, potential customers, peers, and other stakeholders (Elliot, 2010)

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Another popular content sharing site is Flickr.com Flickr is owned by Yahoo and offers photo sharing and related services for a variety of users Much of Flickr’s success stems from its strong and active user community Users upload photos into a personal album and then add them to groups that help categorize

both content and anticipated use Group members provide feedback and help provide exposure In Table 1.4, Matt McGee suggests ways to incorporate Flickr into business practice

Match your website address with your Flickr screen

name

This means your website address will be attached to everything you do in Flickr – uploaded photos, discussion entries, and every group you join Your screen name becomes an advertisement for your business website.

Upload high quality photos related to your business If you upload high quality images of your business, and

permit others to use the photos with attribution, this will give you positive exposure.

Flickr profiles can be used to advertise your company

and its products or services

Flickr asks for a profile description and this can become a place to mention your website address It is best to provide

a description here without getting into marketing Also, an icon representing your business can be uploaded

Add appropriate text for each of your photos without

becoming self- promoting

Describe your photos and tags to accurately depict your work Company name or product can be added to the tags It might be advantageous to add your city name or location as

Provide links from your web site to your Flickr

photostream and vice-versa

People will be able to move from your website to find your photos Likewise, people in Flickr can find your website from photos Web search engines can find your material more easily this way

Participate in community discussions and other

activities

By commenting on photos, developing a great favorites list and being prominent in discussions, your screen name (and hence website name) will get publicity.

Be creative You can link with other high quality photographers and

develop a reputation If a high quality picture is being viewed frequently, put a relevant, meaningful comment there so your voice is heard and more people see your screen name

Table 1.4 Business Ideas Using Flickr (McGee, 2012)

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Many photo sharing sites offer photo hosting This means a photo on their site can be displayed on your blog or website without needing to move the photo to your server This will reduce the storage space required for your site and in many cases it can serve the photo to the user more effectively Flickr

is just one of thousands of content sharing communities that have been appearing on the Web Table 1.5 provides a glimpse at others – several of which we will explore in more detail in later chapters In addition to video and photo sharing sites, many sites have emerged that specialize in other forms of media sharing Among the types of media are: articles, presentations, PowerPoint slide shows, eBooks, magazines, and many others

Photo Sharing Sites Video Sharing and Search Sites Other Media Sharing Sites

Flickr –

www.flickr.com

YouTube – www.youtube.com

Big Think – www.bigthink.com (ideas, articles, blogs, and videos) Photobucket –

www.photobucket.com

Daily Motion – www.dailymotion.com

Scribd – www.scribd.com (media related to reading and publishing – articles, books, magazines, and more) Zooomr.com –

www.zooomr.com

MetaCafe – www.metacafe.com

SlideShare – www.slideshare.net (slideshows and presentation material) Webshots –

www.webshots.com

Blinkx – www.blinkx.com

Slideshow – www.slideshow.com (slideshows and presentation material) PictureTrail –

www.picturetrail.com

Vidmeup – vidmeup.com

AuthorStream – www.authorstream.com (slideshows and presentation material) Shutterfly –

www.shutterfly.com

BrightCove – www.brightcove.com

DocStoc – www.docstoc.com (documents, templates, and forms for sharing with a business focus)

SmugMug –

www.smugmug.com

Vimeo – vimeo.com

SourceForge – sourceforge.net (open source software sharing) Snapfish –

www.snapfish.com

Viddler – www.viddler.com

issuu – issuu.com (material relevant to publishing and magazines) jAlbum -

jalbum.net

Break- www.break.com

Openzine www.openzine.com (creates magazines from custom material for online or printed use)

Table 1.5 Media Sharing Sites Useful to Businesses

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Video, photo, and other media sharing services are among the most popular sites on the Web and have quickly gained large audiences of both business and individual users From a business perspective, many advantages can be gained from sharing material and using free, existing material Businesses can save time, money and resources by using existing images, templates, and training material By sharing internally developed material, publicity and name recognition can be increased Of course, the use of material from sharing sites must be carefully reviewed to ensure quality and suitability for use

Most sites provide settings that enable media to be used according to rules regulating privacy and ownership In most cases, an item is made public or remains private so only invited guests possessing a password may view the material Some sharing sites stipulate all images are public domain and may be used in any way Others are strict about usage It is important for the business to determine their level

of comfort with sharing and the potential for an organization to harvest the picture for their commercial use before agreeing to the terms of service (McHaney, 2011, p. 118–119)

In addition to the sites displayed in Table 1.4, a great deal of media is shared using Facebook, MySpace, and other social media Content on those sites is uploaded by users, tagged with descriptive information and made available to friends or the general public

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Other social publishing sites, such as Scribd and DocStoc, target the exchange of the written word These sites provide online books, articles, presentations, PDF files, textbooks, and other documents Scribd has been called the YouTube of the written word and reports more than 1 billion pages of material have been uploaded to its website Over 60 million people visit Scribd each month and form an active community of social publishers and readers Scribd has a vision of “turn[ing] everyone into a publisher and creat[ing] the best possible reading experience on the web and mobile platforms (Scribd, 2012).” It has released an app called float “that aims to one-up different apps by offering many of the same features

in one unified reading experience (Mangalindan, 2011).” This app permits reading a variety of different material from various sources with a common interface Scribd also sells commercial works of fiction and nonfiction for Web and mobile platforms Readers’ ratings help ensure the best items are the easiest

to find (See Figure 1.4)

Figure 1.4 Scribd Provides Business Documents

DocStoc specifically is focused on business document sharing and provides services to the small business

owner According to its Website, DocStoc aims “for the best quality and widest selection of documents used to start, grow, and manage [a] professional life and small business Docstoc provides the platform

to upload and share documents with the world, and serves as a vast repository of free and for purchase legal, business, financial, technical, and educational documents that can be easily searched, previewed and downloaded (DocStoc, 2012).” Figure 1.5 provides a look at DocStoc’s homepage

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Figure 1.5 DocStoc Focuses on Small Business Needs

In general, content sharing has redefined the way individuals and businesses look at information creation

and use A number of new business models are emerging and these models are enhancing the way that businesses can reach out to existing and new customers Businesses can provide free content with links back to their websites or they can use high quality documents and media that have been developed by others and made available online Sites such as Mozy.com and Box.net are also providing mechanisms for business content sharing

New forms of copyright protection and management are emerging We will look into Creative Commons

in a subsequent chapter and explore specific examples of sharing content

1.2.3 Filtering/Recommendations

The Web 2.0 concepts of interacting, sharing and collaborating have made it possible for individuals

to develop recommendations and provide their opinions on almost all online content This ‘grassroots’ filtering process has an enormous impact on consumer behavior in many ways First, it creates a new level of information that replaces expert opinions once limited to powerful individuals with access to the press For instance, not long ago, newspaper editors decided which stories would become their headliners and which stories would be given low priority or not even run That still happens to some extent but social news websites such as Google News, Digg Top News, Reddit, Delicious and others promote the stories rated the highest by viewers who also discover and suggest stories Online stores find that product reviews written by customers are often given more credibility than reviews created by marketing specialists ‘Likes’ on Facebook and other social networks drive incredible amounts of online traffic to particular Websites (Volpe, 2007) See Figure 1.6

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Figure 1.6 Reddit News Allows Users to Determine Top Stories

The collected wisdom of multiple people often provides unanticipated social structures This means new ways of viewing and using information becomes possible Social bookmarking and tagging are two important tools that permit the culture of “filtering and recommending” to thrive within Web 2.0 websites

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Social bookmarking relies on a user community to create a self-organizing reference system based on the perceptions of the group The idea works this way: (1) a community member locates a website they wish to remember; (2) they bookmark the page so returning is easier; (3) software adds the individual bookmark to a database; (4) the database shares the collected bookmarks with the entire group A system such as this allows a user community to share and categorize large numbers of bookmarks and create an index of helpful websites Instead of sites being grouped according to computer algorithms developed by Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, and others, these sites reflect the collective wisdom of people using the web Sites can be ranked based on the number of bookmarks, by the latest activity or other criteria Users contribute their knowledge but have no idea what overall pattern will result

From an individual perspective, social bookmarking is valuable because it provides a way to store collections of bookmarks that are not tied to a specific computer By logging into the social bookmarking website, users can access their favorite pages from any computer with an Internet connection

From a group perspective, social bookmarking provides a way to democratize the Web and shift power from computing organizations to individual users Helpful pages are selected by people that need to use the pages and therefore the bookmarks should represent higher quality content (See Table 1.6)

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Site Web Address Description

http://digg.com/ Digg allows people to discover and share content from

anywhere on the web Users can bookmark sites from the biggest online destinations to the most obscure blog Digg ranks the results as voted on by our community.

http://www.stumbleupon.com Based on user interest profiles, StumbleUpon suggests web

pages, videos, photos and more Users provide ‘Like’ or ‘Dislike’

recommendations to drive future content choices

http://www.reddit.com/ Reddit tracks what’s new and popular on the web using votes

from users Users can bump up or down deciding what’s good ( ) and what’s junk ( ).

http://www.buzzfeed.com BuzzFeed is essentially social bookmarking for pop culture

items They suggest marking an outrageous video about to

go viral, obscure subculture breaking into the mainstream, Hollywood gossip and so forth This site focuses on movies, music, and products that are on the rise.

http://www.delicious.com/ One of the original social bookmarking sites, Delicious helps

users find material on the Web and collect it for easy sharing.

http://www.clipmarks.com/ Clipmarks.com is a variant of social bookmarking that enables

users to see clips of text, images or video related to topics people find while surfing the web.

http://www.diigo.com/ Diigo started as a popular social bookmarking site but now

offers web annotation and collaborative research services together with collecting capability for screenshots, pictures, notes, and more Also offers mobile platform support.

http://chime.in/ Chime.In is an interest network where users share, connect,

and build communities around their favorite topics.

Table 1.6 Popular Social Bookmarking and Related Sites

Tags are closely related to social bookmarking and are often used as a key component of these sites Tags are essentially descriptive keywords assigned by people to help identify the content of a resource on the web This resource can be a webpage, image, blog entry, video, or anything else These keywords are meant to make it easier to find a resource again or to better describe a page for future searches Tags are informally assigned by a viewer or item ‘owner’ As more users contribute their tags, a collection grows This collection is known as a folksonomy

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Tagging is one of the major underlying tools that have enabled Web 2.0 to become driven by individuals and their collaborative perspectives Figures 1.1 and 1.2 in this chapter both illustrate the use of tag clouds

generated by how often words occur The more often a tag set developed by a user contains common words, the larger that word becomes in the cloud Cloud tags can be generated on the Website called Wordle.net (see Figure 1.7)

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Figure 1.7 Wordle.net Homepage

Tagging is not limited to just virtual applications In fact, tagging is now used by owners of mobile devices to describe real world geographic locations, features, and other objects Sekai Camera of Japan offers technology that uses the iPhone camera to overlay tags and information onto any object in the real world Other users can look through their camera and see icons pop up that contain information

on buildings, stores, sightseeing spots or objects (Toto, 2009) Although in its infancy, this technology (or others like it) promises to create an augmented reality that provides a vast number of new business opportunities Marketing, advertising, information services, and other applications will thrive in this augmented reality environment

The underlying technology driving this use of tagging results when mobile devices take pictures and read bar codes that are linked to geospatial databases GPS coordinates are attached to a database of tags that describe the real world objects Museums, conference halls, parks, businesses and other entities are exploring these ideas to virtualize the real world Some believe this could eventually form the basis for recreating the physical world in cyberspace and in metaverses (McHaney, 2011, p 87) Several technical issues remain For instance, cameras don’t have embedded compasses so the device doesn’t know which direction it is being pointed when tags are retrieved Users need to intervene and select from a number

of different tag sets to rectify this problem

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Social bookmarking and tagging provide a basic technology that helps filter and classify some of the vast information on the Web Drawbacks do exist Sometimes tags are misspelled or inaccurate Information can be wrongly classified There are no tagging standards and language issues can be a barrier Tags can have different structures with some being plural and others singular, and so forth However, even with these problems, Web 2.0 is being built by people for people

1.2.4 Web Applications

Another aspect of Web 2.0 is the amazing proliferation of easy-to-use, low-cost tools called apps Whether

for business, pleasure, or individual productivity, hundreds of thousands of cross-platform applications are readily available for nearly every imaginable use Business users can visit the Apple or Android App store and find tools to help accomplish tasks using mobile devices The general premise is that these web applications are conveniently available over networks and can be easily discovered and downloaded by users The Apple App Store and the Android Store provide a mechanism to accomplish this for mobile devices Their infrastructure helps drive down distribution and maintenance costs Apps are also available

from other sources (typically websites) and may not always be focused on mobile devices

Common business applications include: virtual office tools, database systems, webmail, graphics manipulation software, video and audio editors, accounting software, customer relationship management

(CRM), sales force management, human resources, project management, and countless others This aspect of Web 2.0 will be described in subsequent chapters Table 1.7 provides a list of top business apps recommended by PC Magazine and others

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Dragon Diction Voice transcription software with the ability to share

messages via e-mail, Facebook, and Twitter.

Dropbox for iPad Free app enables offline file sharing between desktops,

laptops, and mobile devices.

FileMaker Go Allows users to access databases on the go without

needing a laptop or PC.

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App Icon Description

iWork This is really three apps: Keynote for presentations,

Numbers for spreadsheets and Pages for word processing These three apps give a user the ability to transform a mobile device into a personal productivity too

Line2 Transforms a mobile device into a call center with

fully-featured phone systems that can send and receive calls and text messages over Wi-Fi or 3G connections Permits caller ID, multiple calls, visual and email based voicemail, call waiting, conferencing, call forwarding

LogMeIn Ignition Provides anytime or place remote access to all of a user’s

computers.

Quickoffice Pro Allows users to create, edit, access and share MS-Office

files.

Twitter This mobile microblogging tool allows a user to receive

twitter updates and to send tweets to followers

Power.ME This is a project management app that also organizes all

tasks, notes, calendar dates, and computer files.

SpringPad This free app allows users to quickly save the ideas,

notes, thoughts, messages, websites and other important information using the web, phone or mobile device

Table 1.7 Sample of Useful Apps for Business

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1.3 Conclusions

Business practices are being transformed by emerging capabilities enabled by the Internet and Web technologies The most recent changes are related to Web 2.0 and the use of mobile smart devices We introduced the components of Web 2.0 including: (1) social media, (2) filtering and recommendations, (3) content sharing, and (4) Web applications All these technologies are causing organizations to rethink the way they do business and connect with their customers, employees and other stakeholders

Chapter 1 only provided an overview of the technologies we will explore in more detail throughout this book As you will see, the business opportunities available to today’s students are really unprecedented You are in a position to be part of a movement to redefine the future of business It is an exciting time to

be preparing to enter the work force The next chapter continues the discussion of Web 2.0 technologies looking specifically at blogging and related technologies

1.4 Bibliography

Berners-Lee, T., Cailliau, R., Luotonen, A., Nielsen, H.F., and Secret, A (1994) “The World-Wide Web.”

Communications of the ACM 37(8) pp 76–82.

Bishop, T (2004, January 26) Microsoft Notebook: Wiki pioneer planted the seed and watched it grow

Seattlepi.com http://www.seattlepi.com/business/158020_msftnotebook26.html

Blizzard Entertainment (2011) “World of Warcraft subscriber base reaches 12 million worldwide.” Blizzard Entertainment http://us.blizzard.com/en-us/company/press/pressreleases.html?101007

Creative Commons (2012) Creative Commons Homepage http://creativecommons.org

DocStoc (2012) DocStoc About Page http://www.docstoc.com/about/

Elliot, A.M (2010) “Ten YouTube Tips for Small Businesses.” Mashable Business

Jeffries, A (2010) “Phones, TVs, Cars Leading the Way to 22 Billion Internet-Connected Things.” Read

from: http://www.readwriteweb.com/archives/22_billion_phones_tvs_cars_on_internet_of_things.php

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Kaplan, A.M., Haenlein, M (2010) “Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of social

media” Business Horizons 53(1): pp 59–68.

Laningham, S (2006) developerWorks Interviews: Tim Berners-Lee, developerWorks Website, IBM, Retrieved from: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/podcast/dwi/cm-int082206txt.html

Leiner, B.M., Vinton G Cerf, V.G., Clark, D.D., Kahn, R.E., Kleinrock, L., Lynch, D.C., Postel, J.,

Roberts, L.G., Wolff, S (2011) “Brief History of the Internet, Internet Society Website.”

Scribd (2012) Scribd Homepage Scribd.com: http://www.scribd.com/

Stephenson, N (1992) Snow Crash Bantam Spectra.

Stone, L (2009) “Why Managing Vulnerability and Reputation is More Important than Ever Before.”

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W3C (2009) “World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) About the Consortium.”

http://www.w3.org/standards/

Wikipedia (2012) Twitter Retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter

Wortham, J (2007) “After 10 years of blogs, the future’s brighter than ever.” Wired

http://www.wired.com/entertainment/theweb/news/2007/12/blog_anniversary/

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2 Blogging for Business

Blogs were among the first applications to become associated with the transition from static web pages

to social media In early forms, blogs were most commonly used as online journals and had evolved from Usenet, bulletin board systems, and moderated newsgroups In the mid-1990’s more online journals

began to appear These journals were soon known as weblogs This word eventually was shortened to

‘blog’ by Jorn Barger (Wortham, 2007)

In their original form, weblogs were not collaborative technologies Instead, they gave an individual voice to a person wishing to place their thoughts and opinions into an unedited public space This one-to-many communication tool soon was updated to allow readers to post comments and provide feedback Since that time, the blog has become a place where material can be synthesized, mashed, and then opened to comments Likes and dislikes can be noted Video, audio, images and other media can

be incorporated into blog entries A variety of blogging tools, websites, and services have emerged in support As of Feb 2011, the Nielsen Company reported that over 156 million blogs existed on the web (Nielsen Company, 2011a) and that next to Facebook, more minutes were spent by web users on the website Blogger.com than any other site (Nielsen Company, 2011b)

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Why should business pay attention to the blog? The widespread use of blogging technology alone is reason

enough to consider the implications for connecting with potential customers, promoting products and developing a recognized business presence A business blog can give an organization the opportunity

to get its message out into the world in the way it desires Business blogs can come from many sources within an organization including the CEO, a marketing executive, product development department, product support specialist, and others

When reading a business blog, it is important to realize it has been developed to achieve a particular organizational goal For instance, the General Motors Fastlane Blog has entries written by a team and often features executives talking about exciting new developments and issues that promote the company’s

image as environmentally conscious and socially responsible (See Figure 2.1) Walmart Corporation blogs

about its corporate giving and support of community activities (See Figure 2.2) Both of these examples are typical of larger corporations They get their message out into the world without external editors, reviewers, or perspectives being interjected They can control which reader comments are posted and which are not displayed

Figure 2.1 GM Fastlane Blog

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Figure 2.2 Walmart Corporate Blog

Small businesses can also use blogs to further their organizational missions Many times startup companies use blogs as low cost advertising They also may be hoping to become better known through social media, social networking connections, and viral marketing For instance, the Goodman Jones Chartered Accountants blog from London provides advice and information about trends of interest to individuals or companies that might require their services This blog seeks to enhance the reputation and give a public voice to the firm (See Figure 2.3)

Figure 2.3 Small Business Blog from Goodman Jones

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2.1 Voice and Personality

Effective use of blogs in a business setting requires understanding several key attributes Among these are: voice, frequency, style, features and passion Each attribute represents a component of an overall personality for the blog and will determine the types of audience that will find the blog useful or interesting

Blogs can be written from many different perspectives A blog’s voice refers to the way the entries are presented and worded For most blogs, this means a departure from a journalism type voice where facts and events are described and instead aiming to create an everyday conversation that makes the messages sound personal to the readers Most blogs are not a collection of articles Instead, readers expect to find specific opinions and a representation of the person doing the writing When comparing blog entries to newspaper writing, it is helpful to think of the blogs being more similar to opinion columns and editorials

than to headline articles A blog’s voice will embody the approach the writer takes for communication Blogs often use humor, sarcasm, self-deprecation, irony, over-the-top seriousness, or other approaches

to create a voice that captures the readers’ attention

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