Database Architecture Physical Database Files SQL Server 2000 databases have three types of files: Primary data files: This file contains the startup information for the database an
Trang 1Appendix SQL Server 2000
Hoàng Hữu Việt
IT Faculty, Vinh University
A reference of SQL Server
Books Online
Trang 3 To install Sql Server 2000
Insert the Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 compact disc in your CD-ROM drive If the compact disc does not autorun, double-click Autorun.exe in the root directory of the compact disc
Select Install Database Server and setup
prepares the SQL Server Installation Wizard At
the Welcome screen, click Next.
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In the Computer Name dialog box, Local
Computer is the default option and the local
computer name appears in the edit box Click
Next.
In the Installation Selection dialog box, click
Create a new instance of SQL Server, or install Client Tools, and then click Next.
Follow directions on the User Information,
Software License Agreement and related
screens
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In the Installation Definition dialog box, click
Server and Client Tools, and then click Next.
In the Instance Name dialog box, if the Default
check box is available, you can install either the
default or a named instance If the Default check
box is not available, a default instance has already been installed, and you can install only a named instance
To install the default instance, select the Default check box, and click Next.
Trang 6 To install Sql Server 2000
In the Setup Type dialog box, click Typical or
Minimum, and then click Next.
In the Service Accounts dialog box, click Local, and then click Next.
In the Authentication Mode dialog box, click
Mixed Mode, enter password for sa user, and
then click Next.
For information about Authentication modes options, see
Authentication Modes.
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When you are finished specifying options, click
Next in the Start Copying Files dialog box.
In the Choose Licensing Mode dialog box,
make selections according to your license
agreement, and click Continue to begin the
installation
In the Setup Complete dialog box, click Yes, I
want to restart my computer now, and then
Trang 8Authentication Modes
Microsoft® SQL Server™ can operate in one of two security (authentication) modes:
Windows Authentication
Windows Authentication mode allows a user to connect through
a Microsoft Windows NT® 4.0 or Windows® 2000 user account.
Mixed Mode
Mixed Mode allows users to connect to an instance of SQL Server using either Windows Authentication or SQL Server Authentication Users who connect through a Windows NT 4.0
or Windows 2000 user account can make use of trusted connections in either Windows Authentication Mode or Mixed Mode.
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Sql Server security
Trang 10 Right-click on Sql Server Icon in taskbar
After starting the SQL Server service, users can establish new connections to the server
Trang 11SQL Server Components
SQL Server Enterprise Manager
SQL Server Enterprise Manager is the primary administrative tool for SQL Server and provides an MMC-compliant user interface that allows users to:
Define groups of SQL Server instances.
Create and administer all SQL Server databases, objects, logins, users, and permissions in each registered server.
SQL Query Analyzer
SQL Query Analyzer is a graphical user interface for designing and testing Transact-SQL
Trang 12Database Architecture
Microsoft® SQL Server™ 2000 data is stored in databases The data in a database is organized into the logical components visible to users A database is also physically implemented as two or more files on disk
When using a database, you work primarily with the logical components such as tables, views, procedures, and users The physical implementation
of files is largely transparent Typically, only the database administrator needs to work with the physical implementation
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Trang 14Database Architecture
Physical Database Files
SQL Server 2000 databases have three types of files:
Primary data files: This file contains the startup information for the database and is used to store data Every database has one primary data file The recommended file name extension for primary data files
is mdf.
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Physical Database Files
SQL Server 2000 databases files (cont…)
Secondary data files: Secondary data files comprise all of the data files other than the primary data file Some databases may not have any secondary data files, while others have multiple secondary data files The recommended file name extension for secondary data files is ndf
Log files: Log files hold all of the log information used to recover the database There must be at least one log file for each database, although there can be more than one The recommended file name extension for log files
Trang 16Database Architecture
Each instance of SQL Server has four system
databases (master, model, tempdb, and msdb)
and one or more user databases Some organizations have only one user database, containing all the data for their organization
The master database records all of the system level
information for a SQL Server system It records all login
accounts and all system configuration settings master is
the database that records the existence of all other databases, including the location of the database files
master records the initialization information for SQL Server; always have a recent backup of master available
Trang 17Sql Server Enterprise Manager
To create a database
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Right-click Databases, and then click New
Database.
Enter a name for the new database
The primary database and transaction log files are created using the database name you specified as the prefix, for example newdb_Data.mdf and newwdb_Log.ldf.
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To create a database
To change the default values for the new primary
database file, click the Data File tab To change
the defaults for the new transaction log file, click
the Transaction Log tab.
To change the default values provided in the File
name, Location, Initial size (MB), and File group (not applicable for the transaction log)
columns, click the appropriate cell to change and enter the new value
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To create a database
To specify how the file should grow, select from these options:
To allow the currently selected file to grow as more data
space is needed, select Automatically grow file.
To specify that the file should grow by fixed increments,
select In megabytes and specify a value.
To specify that the file should grow by a percentage of
the current file size, select By percent and specify a
value.
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To specify the maximum size the file should be allowed
to grow to, select Restrict filegrowth (MB) and
specify a value.
Click Ok button to finish.
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Tables: Tables are database objects that contain
all the data in a database
Views: A view is a virtual table whose contents
are defined by a query Like a real table, a view consists of a set of named columns and rows of data However, a view does not exist as a stored set of data values in a database
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Users: A user identifier (ID) identifies a user
within a database All permissions and ownership
of objects in the database are controlled by the user account
Roles: Roles are a powerful tool that allow you
to collect users into a single unit against which you can apply permissions
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To create a table
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the table belongs, and then click Tables.
In the details pane, right-click and then click New
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Data types
Integers
Bigint: Integer data from -2^63 through 2^63 - 1.
Int: Integer data from -2^31 through 2^31 - 1.
Smallint: -32768 32767
Decimal and Numeric
Decimal:Fixed precision and scale numeric data from -10^38 +1 through 10^38 –1
Numeric: Functionally equivalent to decimal.
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Data types
Float and Real
Float: Floating precision number data from -1.79E + 308 through 1.79E + 308.
Real: Floating precision number data from -3.40E + 38 through 3.40E + 38.
DateTime
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Data types
Unicode character strings
Nchar: Fixed-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters.
Nvarchar: Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 4,000 characters
Ntext: Variable-length Unicode data with a maximum length of 2^30 - 1 (1,073,741,823) characters.
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Trang 29Sql Server Enterprise Manager
To modify a table
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the table belongs, and then click Tables.
In the details pane, right-click the table, and then
click Design Table.
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To open a table
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the table belongs, and then click Tables.
In the details pane, right-click the table, and then
click Open Table -> Return All Rows.
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To delete a table
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the table belongs, and then click Tables.
In the details pane, right-click the table, and then
click Delete.
To see how deleting this view will affect the
database, click Show Dependencies.
Click Drop All.
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To rename a table
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the table belongs, and then click Tables.
In the details pane, right-click the table, and then
click Rename.
Enter the new name of the table
Confirm the new name
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To create a view
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the view belongs, and then click Views.
In the details pane, right-click the view, and then
click New View.
To add additional tables or views to the view, right-click in the diagram pane, and then click
Add Table.
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To remove an entire table or view from the view,
in the diagram pane, right-click the title bar of the
table, and then click Remove.
In the Column box of the grid pane, select the
columns to be referenced in the view
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To create a view
Select Output if the column is to appear in the
result set of the view
To group by column, right-click the column, and
then click Group By.
In the Criteria column, enter the criteria
specifying which rows to retrieve; this determines
the WHERE clause If Group By is specified, this
determines the HAVING clause
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To create a view
In the Or column, enter any additional criteria to
specify which rows to retrieve
Right-click anywhere in the grid pane, and then
click Properties.
Optionally, select:
Output all columns to display all columns in the view in
the result set.
DISTINCT values to filter out duplicate values in the
result set.
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To create a view
Right-click anywhere in the diagram pane, and
then click Run (to view the result set) or Save (to
save the view)
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To delete a view
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the view belongs, and then click Views.
In the details pane, right-click the view, and then
click Delete.
To see how deleting this view will affect the
database, click Show Dependencies.
Click Drop All.
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Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, expand the database in which the view belongs, and then click Views.
In the details pane, right-click the view, and then
click Rename.
Enter the new name of the view
Confirm the new name
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To create a user
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Security, click Logins, and then click New Login.
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To create a user
In tab General
Optionally, in Password, enter a password.
In tab Server Roles
Set Server Roles
In tab Database
Specify which databases can be accessed by this login
Click Ok button and confirm password
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To grant a user
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, and then expand the
database to which the login will be granted access
Right-click Users, and then click New Database
User.
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To grant a user
In the Login name box, click the Microsoft® SQL
Server™ login to which database access will be granted
Optionally, in User name, enter the user name
that the login is known by in the database By default, it is set to the login name
Optionally, select database role memberships in
addition to public, the default
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To attach a database
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Right-click Databases, and select All Tasks, and then click Attach Database.
Enter the name of the MDF (master data file) of
the database to attach If you are not sure where
the file is located, click browse ( ) to search.
To ensure that the specified MDF file is correct,
click Verify.
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To attach a database
In the Attach as box, enter the name of the
database The database name must not match any existing database names
Specify the database owner
Click OK A database node for the newly attached
database is created in the Database folder
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To terminate any existing connections from the
database, click Clear.
Click OK The database node for the detached
database is removed from the Database folder
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To generate a script
Expand a server group, and then expand a server
Expand Databases, right-click the database to script, point to All Tasks, and then click
Generate SQL Scripts.
On the General tab, select the database objects
to script By default, all objects in the database are scripted