1. Trang chủ
  2. » Ngoại Ngữ

Objective increment, its effect and application in multi objective optimization evolution

142 164 0

Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)

Tài liệu hạn chế xem trước, để xem đầy đủ mời bạn chọn Tải xuống

THÔNG TIN TÀI LIỆU

Thông tin cơ bản

Định dạng
Số trang 142
Dung lượng 796,93 KB

Các công cụ chuyển đổi và chỉnh sửa cho tài liệu này

Nội dung

YLVKDUH VRPH FRPPRQ SRLQWV ZLWK WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO VHW EHIRUH WKH REMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQW%DVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVLQKHULWDQFHVWUDWHJLHVDUHVXJJHVWHG,QKHULWDQFHVWUDWHJLHVVHOHFWDQGUHXVHFKURPRVRPHVIURP

Trang 1

 2EMHFWLYH,QFUHPHQW,WV(IIHFWDQG$SSOLFDWLRQLQ 0XOWL2EMHFWLYH2SWLPL]DWLRQ(YROXWLRQ







Trang 3

 LL



7DEOHRI&RQWHQWV

6800$5< 9 /,672)7$%/(6 9,, /,672)),*85(6 ;

Trang 6

 Y

6800$5<

7KLV WKHVLV VWXGLHV WKH PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV XQGHU QRQVWDWLRQDU\HQYLURQPHQWV ,Q SDUWLFXODU WKH DXWKRU LV FRQFHUQHG DERXW REMHFWLYH LQFUHPHQWREMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQWDQGREMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQW

x 7KHRUHPWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDORXWSXWVHWEHIRUHREMHFWLYHLQFUHPHQWLVD

VXEVHWRIWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDORXWSXWVHWDIWHUREMHFWLYHLQFUHPHQW



$VWKH DQDO\VLVDERYHVKRZVWKH FRQVLVWHQWUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDOVHWV EHIRUH DQG DIWHU REMHFWLYH LQFUHPHQW D QHZ PXOWLREMHFWLYH JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP,02*$LVVXJJHVWHG'LIIHUHQWIURPRWKHUDOJRULWKPV,02*$WDNHVREMHFWLYHVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ LQFUHPHQWDOO\ ([SHULPHQW UHVXOWV VKRZHG WKDW ,02*$ RXWSHUIRUPVRWKHUDOJRULWKPV



%HVLGHV WKH HIIHFW RI REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW DQG REMHFWLYH UHSODFHPHQW DUH GHGXFHGEDVHGRQWKHREVHUYDWLRQRQREMHFWLYHLQFUHPHQW¶VHIIHFW,WLVVKRZQWKDWWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDO RXWSXW VHW DIWHU REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW LV D VXEVHW RI WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO VHWEHIRUH REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW DQG WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO VHW DIWHU REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW

Trang 7

 YL

VKDUH VRPH FRPPRQ SRLQWV ZLWK WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO VHW EHIRUH WKH REMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQW%DVHGRQWKHDQDO\VLVLQKHULWDQFHVWUDWHJLHVDUHVXJJHVWHG,QKHULWDQFHVWUDWHJLHVVHOHFWDQGUHXVHFKURPRVRPHVIURPWKHVROXWLRQVHYROYHGIRUWKHRULJLQDOREMHFWLYH VHW ZKHQ REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW RU UHSODFHPHQW RFFXUV $V WKH H[SHULPHQWUHVXOWV VKRZ LQKHULWDQFH VWUDWHJLHV FDQ KHOS 02*$V WR UHVSRQG EHWWHU WR WKHREMHFWLYHVHWFKDQJH



Trang 12

7KLVFKDSWHUILUVWLQWURGXFHVWKHFRQFHSWRIPXOWLREMHFWLYHSUREOHPV 023V G\QDPLFRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPVDQGUHYLHZVWKHLUHYROXWLRQDSSURDFKHV7KHQWKHREMHFWLYHVDQGVFRSH RI UHVHDUFK DUH JLYHQ $IWHU WKDW WKH FRQWULEXWLRQ RI UHVHDUFK DQG WKHVLVRUJDQL]DWLRQLVDOVRJLYHQ



%DFNJURXQGDQG5HODWHG:RUN

*HQHWLFDOJRULWKP *$ LVDSURYHQRSWLPL]DWLRQWHFKQLTXHZKRVHSRZHUKDVEHHQZLGHO\YHULILHG 5HFHQWO\ UHVHDUFKHUV DUH WU\LQJ WR DSSO\ LW WR VROYH PRUH FRPSOLFDWHGRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPV)RUH[DPSOHPDQ\DUHLQWHUHVWHGLQDSSO\LQJ*$WRVROYHPXOWLREMHFWLYHRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPV 023 ZKLOHVRPHRWKHUVWU\WRH[WHQG*$WRSUREOHPVLQ QRQVWDWLRQDU\ HQYLURQPHQWV $ EULHI UHYLHZ RQ *$ DSSURDFKHV WR VROYH WKHVH WZRW\SHVRISUREOHPVLVJLYHQEHORZ

Trang 13

 

 (YROXWLRQ6WUDWHJLHVIRU0XOWL2EMHFWLYH2SWLPL]DWLRQ

7KHUHDUHPDQ\PXOWLREMHFWLYHSUREOHPV 023V UHTXLULQJVLPXOWDQHRXVRSWLPL]DWLRQRI

VHYHUDOFRPSHWLQJREMHFWLYHV6WDWHGPDWKHPDWLFDOO\DQ023ZLWK Q GHFLVLRQYDULDEOHV DQG S REMHFWLYHVDLPVWRILQG [ [[Q ZKLFKPLQLPL]HV RUPD[LPL]HVVLQFHDQ\PD[LPL]DWLRQ REMHFWLYH FDQ EH WXUQHG LQWR D PLQLPL]DWLRQ RQH WKLV WKHVLV FRQVLGHUV

PLQLPL]DWLRQ RQO\  WKH YDOXHV RI S REMHFWLYH IXQFWLRQV I I IS ZLWKLQ WKH

Trang 14

 



0HWKRGVVXFKDVZHLJKWHGVXPHFRQVWUDLQWDQGJRDOSURJUDPPLQJKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGWRVHDUFKIRU3DUHWRRSWLPD>@+RZHYHUDQDSULRULDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHSUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHREMHFWLYHVLVUHTXLUHGZKLFKLVRIWHQKDUGWRGHFLGHEHIRUHKDQG%HVLGHVWKHVHPHWKRGVFDQ RQO\ ILQG RQH VROXWLRQ DW D WLPH $QRWKHU VROXWLRQ FDQQRW EH REWDLQHG ZLWKRXW UHFRPSXWDWLRQZLWKWKHIUHHSDUDPHWHUVUHVHW



%\ FRQWUDVW *HQHWLF $OJRULWKPV *$  PDLQWDLQ D SRSXODWLRQ DQG WKXV FDQ VHDUFK IRUPDQ\QRQGRPLQDWHGVROXWLRQVLQSDUDOOHO*$cVDELOLW\WRILQGDGLYHUVHVHWRIVROXWLRQVLQ D VLQJOH UXQ DQG LWV H[HPSWLRQ IURP GHPDQG IRU REMHFWLYH SUHIHUHQFH LQIRUPDWLRQUHQGHUV LW LPPHGLDWH DGYDQWDJH RYHU WKRVH WHFKQLTXHV DIRUHPHQWLRQHG $ ORW RI PXOWLREMHFWLYH *$V 02*$V  >@ KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG %DVLFDOO\ DQ 02*$ LVFKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ LWV ILWQHVV DVVLJQPHQW DQG GLYHUVLW\ PDLQWHQDQFH VWUDWHJ\ 3$(6 >@63($>@DQG16*$,,>@DUHUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVRIFXUUHQW02*$VZKLFKHQMR\WKHPRVWDWWHQWLRQ



,Q ILWQHVV DVVLJQPHQW PRVW 02*$V IDOO LQWR WZR FDWHJRULHV 1RQ3DUHWR DQG 3DUHWR

%DVHG > @ 1RQ3DUHWR PHWKRGV >  @ GLUHFWO\ XVH WKH REMHFWLYH YDOXHV WRGHFLGH DQ LQGLYLGXDO¶V VXUYLYDO 6FKDIIHU¶V 9(*$ >@ LV VXFK DQ H[DPSOH 9(*$JHQHUDWHVDVPDQ\VXESRSXODWLRQVDVREMHFWLYHVHDFKWU\LQJWRRSWLPL]HRQHREMHFWLYH)LQDOO\DOOWKHVXESRSXODWLRQVDUHVKXIIOHGWRJHWKHUWRFRQWLQXHZLWKJHQHWLFRSHUDWLRQV2QWKHFRQWUDVW3DUHWR%DVHGPHWKRGV>@PHDVXUHLQGLYLGXDOV¶ILWQHVVDFFRUGLQJWR WKHLU GRPLQDQFH SURSHUW\ 7KH QRQGRPLQDWHG LQGLYLGXDOV LQ WKH SRSXODWLRQ DUH

Trang 15

 

UHJDUGHGDVWKHILWWHVWDQGWKHGRPLQDWHGLQGLYLGXDOV¶DUHDVVLJQHGORZHUILWQHVVYDOXHV16*$,,63($DQG3$(6DOOEHORQJWRWKHODWWHUFDWHJRU\6LQFH3DUHWREDVHGPHWKRGVUHVSHFWEHWWHUWKHGRPLQDQFHQDWXUHRI023VWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHLVUHSRUWHGWREHEHWWHU



'LYHUVLW\PDLQWHQDQFHVWUDWHJ\LVDQRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI02*$V,WZRUNVE\NHHSLQJWKH VROXWLRQV XQLIRUPO\ GLVWULEXWHG LQ WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO VHW LQVWHDG RI JDWKHULQJ LQ DVPDOOUHJLRQRQO\)LWQHVVVKDULQJ>@ZKLFKUHGXFHVWKHILWQHVVRIDQLQGLYLGXDOLIWKHUHDUHVRPHRWKHUFDQGLGDWHVQHDUE\LVRQHRIWKHPRVWUHQRZQHGWHFKQLTXHV0RUHUHFHQWO\VRPHSDUDPHWHUIUHHWHFKQLTXHVZHUHVXJJHVWHG7KHWHFKQLTXHVXVHGLQ63($>@DQG16*$,,>@DUHWZRH[DPSOHV



 (YROXWLRQ6WUDWHJLHVIRU2SWLPL]DWLRQLQ1RQ6WDWLRQDU\(QYLURQPHQWV

,QWKHUHDOZRUOGDIXQFWLRQWREHRSWLPL]HGPD\YDU\IURPWLPHWRWLPHDQGWKHRSWLPDKDYH WR EH IRXQG LQ WLPH 6XFK SUREOHPV DUH FDOOHG DV RSWLPL]DWLRQ SUREOHPV LQ QRQVWDWLRQDU\HQYLURQPHQWV*$ZLWKSURSHUPRGLILFDWLRQLVVKRZQWREHDEOHWRWUDFNWKHFKDQJHVLIWKHFKDQJHVDUHUHODWLYHO\VPDOODQGRFFXUZLWKORZIUHTXHQF\



0DQ\ WHFKQLTXHV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG WR GHDO ZLWK VXFK SUREOHPV >@ )RU H[DPSOHVRPH UHVHDUFKHUV VXJJHVW WKH K\SHUPXWDWLRQ VWUDWHJ\ ZKLFK LQVHUWV QHZ UDQGRPPHPEHUVLQWRWKHSRSXODWLRQSHULRGLFDOO\>@2WKHUUHVHDUFKHUVVXJJHVWFKURPRVRPHVWREHVHOHFWHGDFFRUGLQJWRDFRPELQHGIXQFWLRQRIWKHRSWLPL]DWLRQREMHFWLYHYDOXHDQGWKHDJHRIDFKURPRVRPHWKH\RXQJHURQHVDUHPRUHOLNHO\WRVXUYLYH>@$QGVRPHRWKHUVWU\WRGLYLGHWKHSRSXODWLRQLQWRPXOWLSOHVSHFLHVZKHUHWKHFURVVRYHUEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQW

Trang 16

 

VSHFLHVDUHUHVWULFWHGWKXVGLYHUVLW\LVSUHVHUYHGDQGWKHSRSXODWLRQLVPRUHUHVSRQVLYHWRFKDQJHV >@  +RZHYHU DV IDU DV ZH NQRZ DOO RI WKHVH WHFKQLTXHV FRQVLGHU VLQJOHREMHFWLYHRSWLPL]DWLRQSUREOHPVRQO\



2EMHFWLYHVDQG6FRSHRI5HVHDUFK

%DVHGRQWKHZRUNE\WKHSUHGHFHVVRUUHVHDUFKHUVWKHUHVHDUFKGHVFULEHGLQWKLVWKHVLVDLPV WR DFKLHYH WZR REMHFWLYHV D QHZ PXOWLREMHFWLYH JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP DQG HYROXWLRQVWUDWHJLHV IRU PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQV LQ QRQVWDWLRQDU\ HQYLURQPHQWV RI REMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQWDQGREMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQW



)LUVW WKLV WKHVLV WULHV WR VXJJHVW D QHZ PXOWLREMHFWLYH JHQHWLF DOJRULWKP ZKLFK LVDSSOLFDEOHWRWKHVWDWLFREMHFWLYHVHWRSWLPL]DWLRQ,WLVWKHVLWXDWLRQVZKHUHWKHREMHFWLYHVHWV UHPDLQ WKH VDPH WKURXJKRXW WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ SURFHVV $OO RI WKH DERYHPHQWLRQHG02*$VVXFKDV63($3$(616*$,,HWFDLPWRVROYHVXFKSUREOHPVDQGKDYHEHHQXWLOL]HG E\ PDQ\ UHVHDUFKHUV LQ UHDOZRUOG RSWLPL]DWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV >   @,02*$WKHQHZPXOWLREMHFWLYHJHQHWLFDOJRULWKPSURSRVHGLQWKLVWKHVLVZLOOFRPSHWHZLWKWKHP



%HVLGHV WKHUH DUH VRPH UHDOWLPH PXOWLREMHFWLYH RSWLPL]DWLRQ DSSOLFDWLRQV ZKHUH WKHREMHFWLYH VHW PD\ JHW FKDQJHG GXULQJ WKH RSWLPL]DWLRQ  7KHVH DSSOLFDWLRQV VXFK DVRQOLQHQHWZRUNURXWHVHOHFWLRQ>@DQGPXOWLVHUYHUGDWDEDVHPDQDJHPHQW>@XVXDOO\DVNIRUDQRQVWRSRSWLPL]DWLRQIRUWKHYDU\LQJHQYLURQPHQWFRQGLWLRQV:KHQWKHUHDUHVRPHFKDQJHVLQWKHPDQDJHPHQWSROLF\RSWLPL]DWLRQVVKRXOGEHDEOHWRDGDSWDVVRRQDV

Trang 17

 

SRVVLEOH /HW¶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



Trang 18

 

&RQWULEXWLRQVRIWKH5HVHDUFK

,QWKLVWKHVLVWKUHHWKHRUHPVZHUHSUHVHQWHGDQGSURYHGWRH[SODLQWKHHIIHFWRIREMHFWLYHLQFUHPHQW



Trang 19

 

7R FODULI\ ,02*$ FDQ EH XVHG LQ VROYLQJ WKH VDPH W\SH RI SUREOHPV DV WKH RWKHU02*$V ³,QFUHPHQWDO´ LV D IHDWXUH RI WKH DOJRULWKP QRW QHFHVVDULO\ WKH QDWXUH RI WKHSUREOHPVWRVROYH



)XUWKHUPRUH WKH HIIHFW RI REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQW DQG REMHFWLYH UHSODFHPHQW LV GHGXFHGEDVHG RQ WKH REVHUYDWLRQ RQ REMHFWLYH LQFUHPHQW¶V HIIHFW ,W LV VKRZQ WKDW WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDORXWSXWVHWDIWHUREMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQWLVDVXEVHWRIWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDORXWSXWVHWEHIRUHREMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQWDQGWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDOSRLQWVHWDIWHUREMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQWVKDUH VRPH FRPPRQ SRLQWV ZLWK WKH 3DUHWRRSWLPDO SRLQW VHW EHIRUH REMHFWLYHUHSODFHPHQW'XHWRWKHFRQVLVWHQFHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKH3DUHWRRSWLPDOVHWVEHIRUHDQGDIWHUWKHREMHFWLYHVHWFKDQJHLWZLOOUHVXOW LQZDVWHRIFRPSXWDWLRQFRVWLI DOOWKHVROXWLRQVDUHGLVFDUGHGDQGWKHVHDUFKLVUHVWDUWHGZKHQREMHFWLYHVHWFKDQJHWDNHVSODFH7KHUHIRUH LQKHULWDQFH VWUDWHJLHV DUH VXJJHVWHG ,QKHULWDQFH VWUDWHJLHV VHOHFW DQG UHXVHFKURPRVRPHV IURP WKH VROXWLRQV HYROYHG IRU WKH RULJLQDO REMHFWLYH VHW ZKHQ REMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQW RU UHSODFHPHQW RFFXUV $V WKH H[SHULPHQW UHVXOWV VKRZHG LQKHULWDQFHVWUDWHJLHVFDQKHOS02*$VWRUHVSRQGEHWWHUWRWKHREMHFWLYHVHWFKDQJH



2UJDQL]DWLRQVRIWKH7KHVLV

7KHUHVWRIWKHVLVLVRUJDQL]HGDVIROORZV&KDSWHUVKRZVWKHREMHFWLYHLQFUHPHQWDQGLWVHIIHFW &KDSWHU  GHVFULEHV D QHZ 02*$ ,02*$ &KDSWHU  GLVFXVVHV REMHFWLYHGHFUHPHQW¶V HIIHFW DQG VKRZV WKH UDWLRQDOH RI LQKHULWDQFH ZKHQ REMHFWLYH GHFUHPHQWRFFXUV &KDSWHU  GLVFXVVHV REMHFWLYH UHSODFHPHQW¶V HIIHFW DQG VKRZV WKH UDWLRQDOH RILQKHULWDQFH ZKHQ REMHFWLYH UHSODFHPHQW RFFXUV ,Q &KDSWHU  WKH LQKHULWDQFH VWUDWHJLHV

Trang 20

 

DSSOLHGWRWKUHHZHOOUHFLHYHG02*$VQDPHO\3$(663($DQG16*$,,DUHJLYHQ

&KDSWHU  JLYHV WKH H[SHULPHQW UHVXOWV &KDSWHU  SUHVHQWV GLVFXVVLRQV RQ VRPH LVVXHVDERXW WKH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ RI ,02*$ DQG LQKHULWDQFH VWUDWHJLHV )LQDOO\ &KDSWHU FRQFOXGHVWKLVWKHVLVIROORZHGE\ELEOLRJUDSK\DQGDSSHQGL[



Trang 21

 

&KDSWHU2EMHFWLYH,QFUHPHQWDQG,WV(IIHFW

'HILQLWLRQVDQG1RWDWLRQV

$VVXPH WKH LQLWLDO REMHFWLYH VHW LV) IIX ... class="text_page_counter">Trang 27



Trang 28

$SSDUHQWO\HYROXWLRQZLWKIHZHUREMHFWLYHVLVOHVVWLPHFRQVXPLQJ6RZHFDQVHDUFKIRURSWLPDIURPRQO\RQHREMHFWLYHDQGDSSURDFKWKHXOWLPDWHJRDOE\LQFUHPHQWVWRVDYHFRPSXWDWLRQ... IS ZLWKLQ WKH

Trang 14

 



0HWKRGVVXFKDVZHLJKWHGVXPHFRQVWUDLQWDQGJRDOSURJUDPPLQJKDYHEHHQSURSRVHGWRVHDUFKIRU3DUHWRRSWLPD>@+RZHYHUDQDSULRULDUWLFXODWLRQRIWKHSUHIHUHQFHVWRWKHREMHFWLYHVLVUHTXLUHGZKLFKLVRIWHQKDUGWRGHFLGHEHIRUHKDQG%HVLGHVWKHVHPHWKRGVFDQ... SRSXODWLRQ DUH

Trang 15

 

UHJDUGHGDVWKHILWWHVWDQGWKHGRPLQDWHGLQGLYLGXDOV¶DUHDVVLJQHGORZHUILWQHVVYDOXHV16*$,,63($DQG3$(6DOOEHORQJWRWKHODWWHUFDWHJRU\6LQFH3DUHWREDVHGPHWKRGVUHVSHFWEHWWHUWKHGRPLQDQFHQDWXUHRI023VWKHLUSHUIRUPDQFHLVUHSRUWHGWREHEHWWHU

Ngày đăng: 27/11/2015, 11:20

TỪ KHÓA LIÊN QUAN

TÀI LIỆU CÙNG NGƯỜI DÙNG

TÀI LIỆU LIÊN QUAN