Whitetaker''s Almanack 2011 Cẩm Nang Trí Thức

The MASTER OF THE HOUSEHOLD is responsible for: • delivering the majority of the oﬃcial and private entertaining in the Queen’s annual programme at residences in the UK, and on occasion

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WHITAKER’S ALMANACK is the ultimate single-volume reference source packed with thousands of facts, figures, overviews and statistics relating to the UK and the world Using Whitaker’s you can find out

• A brief history of every country in the world

• The annual salary of a major-general

or a high court judge

• The MP for your constituency

• About the main parks and green spaces

in London

• Your rights as a buyer, tenant or employee

• About the Elizabeth Cross and other military awards

…and much, much more!

Contents include

CURRENT AFFAIRS

• Monthly summaries of the year’s news

• Reviews of the year 2009 –10 covering the arts, science, politics and sport COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD

• In-depth profiles of each country

• Maps and flags

• Time zones

• Air distances from London

• UK overseas territories

• Geographical statistics GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS

• Complete results of the 2010 general election

• National, regional and local government infrastructure

• MPs, government departments and public bodies

LAW AND ORDER

• Courts, judges and tribunals

• Police and prison services

• A guide to UK law covering births, deaths and marriages, divorce, wills, human rights and jury service

‘A mighty work

of reference’

Sir Trevor McDonald, OBE

‘A source of delight

• Economic and budgetary statistics

• Overviews of the water, energy and

transport industries

ROYALTY AND PEERAGE

• Kings and Queens since AD 927

• Royal ﬁnances, military ranks,

• A list of UK independent schools

MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS

• Directory listings of newspapers,

magazines, book publishers and

broadcasters

• Lists of local and national radio

stations and their frequencies

• A history of the UK publishing industry

ENVIRONMENT AND HERITAGE

• UK environmental targets

• Climate change

• Museums, galleries and historic buildings

• Sights of London

• World Heritage Sites

• Wildlife and habitats

ORGANISATIONS

• Directory listings of UK clubs, sports

bodies, trade and professional bodies,

trade unions and charities and societies

Other W HITAKER ’ S A LMANACK publications:

Whitaker’s Concise Almanack 2011

Whitaker’s Almanack Pocket Reference 2011

Whitaker’s Almanack Sport Quiz Book

Whitaker’s Almanack Quiz Book

Whitaker’s Almanack Little Book of

Astronomy

Whitaker’s Almanack Little Book of Infinity

Whitaker’s World of Facts

Whitaker’s World of Weird

WHITAKER’S ALMANACK 2011 is essential reference for anyone interested in current

affairs The Almanack’s unparalleled breadth

of coverage makes it indispensable for general knowledge enthusiasts and those interested in

what makes the world tick.

For 142 years the Almanack has provided

an invaluable historical record of the UK

Covering news, history, politics, media, environment, law, finance, science, art, film,

sport and pop music, this is the ultimate book

of facts and a guide to the coming year.

The fully updated 143rd edition includes

• general election results and statistics

• extensive data on every world country

• sports results and records

• the education system in detail

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The traditional design of the title page for Whitaker’s Almanack which has appeared in each edition since 1868

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A & C Black Publishers Ltd

36 Soho Square, London W1D 3QY

Whitaker’s Almanack published annually since 1868

Published in the USA by Bloomsbury Academic &

Main image: Prime Minister David Cameron welcomes

Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg to Downing Street

for their ﬁrst day of coalition government © Matt

Cardy/Getty Images

Spine: Smoke and ash billow from the Eyjafjallajökull

volcano in Iceland on 21 April 2010 © Emmanuel

Dunand/AFP/Getty Images

Top, from left to right:

1 England coach Fabio Capello speaks during a press

conference, a day after losing to Germany in the 2010

World Cup © Paul Ellis/AFP/Getty Images

2 A protester raises his ﬁst in front of the Greek

parliament in the centre of Athens on 6 May 2010 as

lawmakers vote on a drastic austerity package © Aris

Messinis/AFP/Getty Images

3 Jessica Ennis of Great Britain receives the gold medal

in the women’s heptathlon during day six of the 20th

European Athletics Championships in Barcelona, Spain

4 Fire boats battle a blaze at the oﬀshore oil rig

Deepwater Horizon in the Gulf of Mexico © US Coast

Guard via Getty Images

5 US singer Lady Gaga looks on during the German TV

show Wetten dass ? (Bet it ?) © AP Photo/Axel

reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in

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photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior

written permission of the publisher

Whitaker’s is a registered trade mark of J Whitaker and

Sons Ltd, Registered Trade Mark Nos (UK) 1322125/

UK Hydrographic Oﬃce; the UNESCO Institute forStatistics (UIS); WM/Reuters; and the World Gazetteer/Stefan Helders (W www.world-gazetteer.com)

Material was reproduced from (in addition to that

indicated): CIA World Factbook 2010; The Diplomatic List January 2010 © Crown Copyright; Human Development Indicators 2009 published by the UN Development Programme; International Financial Statistics Year Book

International Monetary Fund; The Military Balance 2010

published by Routledge for the International Institutefor Strategic Studies (IISS); Ordnance Survey ofNorthern Ireland, permit number 100036 © Crown

Copyright; People in Power © Cambridge International

Reference on Current Aﬀairs (CIRCA); 2010 World

Development Indicators published by The World Bank; the World Health Organisation Statistical Information System, and World Urbanisation Prospects: The 2009 Revision

published by the UN Population Division Crowncopyright material is reproduced with the permission ofthe Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Oﬃce.The publishers make no representation, express orimplied, with regard to the accuracy of the informationcontained in this book and cannot accept legalresponsibility for any errors or omissions that take place.This book is produced using paper that is made fromwood grown in managed, sustainable forests It isnatural, renewable and recyclable The logging andmanufacturing processes conform to the environmentalregulations of the country of origin

A CIP catalogue record for this book is available fromthe British Library

Gordon Taylor (Astronomy); Hilary Marsden (Countries

of the World); Jill Papworth (Education and Taxation);Karen Harries-Rees (Environment); Graham Bartram(Flags); V P Kanitkar (Hindu Calendar); CliveLonghurst (Insurance); Duncan Murray, Chris Priestley(Legal Notes); Stan Greenberg, Alex Hazle (Sport);Philip Eden (Weather) and Russell Ash (World inFigures)

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THE GOVERNMENT AND PUBLIC

Non-ministerial Government Departments 210

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International Direct Dialling 494

THE YEAR 2009–10

6

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Undoubtedly it has been a momentous year for UK politics: the first televised leaders’ debates in the UK, the first coalition government since the Second World War, the youngest prime minister since 1812 and the first Liberal Democrat to take prime minister’s questions.

The electoral campaign was something that took on a life of its own When the three main party leaders agreed to televised live debates, they – like the viewers at home – could not have anticipated the outcome Commentators seemed to think that Gordon Brown, a prime minister perilously low in the popularity polls, agreed because he had nothing to lose, everything to gain Could he come across as the serious man of letters, of detail, of experience, when pitched head-to-head with his rivals? David Cameron perhaps agreed because he too had plenty to gain, not to mention past form as a politician well versed in the art of public relations The man, though, who simply had so much to gain that no one actually saw him coming was, of course, Nick Clegg If this was

a race, then he was the outsider; the one with less than a sporting chance to get to the ﬁnish Or so it seemed.

Three TV debates later and the political arena had become a very di fferent place Mr Clegg had surprised us all with his ease in front of the camera and a readiness to engage with his audience – often on first-name terms The Liberal Democrats no longer appeared such a fanciful choice In the general election that finally arrived on 6 May 2010, no party won an outright majority, and so, after days of deliberation, the coalition was born Such events command our attention, but the detail can so easily get overlooked,

distorted or forgotten That’s why, in the shape of Whitaker’s Almanack, we are committed

to bringing you a reliable, comprehensive work of reference featuring a host of essential facts and figures Within these pages you will find full general election results (for each and every constituency) plus lists galore including those MPs who were defeated at the general election, those who retired, and those who newly took o ffice We also detail the number of women MPs by party, the average age of MPs and the number of votes cast at the general elections of 2001, 2005 and 2010 Should you want to gauge how the coalition is faring – and which party is managing to get their policies across as pledged – you will find details of the key manifesto commitments from both the Conservatives and the Liberal Democrats.

Nor have we forgotten the saga of MPs’ expenses which set the tone in 2009 Updated information regarding members pay and allowances (including details of sta ﬃng allowance and accommodation expenses) is in the Parliament section of this year’s

Almanack Elsewhere you’ll ﬁnd all the eclectic content that continues to make Whitaker’s

Almanack so special more than 140 years after its ﬁrst publication Alongside in-depth information about the structure of UK society, there are entries on all the countries of the world; plus everything from astronomy to Zoroastrianism; military titles to internet domain names; protected wildlife and habitats to utilities and transport.

At around 1,100 words a page across nearly 1,400 pages, it’s no small feat This year, more than most, has proved an editorial rollercoaster of documenting the UK’s changing infrastructures and institutions And so I would like to thank the dedicated team of in-house editors and expert contributors whose meticulous e ﬀorts have managed to bring such an impressive spectrum of information together in one volume On a ﬁnal note,

Whitaker’s wouldn’t be Whitaker’s without its readers, their vital feedback and useful

suggestions We value all your correspondence and I’d like to take this opportunity to thank you for your ongoing support.

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THE YEAR 2011

CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES AND ERAS

* Year begins at sunset on the previous day

LAW TERMS

England, Wales and Northern Ireland

Scotland

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* In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Christmas Day and Good Friday are common law holidays

† Subject to royal proclamation

‡ Subject to proclamation by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

§ The St Andrew’s Day Holiday (Scotland) Bill was approved by parliament on 29 November 2006; it does not oblige employers to change their existing pattern of holidays but provides the legal framework in which the St Andrew’s Day bank holiday could be substituted for an existing local holiday from another date in the year

Note: In the Channel Islands, Liberation Day is a bank and public holiday

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* In England, Wales and Northern Ireland, Christmas Day and Good Friday are common law holidays

† Subject to royal proclamation

‡ Subject to proclamation by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland

§ The St Andrew’s Day Holiday (Scotland) Bill was approved by parliament on 29 November 2006; it does not oblige employers to change their existing pattern of holidays but provides the legal framework in which the St Andrew’s Day bank holiday could be substituted for an existing local holiday from another date in the year

Note: In the Channel Islands, Liberation Day is a bank and public holiday

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Bournemouth InternationalCentre

Centre

London Docklands

Opera House, London

Centre, York

of Art

London

Week

London

Duke of York’s Square, London

London

Hospital, Chelsea

Arts, Snape, Suﬀolk

Parade, London

Exhibition, Burlington House,London

Design Centre, London

Show, Surrey

Albert Hall, London

Cheshire

Promenade

Aberdeenshire

(nationwide)

Garden, Wisley

Birmingham

Manchester

London

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City of London

India and Sri Lanka

Wembley Stadium, London

Boat Race, Putney to Mortlake,London

Aintree, Liverpool

Crucible Theatre, Sheﬃeld

Hampden Park, Glasgow

Millennium Stadium, Cardiﬀ

Final, Wembley Stadium, London

Championship, Hillside &Hesketh, Lancashire

All England Lawn Tennis Club,London

Germany

Henley-on-Thames

Bisley Camp, Surrey

St George, Kent

Shanghai

Queen Elizabeth Diamond Stakes,Ascot

Carnoustie and St Andrews,Scotland

Wembley Arena, London

Wembley Stadium, London

Daegu, Republic of Korea

Stamford, Lincolnshire

Isle of Man

Meeting, NewmarketLate Sep–

The Year 2011 13

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11 May Chang and Eng Bunker, conjoined twins from

Siam (now Thailand), born

born

16 Nov John Bright, co-founder of the Anti-Corn Law

League, born

21 Nov Heinrich von Kleist, German writer, died

Canterbury, born

17 May Maureen O’Sullivan, Irish actor, born

18 May Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer, died

29 May Sir William S Gilbert, playwright and librettist,

died

racing driver, born

winner (1983), born

born

and journalist, died

12 Nov Revd Dr Chad Varah, founder of the

Model Army, born

and writer, born

11 May Spencer Perceval, Prime Minister 1809–12,died

12 May Edward Lear, poet and illustrator, born

died

28 May Patrick White, Australian novelist, born

30 May Wilbur Wright, American aviation pioneer, died

died

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THE UNITED KINGDOM

THE UK IN FIGURES

THE NATIONAL FLAG

THE ROYAL FAMILY

PRECEDENCE

THE PEERAGE

BARONETAGE AND KNIGHTAGE

THE PRIVY COUNCIL

SOCIAL WELFARE WATER

ENERGY TRANSPORT RELIGION COMMUNICATIONS ENVIRONMENT HERITAGE FINANCE AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS

LEGAL NOTES THE MEDIA TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL BODIES TRADE UNIONS

SPORTS BODIES CLUBS

CHARITIES AND SOCIETIES

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THE UK IN FIGURES

The United Kingdom comprises Great Britain (England,

Wales and Scotland) and Northern Ireland The Isle of

Man and the Channel Islands are Crown dependencies with

their own legislative systems and are not part of the UK

ABBREVIATIONS

All data is for the UK unless otherwise stated

AREA OF THE UNITED KINGDOM

Source: ONS – AAS 2010 (Crown copyright)

and Scotland was taken in 1801 and a census has been

taken every ten years since, except in 1941 when there

was no census because of the Second World War The last

oﬃcial census in the UK was taken on 29 April 2001 and

the next is due in April 2011

only to the area which is now Northern Ireland Figures

for Northern Ireland in 1921 and 1931 are estimates

based on the censuses taken in 1926 and 1937

respectively

Estimates of the population of England before 1801,calculated from the number of baptisms, burials andmarriages, are:

Further details are available on the Oﬃce for National

1570 4,160,221 1670 5,773,646

1600 4,811,718 1700 6,045,008

1630 5,600,517 1750 6,517,035

CENSUS RESULTSThousands

* Figure includes 44,500 non-enumerated persons

ISLANDS

† Includes Herm, Jethou and Lithou

Source: ONS – Census Reports (Crown copyright)

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RESIDENT POPULATION

BY AGE AND SEX

BY ETHNIC GROUP

* Includes those who did not state their ethnic origin and those

in Northern Ireland who stated their ethnicity as white

Mixed

ACCEPTANCES FOR SETTLEMENT IN THE UK

18 The United Kingdom

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* Country speciﬁed only when the ﬁgure for 2006 or 2008 is

over 1,000

† Excluding European Economic Area and Swiss nationals

‡ Counted together due to the use of a single (Federal Republic

of Yugoslavia) passport

§ Includes Taiwan

BIRTHS

* Live births per 1,000 population

FERTILITY RATES

Total fertility rate is the average number of children which

would be born to a woman if she experienced the

years 1960–2 are estimates

TOP TEN BABY NAMES

INFANT MORTALITY RATE*

* Deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births

MARRIAGE AND DIVORCE

Figures are for 2007

HOUSEHOLDS

BY TYPE (GREAT BRITAIN)

Percentages

Source: ONS – ST 2010 (Crown copyright)

BY SIZE (GREAT BRITAIN)

Percentages

One family households

Couple

Lone parent

Households 19

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DEPENDENT CHILDREN LIVING IN DIFFERENT FAMILY

TYPES

Millions

TYPE OF ACCOMMODATION (GREAT BRITAIN)

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Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs and certain disorders

Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal

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ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION* BY AGE (GREAT BRITAIN)

* Maximum consumed on any one day in the previous week Department of Health guidelines recommend that men should notregularly drink more than three to four units of alcohol per day and women should not regularly drink more than two to three unitsper day A unit of alcohol is 8 grams by weight or 10ml by volume of pure alcohol, ie the amount contained in half a pint ofordinary-strength beer or lager, a single pub measure of spirits or a small glass of ordinary-strength wine

NOTIFICATIONS OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES

BODY MASS INDEX (BMI)* BY WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION

(ENGLAND)

* BMI is the most widely used measure of obesity among adults

aged 16 and over BMI standardises weight for height and is

calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2

† Includes morbidly obese

CIGARETTE SMOKING HABITS

Percentages

2000 2008 Men

Light to moderate (fewer than 20

22 The United Kingdom

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THE NATIONAL FLAG

Flag, generally known as the Union Jack

The Union Flag is a combination of the cross of St

George, patron saint of England, the cross of St Andrew,

patron saint of Scotland and the cross of St Patrick, patron

saint of Ireland

Cross of St George:cross Gules in aﬁeld Argent (red cross

on a white ground)

Cross of St Andrew:saltire Argent in aﬁeld Azure (white

diagonal cross on a blue ground)

Cross of St Patrick:saltire Gules in a ﬁeld Argent (red

diagonal cross on a white ground)

union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland under

one sovereign The cross of St Patrick was added in 1801

after the union of Great Britain and Ireland

See alsoFlags of the World colour plates

FLYING THE UNION FLAG

with the broader diagonal band of white uppermost in the

hoist (ie near the pole) and the narrower diagonal band of

is decided by the Department for Culture, Media and

Sport at the Queen’s command There is no formal

deﬁnition of a government building but it is generally

accepted to mean a building owned or used by the Crown

and predominantly occupied or used by civil servants or

the Armed Forces It is now customary for the Union Flag

Sandringham when the Queen is not in residence

Individuals, local authorities and other organisations may

ﬂy the Union Flag whenever they wish, subject to

compliance with any local planning requirement

FLAGS AT HALF-MAST

occasions:

• from the announcement of the death up to the funeral of

are hoisted right up from 11am to sunset

• the death or funeral of a member of the royal family*

• the funerals of foreign rulers*

• the funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers

of the UK*

• other occasions by special command of the Queen

• although a member of the royal family, or a near relative

of the royal family, may be lying dead, unless special

commands are received from the Queen to the contrary

• although it may be the day of the funeral of a foreign

ruler

If the body of a very distinguished subject is lying at a

government office, the flag may fly at half-mast on that

oﬃce until the body has left (provided it is a day on which

usual

DAYS FOR FLYING FLAGS

On 25 March 2008 the DCMS announced that UKgovernment buildings in England, Scotland and Wales

wish to do so, and not just on the established days listedbelow In addition, on the patron saints’ days of Scotland

alongside the Union Flag on Whitehall governmentbuildings Flags are hoisted from 8am to sunset

THE ROYAL STANDARDThe Royal Standard comprises four quarterings – two forEngland (three lions passant), one for Scotland¶ (a lionrampant) and one for Ireland (a harp)

residence at a royal palace, on transport being used by theQueen for oﬃcial journeys and from Victoria Tower when

any building (excluding ecclesiastical buildings) during avisit by the Queen If the Queen is to be present in a

DCMS

after the death of the sovereign, as the new monarchimmediately succeeds to the throne

* Subject to special commands from the Queen in each case

† The appropriate nationalflag, or the European flag, may beflown in addition to the Union Flag (where there are two ormoreflagpoles), but not in a superior position

‡ Only the Union Flag should beﬂown

§ Only in the Greater London area, whether or not the Queenperforms the ceremony in person

¶ In Scotland a version with two Scottish quarterings is used

Opening of parliament by the Queen§

Prorogation of parliament by the Queen§

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THE ROYAL FAMILY

THE SOVEREIGN

ELIZABETH II, by the Grace of God, of the United

Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of

her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the

Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith

Her Majesty Elizabeth Alexandra Mary of Windsor, elder

daughter of King George VI and of HM Queen Elizabeth

the Queen Mother

Ascended the throne6 February 1952

Crowned2 June 1953, at Westminster Abbey

Married20 November 1947, in Westminster Abbey, HRH

the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh

Oﬃcial residences Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA;

Windsor Castle, Berks; Palace of Holyroodhouse, Edinburgh

Private residences Sandringham, Norfolk; Balmoral Castle,

Aberdeenshire

HUSBAND OF THE QUEEN

HRH THE PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH,

KG, KT, OM, GBE, Royal Victorian Chain, AC, QSO, PC,

Ranger of Windsor Park

Greece and Denmark, naturalised a British subject 1947,

created Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Merioneth and Baron

Greenwich 1947

CHILDREN OF THE QUEEN

HRH THE PRINCE OF WALES (Prince Charles Philip

Arthur George), KG, KT, GCB, OM and Great Master of

the Order of the Bath, AK, QSO, PC, ADC(P)

Earl of Chester 1958, succeeded as Duke of Cornwall,

Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick and Baron Renfrew,

Lord of the Isles and Great Steward of Scotland 1952

Married(1) 29 July 1981 Lady Diana Frances Spencer

(Diana, Princess of Wales (1961–97), youngest daughter

of the 8th Earl Spencer and the Hon Mrs Shand Kydd),

marriage dissolved 1996; (2) 9 April 2005 Mrs Camilla

Rosemary Parker Bowles, now HRH the Duchess of

Shand and the Hon Mrs Rosalind Shand)

Residences Clarence House, London SW1A 1BA; Highgrove,

Doughton, Tetbury, Glos GL8 8TN; Birkhall, Ballater,

Aberdeenshire

Issue

HRH THE PRINCESS ROYAL (Princess Anne Elizabeth

Alice Louise), KG, KT, GCVO

dissolved 1992; (2) 12 December 1992 Captain Timothy

1955)

ResidenceGatcombe Park, Minchinhampton, Glos GL6 9AT

Issue

1981HRH THE DUKE OF YORK (Prince Andrew AlbertChristian Edward), KG, KCVO, ADC(P)

Inverness and Baron Killyleagh 1986

daughter of Major Ronald Ferguson and Mrs HectorBarrantes), marriage dissolved 1996

ResidenceRoyal Lodge, Windsor Great Park, Berks

Issue

HRH THE EARL OF WESSEX (Prince Edward AntonyRichard Louis), KG, KCVO

Severn 1999

1965, daughter of Mr and Mrs Christopher Rhys-Jones)

ResidenceBagshot Park, Bagshot, Surrey GU19 5HS

Issue

NEPHEW AND NIECE OF THE QUEENChildren of HRH the Princess Margaret, Countess of

Windsor):

DAVID ALBERT CHARLES ARMSTRONG-JONES,

October 1993 the Hon Serena Stanhope, and has issue,

1 May 1964,married 14 July 1994 Daniel Chatto, and

1999COUSINS OF THE QUEENChild of HRH the Duke of Gloucester and HRH Princess

HRH THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER (Prince RichardAlexander Walter George), KG, GCVO, Grand Prior ofthe Order of St John of Jerusalem

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Born26 August 1944

Married8 July 1972 Birgitte Eva van Deurs, now HRH

daughter of Asger Henriksen and Vivian van Deurs)

ResidenceKensington Palace, London W8 4PU

Issue

Booth, and has issue, Lord Culloden (Xan Richard

2004 Gary Lewis

Children of HRH the Duke of Kent and Princess Marina,

HRH THE DUKE OF KENT (Prince Edward George

Nicholas Paul Patrick), KG, GCMG, GCVO, ADC(P)

Married8 June 1961 Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley, now

1933, daughter of Sir William Worsley, Bt.)

ResidenceWren House, Palace Green, London W8 4PY

Issue

and has issue, Baron Downpatrick (Edward Edmund

Marina-Charlotte Windsor (Marina-Charlotte Alexandra

24 August 1995

Paola Doimi de Frankopan, and has issue, Albert Louis

September 2009

HRH PRINCESS ALEXANDRA, THE HON LADY

OGILVY (Princess Alexandra Helen Elizabeth Olga

Christabel), KG, GCVO

Married24 April 1963 the Rt Hon Sir Angus Ogilvy,

KCVO (1928–2004), second son of 12th Earl of Airlie

Residence Thatched House Lodge, Richmond Park, Surrey

TW10 5HP

Issue

married30 July 1988 Julia Rawlinson, and has issue, Flora

dissolved 1997), and has issue, Zenouska May Mowatt,

2009 Sophie Winkleman

ORDER OF SUCCESSION

HRH Prince Michael of Kent, and the Earl of St Andrewsboth lost the right of succession to the throne throughmarriage to a Roman Catholic Lord Nicholas Windsor,Baron Downpatrick and Lady Marina-Charlotte Windsorrenounced their rights to the throne on converting to

respectively Their children remain in succession providedthat they are in communion with the Church of England

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PRIVATE SECRETARIES TO THE ROYAL FAMILY

PRINCE PHILIP, THE DUKE OF EDINBURGH

O ﬃce:Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA

T 020-7930 4832

Private Secretary,Brig Sir Miles Hunt-Davis, KCVO, CBE

THE PRINCE OF WALES AND THE DUCHESS OF

CORNWALL

Oﬃce:Clarence House, London SW1A 1BA

T 020-7930 4832

Principal Private Secretary,Sir Michael Peat, KCVO

PRINCES WILLIAM AND HENRY OF WALES

T 020-7930 4832

Private Secretary,James Lowther-Pinkerton, MVO, MBE

THE DUKE OF YORK

Oﬃce:Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA

T 020-7930 4832

Private Secretary,Alastair Watson

THE EARL AND COUNTESS OF WESSEX

Oﬃce:Bagshot Park, Surrey GU19 5PL

T 01276-707040

Private Secretary,Brig J Smedley, LVO

THE PRINCESS ROYAL

Oﬃce:Buckingham Palace, London SW1A 1AA

The PRIVATE SECRETARY is responsible for:

• informing and advising the Queen on constitutional,

governmental and political matters in the UK, her other

Realms and the wider Commonwealth, including

government departments

• organising the Queen’s domestic and overseas oﬃcial

programme

photographs, portraits and oﬃcial presents

• communications in connection with the role of the royal

family

• dealing with correspondence to the Queen from

members of the public

• organising and coordinating royal travel

engagements by members of the royal family

The COMMUNICATIONS AND PRESS SECRETARY is

in charge of Buckingham Palace’s press oﬃce and reports

to the private secretary The press secretary is responsible

for:

• developing communications strategies to enhance the

public understanding of the role of the monarchy

• brieﬁng the British and international media on the role

and duties of the Queen and issues relating to the royal

family

• responding to media enquiries

• arranging media facilities in the UK and overseas to

support royal functions and engagements

• the management of the royal website

The private secretary is keeper of the royal archives and isresponsible for the care of the records of the sovereignand the royal household from previous reigns, preserved

in the royal archives at Windsor As keeper, it is the private

management of the records of the present reign with aview to their transfer to the archives as and when

the Royal Collection Trust

TREASURER to the Queen is responsible for:

• the Queen’s Civil List, which is the money paid from thegovernment’s Consolidated Fund to meet oﬃcialexpenditure relating to the Queen’s duties as head ofstate and head of the Commonwealth

• through the director of personnel, the planning andmanagement of personnel policy across the royalhousehold, the administration of all its pension schemesand private estates employees, and the allocation ofemployee and pensioner housing

• information technology systems

• internal audit services

• health and safety; insurance matters

income of the Duchy of Lancaster, and meets bothoﬃcial and private expenditure incurred by the Queen

• liaison with other members of the royal family and their

• the Queen’s private estates at Sandringham andBalmoral, the Queen’s Racing Establishment and theRoyal Studs and liaison with the Ascot Authority

26 The Royal Family

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• the Home Park at Windsor and liaison with the Crown

Estate Commissioners concerning the Home Park and

the Great Park at Windsor

• the Royal Philatelic Collection

• administrative aspects of the Military Knights of

Windsor

• administration of the Royal Victorian Order, of which

the keeper of the privy purse is secretary, Long and

Faithful Service Medals, and the Queen’s cups, medals

and prizes, and policy on commemorative medals

The keeper of the privy purse is one of three royal trustees

(in respect of his responsibilities for the Civil List) and is

receiver-general of the Duchy of Lancaster and a member

of the Duchy’s Council

The keeper of the privy purse is responsible for

property services at occupied royal palaces in England,

comprising Buckingham Palace, St James’s Palace,

Clarence House, Marlborough House Mews, the

residential and oﬃce areas of Kensington Palace, Windsor

Castle and buildings in the Home and Great Parks of

Windsor and Hampton Court Mews and Paddocks The

costs of property services for occupied royal palaces are

met from a grant-in-aid from the Department for Culture,

Media and Sport (DCMS)

The keeper of the privy purse also oversees royal

communications and information expenditure, which is

met from the property services grant-in-aid, and the

ﬁnancial aspects of royal travel, met from a grant-in-aid

provided by the Department for Transport

the Historic Royal Palaces Trust and the Royal Collection

Trust

The Queen’s Civil List and the grants-in-aid for

property services and royal travel are provided by the

government in return for the net surplus from the Crown

Estate and other hereditary revenues

The DIRECTOR OF THE PROPERTY SECTION has

day-to-day responsibility for the royal household’s

property section:

• repairs and refurbishment of buildings and new

building work

• utilities and telecommunications

• putting up stages, tents and other work in connection

with ceremonial occasions, garden parties and other

The property section is also responsible, on a sub-contract

basis from the DCMS, for the maintenance of

Marlborough House (which is occupied by the

Commonwealth Secretariat)

The MASTER OF THE HOUSEHOLD is responsible

for:

• delivering the majority of the oﬃcial and private

entertaining in the Queen’s annual programme at

residences in the UK, and on occasion overseas

• periodic support for entertaining by other members of

the royal family

• furnishings and internal decorative refurbishment in

conjunction with the director of the Royal Collection

and Property Services

• travel arrangements for employees and baggage

movements between residences

• housekeeping, catering and service provision for theroyal household

OFFICE is responsible for:

• the organisation of all ceremonial engagements,including state visits to the Queen in the UK, royalweddings and funerals, the state opening of parliament,Guards of Honour at Buckingham Palace, investitures,and the Garter and Thistle ceremonies

• garden parties at Buckingham Palace and the Palace ofHolyroodhouse (except for catering and tents)

• the Crown Jewels, which are part of the RoyalCollection, when they are in use on state occasions

• coordination of the arrangements for the Queen to berepresented at funerals and memorial services and at thearrival and departure of visiting heads of state

• advising on matters of precedence, style and titles, dress,ﬂying of ﬂags, gun salutes, mourning and otherceremonial issues

• supervising the applications from tradesmen for RoyalWarrants of Appointment

• advising on the commercial use of royal emblems andcontemporary royal photographs

• the ecclesiastical household, the medical household, thebody guards and certain ceremonial appointments such

as Gentlemen Ushers and Pages of Honour

• the lords in waiting, who represent the Queen onvarious occasions and escort visiting heads of stateduring incoming state visits

• the Queen’s bargemaster and watermen and the Queen’sswans

• the Royal AlmonryThe comptroller is also responsible for the Royal Mews,assisted by the CROWN EQUERRY, who has day-to-dayresponsibility for:

• the provision of carriage processions for the stateopening of parliament, state visits, Trooping of theColour, Royal Ascot, the Garter Ceremony, the ThistleService, the presentation of credentials to the Queen byincoming foreign ambassadors and high commissioners,and other state and ceremonial occasions

• coordinating travel arrangements by road in respect ofthe Queen’s oﬃcial engagements

• supervision and administration of the Royal Mews atBuckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Hampton Courtand the Palace of Holyroodhouse

The comptroller also has overall responsibility for theMARSHAL OF THE DIPLOMATIC CORPS, who isresponsible for the relationship between the royalhousehold and the Diplomatic Heads of Mission inLondon; and the SECRETARY OF THE CENTRALCHANCERY OF THE ORDERS OF KNIGHTHOOD,who administers the Orders of Chivalry, makesarrangements for investitures and the distribution ofinsignia, and ensures the proper public notiﬁcation of

The DIRECTOR OF THE ROYAL COLLECTION isresponsible for:

• the administration and custodial control of the RoyalCollection in all royal residences

O ﬃces of the Royal Household 27

Trang 27

• the care, display, conservation and restoration of items in

the collection

• initiating and assisting research into the collection and

publishing catalogues and books on the collection

• making the collection accessible to the public and

educating and informing the public about the collection

The Royal Collection, which contains a large number of

works of art, is held by the Queen as sovereign in trust for

her successors and the nation and is not owned by her as

an individual The administration, conservation and

presentation of the Royal Collection are funded by the

Royal Collection Trust solely from income from visitors to

Windsor Castle, Buckingham Palace and the Palace of

Holyroodhouse The Royal Collection Trust is chaired by

the Prince of Wales The Lord Chamberlain, the private

trustees and there are three external trustees appointed by

the Queen

The director of the Royal Collection is also at present the

SURVEYOR OF THE QUEEN’S WORKS OF ART The

ROYAL LIBRARIAN is responsible for all books,

manuscripts, coins and medals, insignia and works of art

on paper including the watercolours, prints and drawings

in the Print Room at Windsor Castle, and the

responsible for pictures and miniatures

Royal Collection Enterprises Limited is the trading

subsidiary of the Royal Collection Trust The company,

whose chair is the Keeper of the Privy Purse, is

responsible for:

• managing access by the public to Windsor Castle

(including Frogmore House), Buckingham Palace

(including the Royal Mews and the Queen’s Gallery)

and the Palace of Holyroodhouse (including the

Queen’s Gallery)

• running shops at each location

• managing the images and intellectual property rights ofthe Royal Collection

trustee of the Historic Royal Palaces Trust

SENIOR MANAGEMENT OF THE ROYAL HOUSEHOLD

Lord Chamberlain,Earl Peel, GCVO, PC

HEADS OF DEPARTMENT

Private Secretary to The Queen,Rt Hon Christopher Geidt,CVO, OBE

Keeper of the Privy Purse,Sir Alan Reid, KCVO

Master of the Household,Air Vice-Marshal David Walker,OBE, MVO

Comptroller, Lord Chamberlain’s Oﬃce, Lt.-Col AndrewFord

Director of the Royal Collection,Jonathan Marsden, LVO

The Poet Laureate,Carol Ann Duﬀy,apptd2009

ROYAL SALUTES

ENGLAND

The basic royal salute is 21 rounds with an extra 20

anniversaries (21 plus a further 20 because the Tower is a

royal palace and a further 21 ‘for the City of London’) and

41 on other occasions When the Queen’s oﬃcial

birthday coincides with the Duke of Edinburgh’s

for each birthday) Gun salutes occur on the following

royal anniversaries:

• Accession Day

• The Queen’s birthday

• Coronation Day

• Duke of Edinburgh’s birthday

• The Prince of Wales’ birthday

• State opening of parliament

Gun salutes also occur when parliament is prorogued by

the sovereign, on royal births and when a visiting head of

state meets the sovereign in London, Windsor or

Edinburgh

Tower of London although on some occasions (statevisits, state opening of parliament and the Queen’sbirthday parade) Green Park is used instead of Hyde Park.Other military saluting stations in England are atColchester, Dover, Plymouth, Woolwich and York

Constable of the Royal Palace and Fortress of London,Gen SirRichard Dannatt, GCB, CBE, MC

Lieutenant of the Tower of London, Lt.-Gen Sir CedricDelves, KBE, DSO

Resident Governor and Keeper of the Jewel House,Maj.-Gen.Keith Cima, CB

Master Gunner of St James’s Park,Gen Sir Alex Harley,KBE, CB

Master Gunner within the Tower,HRH Prince Michael ofKent, GCVO

SCOTLANDRoyal salutes are authorised at Edinburgh Castle and

Trang 28

• the anniversary of the birth of the Duke of Edinburgh

occasion of the opening of the general assembly of the

in Edinburgh on the arrival of HM The Queen or a

member of the royal family who is a Royal Highness on

an oﬃcial visit

Military saluting stations are also situated at CardiﬀCastle in Wales, Hillsborough Castle in Northern Irelandand in Gibraltar

ROYAL FINANCES

FUNDING

CIVIL LIST

The Civil List dates back to the late 17th century It was

originally used by the sovereign to supplement hereditary

revenues for paying the salaries of judges, ambassadors

and other government oﬃcers as well as the expenses of

the royal household In 1760, on the accession of George

III, it was decided that the Civil List would be provided

by parliament to cover all relevant expenditure in return

for the king surrendering the hereditary revenues of the

Crown (principally the net surplus of the Crown Estate)

At that time parliament undertook to pay the salaries of

judges, ambassadors etc In 1831 parliament agreed also

to meet the costs of the royal palaces in return for a

reduction in the Civil List Each sovereign has agreed to

continue this arrangement The Civil List now meets the

central staﬀ costs and running expenses of the Queen’s

oﬃcial household

Until 1972, the amount of money allocated annually

under the Civil List was set for the duration of a reign

ten years but from 1975 high inﬂation made an annual

review necessary The system of payments reverted to the

period to 31 December 2000; during this period annual

Civil List expenditure reached £6.5m, and a reserve of

£35m was established In order to draw down the reserve,

the annual Civil List payment was left at £7.9m for a

further ten years to 31 December 2010

The legislative requirement is for Civil List accounts to

be submitted to parliament, in the form of Royal Trustees

Reports, at ten-yearly intervals, but from June 2002

accounts have been published annually The ninth annual

accounts for the year ending 31 December 2009 were

published in June 2010:

PARLIAMENTARY ANNUITIES

The Civil List Acts provide for other members of the royal

government funds to meet the expenses of carrying out

their oﬃcial duties Since 1993 the Queen has reimbursed

all the annuities except those paid to the late Queen

Elizabeth the Queen Mother and the Duke of Edinburgh

The Prince of Wales does not receive a parliamentary

annuity He derives his income from the revenues of the

Prince of Wales’ Funding)

Draw-down from the

£141,000 on the occasion of his marriage in 1999.The annual payments remain as follows until December2011:

GRANTS-IN-AIDGrants-in-aid are provided to the royal householdannually by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport

information, and by the Department for Transport forroyal travel Property services meets the cost of propertymaintenance, utilities, telephones and related services at

Household section for a list of occupied palaces).Communications and Information meets the cost of theseservices in connection with oﬃcial royal functions andengagements in England and Scotland Royal travel meetsthe cost of oﬃcial royal travel by air and rail

GRANTS-IN-AID 2009–10:

THE PRIVY PURSE AND THE DUCHY OFLANCASTER

expenses incurred by the Queen as head of state and forsome of the Queen’s private expenditure The revenues ofthe Duchy of Lancaster are the principal source of incomefor the privy purse The revenues of the Duchy wereretained by George III in 1760 when the hereditaryrevenues were surrendered in exchange for the Civil List.The Duchy’s aﬀairs are the responsibility of the DuchyCouncil which reports to the Chancellor of the Duchy ofLancaster, who in turn is accountable directly to thesovereign rather than to parliament However the

Trang 29

chancellor does answer parliamentary questions on

Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster,

Chair of the Council,Lord Shuttleworth

Clerk and Chief Executive,Paul Clarke, CVO, FRICS

Receiver-General,Sir Alan Reid, KCVO

Attorney-General,Robert Hildyard, QC

PERSONAL INCOME

The Queen’s personal income derives mostly from

investments, and is used to meet private expenditure

EXPENDITURE MET BY GOVERNMENT

DEPARTMENTS AND THE CROWN ESTATE

2009–10:

PRINCE OF WALES’ FUNDING

The Duchy Estate was created in 1337 by Edward III for

his son and heir Prince Edward (the Black Prince) who

became the Duke of Cornwall The Duchy’s primary

function is to provide an income from its assets for the

Prince of Wales Under a 1337 charter, conﬁrmed by

subsequent legislation, the Prince of Wales is not entitled

to the proceeds or proﬁt on the sale of Duchy assets but

only to the annual income which is generated from these

assets The Duchy is responsible for the sustainable and

commercial management of its properties, investment

State visits to and by the Queen and

to providing a private source of income The Duchy alsofunds the public, charitable and private activities of theDuchess of Cornwall and princes William and Harry.Proceeds from the Duchy are voluntarily subject toincome tax

London SW1E 6LA

T 020-7834 7346 E London@duchyofcornwall.org

W www.duchyofcornwall.org

Lord Warden of the Stannaries,Sir Nicholas Bacon, Bt

Receiver-General,James Leigh-Pemberton

Attorney-General,Jonathan Crow, QC

Secretary and Keeper of the Records,Bertie Ross

and capital gains tax on a voluntary basis from 6 April

1993, and the Prince of Wales oﬀered to pay tax on avoluntary basis on his income from the Duchy ofCornwall (he was already taxed in all other respects).The main provisions for the Queen and the Prince ofWales to pay tax, set out in a Memorandum ofUnderstanding on Royal Taxation presented to parliament

on 11 February 1993, are that the Queen will pay incometax and capital gains tax in respect of her private incomeand assets, and on the proportion of the income andcapital gains of the Privy Purse used for private purposes.Inheritance tax will be paid on the Queen’s assets, exceptfor those which pass to the next sovereign, whetherautomatically or by gift or bequest The Prince of Waleswill pay income tax on income from the Duchy ofCornwall used for private purposes

The Prince of Wales has conﬁrmed that he intends topay tax on the same basis following his accession to thethrone Other members of the royal family are subject totax as for any taxpayer

MILITARY RANKS AND TITLES

The Life Guards; The Blues and Royals (Royal Horse

Guards and 1st Dragoons); The Royal Scots Dragoon

Guards (Carabiniers and Greys); The Queen’s Royal

Lancers; Royal Tank Regiment; Corps of Royal

Engineers; Grenadier Guards; Coldstream Guards;

Scots Guards; Irish Guards; Welsh Guards; The Royal

Regiment of Scotland; The Duke of Lancaster’s

Regiment (King’s, Lancashire and Border); The Royal

Welsh; Adjutant General’s Corps; The Royal Mercian

and Lancastrian Yeomanry; The Governor General’s

Horse Guards (of Canada); The King’s Own Calgary

Canadian Military Engineers Branch; Royal 22eRegiment (of Canada); Governor General’s FootGuards (of Canada); The Canadian Grenadier Guards;

Le Régiment de la Chaudière (of Canada); 2ndBattalion Royal New Brunswick Regiment (NorthShore); 48th Highlanders of Canada; The Argylland Sutherland Highlanders of Canada (PrincessLouise’s); The Calgary Highlanders; Royal AustralianEngineers; Royal Australian Infantry Corps; RoyalAustralian Army Ordnance Corps; Royal AustralianArmy Nursing Corps; The Corps of Royal NewZealand Engineers; Royal New Zealand InfantryRegiment; The Malawi Riﬂes; The Royal MaltaArtillery

Aﬃliated Colonel-in-Chief

The Queen’s Gurkha Engineers

Trang 30

Royal Regiment of Artillery; The Honourable Artillery

Company; Combined Cadet Force; Royal Regiment of

Canadian Artillery; Royal Regiment of Australian

Artillery; Royal Regiment of New Zealand Artillery;

Royal New Zealand Armoured Corps

Royal Colonel

The Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, 5th Battalion

The Royal Regiment of Scotland

Patron

Royal Army Chaplains’ Department

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Air Commodore-in-Chief

Royal Auxiliary Air Force; Royal Air Force Regiment;

Air Reserve of Canada; Royal Australian Air Force

Reserve; Territorial Air Force (of New Zealand)

Commandant-in-Chief

RAF College, Cranwell

Royal Honorary Air Commodore

RAF Marham; 603 (City of Edinburgh) Squadron

Royal Auxiliary Air Force

PRINCE PHILIP, DUKE OF EDINBURGH

ROYAL NAVY

Admiral of the Fleet

Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Australian Navy

Admiral of the Fleet, Royal New Zealand Navy

Admiral of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets

ROYAL MARINES

Captain-General

ARMY

Field Marshal

Field Marshal, Australian Military Forces

Field Marshal, New Zealand Army

Colonel-in-Chief

The Queen’s Royal Hussars (Queen’s Own and Royal

Irish); The Riﬂes; Corps of Royal Electrical and

Mechanical Engineers; Intelligence Corps; Army Cadet

Force Association; The Royal Canadian Regiment; The

Royal Hamilton Light Infantry (Wentworth Regiment

of Canada); The Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa; The

Queen’s Own Cameron Highlanders of Canada; The

Seaforth Highlanders of Canada; The Royal Canadian

Army Cadets; The Royal Australian Corps of Electrical

and Mechanical Engineers; The Australian Army Cadet

City of Edinburgh University Oﬃcers’ Training Corps;

The Trinidad and Tobago Regiment

Member

Honourable Artillery Company

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Marshal of the Royal Air Force Marshal of the Royal Australian Air Force Marshal of the Royal New Zealand Air Force Air Commodore-in-Chief

Air Training Corps; Royal Canadian Air Cadets

Honorary Air Commodore

RAF Kinloss

THE PRINCE OF WALES

ROYAL NAVY

Admiral Commodore-in-Chief

Royal Naval Command PlymouthARMY

General Colonel-in-Chief

The Royal Dragoon Guards; The Parachute Regiment;The Royal Gurkha Rifles; Army Air Corps; The RoyalCanadian Dragoons; Lord Strathcona’s Horse (RoyalCanadians); The Royal Regiment of Canada; RoyalWinnipeg Rifles; Royal Australian Armoured Corps;The Royal Pacific Islands Regiment; 1st The Queen’sDragoon Guards; The Black Watch (Royal HighlandRegiment) of Canada; The Toronto Scottish Regiment(Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother’s Own); TheMercian Regiment

Royal Colonel

The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment ofScotland; 51st Highland, 7th Battalion The RoyalRegiment of Scotland (Territorial Army)

Colonel

The Welsh Guards

Royal Honorary Colonel

The Queen’s Own YeomanryROYAL AIR FORCE

Air Chief Marshal Honorary Air Commodore

RAF Valley

Air Commodore-in-Chief

Royal New Zealand Air Force

Colonel-in-Chief

Air Reserve Canada

THE DUCHESS OF CORNWALL

Honorary AIr Commodore

RAF Halton; RAF Leeming

PRINCE WILLIAM OF WALES

ROYAL NAVY

Lieutenant Commodore-in-Chief

Scotland Command; Submarines Command

Military Ranks and Titles 31

Trang 31

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Honorary Air Commandant

The Royal Irish Regiment (27th (Inniskilling), 83rd,

87th and The Ulster Defence Regiment); 9th/12th

Royal Lancers (The Prince of Wales’s); The Royal

Highland Fusiliers, 2nd Battalion The Royal Regiment

of Scotland; The Yorkshire Regiment; Small Arms

School Corps; The Queen’s York Rangers (First

Americans); Royal New Zealand Army Logistics

Regiment; The Royal Highland Fusiliers of Canada;

The Princess Louise Fusiliers (Canada)

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Royal Wessex Yeomanry

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Royal Colonel

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Communications and Electronics Branch; The Greyand Simcoe Foresters (Royal Canadian Armoured

Forces Medical Branch; Royal Australian Corps ofSignals; Royal New Zealand Corps of Signals; RoyalNew Zealand Nursing Corps

RAF Lyneham; University of London Air Squadron

THE DUKE OF GLOUCESTER

6th Battalion, The Riﬂes

Trang 32

Honorary Colonel

Royal Monmouthshire Royal Engineers (Militia)

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Honorary Air Marshal

RAF Odiham; No 501 (County of Gloucester)

Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force

THE DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER

ARMY

Colonel-in-Chief

Royal Army Dental Corps; Royal Australian Army

Educational Corps; Royal New Zealand Army

Educational Corps; Canadian Forces Dental Services

The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers; Lorne Scots (Peel,

Duﬀerin and Hamilton Regiment)

ROYAL AIR FORCE

Honorary Air Chief Marshal

Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary’s)

Deputy Colonel-in-Chief

The Queen’s Royal Lancers

Royal Colonel

3rd Battalion The Riﬂes

The Royal YeomanryROYAL AIR FORCE

Patron and Air Chief Commandant

Princess Mary’s RAF Nursing Service

RAF Cottesmore

Military Ranks and Titles 33

Trang 33

KINGS AND QUEENS

ENGLISH KINGS AND QUEENS

established direct rule over Northumbria

927, eﬀectively creating the Kingdom of

Married (1) Ælfgifu (2) Æthelﬂæd

Killed aged 25, reigned 6 years

Born 943, son of Edmund and Ælfgifu

Married (1) Æthelﬂæd (2) Wulfthryth

(3) Ælfthryth

Died aged 32, reigned 15 years

Born c.962, son of Edgar and Æthelﬂæd

Assassinated aged c.16, reigned 2 years

Born 968/969, son of Edgar and

Ælfthryth

Married (1) Ælfgifu (2) Emma, daughter

of Richard I, Count of Normandy

Born c.995, son of Swegn Forkbeard, King

of Denmark, and Gunhild

Married (1) Ælfgifu (2) Emma, widow of

Æthelred the Unready

Gained submission of West Saxons 1015,

Northumbrians 1016, Mercia 1016, King

of all England after Edmund’s death,

King of Denmark 1019–35, King of

1035 recognised as regent for himself and

his brother Harthacnut; 1037 recognised

as king

Died aged c.23, reigned 4 years

THE HOUSE OF NORMANDY

THE HOUSE OF ANJOU (PLANTAGENETS)

Born c.1018, son of Cnut and Emma

Titular king of Denmark from 1028Acknowledged King of England 1035–7with Harold I as regent; eﬀective king afterHarold’s death

Born between1002 and 1005, son of

Æthelred the Unready and Emma

Married Eadgyth, daughter of Godwine,

Earl of Wessex

Died aged over 60, reigned 23 years

Wessex, and Gytha

Married (1) Eadgyth (2) Ealdgyth Killed in battle aged c.46, reigned 10 months

Born 1027/8, son of Robert I, Duke of

Normandy; obtained the Crown byconquest

Married Matilda, daughter of Baldwin,

Count of Flanders

Born between 1056 and 1060, third son of

William I; succeeded his father in Englandonly

Killed aged c.40, reigned 12 years

Born not later than 1100, third son of

Adela, daughter of William I, and Stephen,Count of Blois

Married Matilda, daughter of Eustace,

Count of Boulogne

1141 (Feb–Nov) held captive byadherents of Matilda, daughter ofHenry I, who contested the crown until1153

Died aged over 53, reigned 18 years

Born 1133, son of Matilda, daughter of

Henry I, and Geoﬀrey, Count of Anjou

Married Eleanor, daughter of William, Duke

of Aquitaine, and divorced queen of LouisVII of France

Born 1157, third son of Henry II Married Berengaria, daughter of Sancho VI,

King of Navarre

34

Trang 34

THE HOUSE OF LANCASTER

THE HOUSE OF YORK

Born 1167,ﬁfth son of Henry II

Married (1) Isabella or Avisa, daughter of

William, Earl of Gloucester (divorced)

(2) Isabella, daughter of Aymer, Count of

Born 1239, eldest son of Henry III

Married (1) Eleanor, daughter of Ferdinand

III, King of Castile (2) Margaret, daughter

of Philip III of France

Born 1312, eldest son of Edward II

Married Philippa, daughter of William,

Count of Hainault

Born 1367, son of Edward (the Black

Prince), eldest son of Edward III

Married (1) Anne, daughter of Emperor

Charles IV (2) Isabelle, daughter of Charles

VI of France

Deposed Sep 1399, killed Feb 1400 aged 33,

reigned 22 years

Born 1366, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son

of Edward III, and Blanche, daughter of

Henry, Duke of Lancaster

Married (1) Mary, daughter of Humphrey,

Earl of Hereford (2) Joan, daughter of

Charles, King of Navarre, and widow of

John, Duke of Brittany

Born 1421, son of Henry V

Married Margaret, daughter of René, Duke

of Anjou and Count of Provence

Deposed Mar 1461, restored Oct 1470

Deposed Apr 1471, killed May 1471 aged

49,reigned 39 years

1461–1483 EDWARD IV

Born 1442, eldest son of Richard of York

(grandson of Edmund,ﬁfth son of

Edward III; and son of Anne,

great-granddaughter of Lionel, third son

of Edward III)

THE HOUSE OF TUDOR

* Depending on whether the date of her predecessor’s death(6 July) or that of her oﬃcial proclamation as Queen (10 July) istaken as the beginning of her reign

Married Elizabeth Woodville, daughter

of Richard, Lord Rivers, and widow ofSir John Grey

Acceded Mar 1461, deposed Oct 1470, restored Apr 1471

(Apr–Jun) Born 1470, eldest son of Edward IV

Deposed Jun 1483, died probably Jul–Sep

1483, aged 12,reigned 2 months

1483–1485 RICHARD III

Born 1452, fourth son of Richard of York Married Anne Neville, daughter of

Richard, Earl of Warwick, and widow

of Edward, Prince of Wales, son ofHenry VI

Killed in battle aged 32, reigned 2 years

Born 1457, son of Margaret Beaufort

(great-granddaughter of John of Gaunt,fourth son of Edward III) and EdmundTudor, Earl of Richmond

Married Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV Died aged 52, reigned 23 years

of Sir Thomas Parr and widow of LordLatimer

of Mary Tudor, the younger daughter ofHenry VII) and Henry Grey, Duke ofSuﬀolk

Married Lord Guildford Dudley, son of the

Duke of Northumberland

Deposed Jul 1553, executed Feb 1554

Kings and Queens 35

Trang 35

BRITISH KINGS AND QUEENS

SINCE 1603

THE HOUSE OF STUART

Reign

THE HOUSE OF HANOVER

Born 1566, son of Mary, Queen of Scots

(granddaughter of Margaret Tudor, elder

daughter of Henry VII), and Henry Stewart,

Born 1600, second son of James I

Married Henrietta Maria, daughter of Henry

IV of France

Executed 1649 aged 48, reigned 23 years

INTERREGNUM 1649–1660

Reign

Born 1630, eldest son of Charles I

Married Catherine, daughter of John IV of

Portugal

Born 1633, second son of Charles I

Married (1) Lady Anne Hyde, daughter of

Edward, Earl of Clarendon (2) Mary,

daughter of Alphonso, Duke of Modena

Born 1650, son of William II, Prince of

Orange, and Mary Stuart, daughter of

Charles I

Married Mary, elder daughter of James II

Married Prince George of Denmark, son of

Frederick III of Denmark

Born 1660, son of Sophia (daughter of

Frederick, Elector Palatine, and Elizabeth

Stuart, daughter of James I) and Ernest

Augustus, Elector of Hanover

Married Sophia Dorothea, daughter of

George William, Duke of Lüneburg-Celle

REGENCY 1811–1820Prince of Wales regent owing to the insanity ofGeorge III

THE HOUSE OF SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA

THE HOUSE OF WINDSOR

Born 1683, son of George I Married Caroline, daughter of John

Frederick, Margrave ofBrandenburg-Anspach

Born 1738, son of Frederick, eldest son of

George II

Married Charlotte, daughter of Charles

Louis, Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Abdicated 1936, died 1972 aged 77, reigned

Trang 36

KINGS AND QUEENS OF SCOTS

1016 TO 1603

Reign

THE HOUSE OF ATHOLL

Born c.954, son of Kenneth II

Acceded to Alba 1005, secured Lothian

c.1016, obtained Strathclyde for his

over an area approximately the same as that

governed by later rulers of Scotland

Son of Bethoc, daughter of Malcolm II,

and Crinan, Mormaer of Atholl

Married a cousin of Siward, Earl of

Northumbria

Reigned 5 years

Born c.1005, son of a daughter of

Malcolm II and Finlaec, Mormaer of Moray

Married Gruoch, granddaughter of

Kenneth III

Killed aged c.52, reigned 17 years

of Moray, and Gruoch (and stepson of

Macbeth)

Died aged c.26, reigned 7 months

Born c.1031, elder son of Duncan I

Married (1) Ingibiorg (2) Margaret

(St Margaret), granddaughter of Edmund II

of England

Killed in battle aged c.62, reigned 35 years

Born c.1033, second son of Duncan I

Deposed May 1094, restored Nov

Ingibiorg

Married Octreda of Dunbar

Killed aged c.34, reigned 6 months

Born c.1074, second son of Malcolm III and

Margaret

Born c.1077,ﬁfth son of Malcolm III and

Margaret

Married Sybilla, illegitimate daughter of

Henry I of England

Born c.1085, sixth son of Malcolm III and

Margaret

Married Matilda, daughter of Waltheof, Earl

of Huntingdon

Born c.1141, son of Henry, Earl of

Huntingdon, second son of David I

Born c.1142, brother of Malcolm IV

Married Ermengarde, daughter of Richard,

Viscount of Beaumont

FIRST INTERREGNUM 1290–1292Throne disputed by 13 competitors Crown awarded toJohn Balliol by adjudication of Edward I of EnglandTHE HOUSE OF BALLIOL

SECOND INTERREGNUM 1296–1306Edward I of England declared John Balliol to haveforfeited the throne for contumacy in 1296 and took thegovernment of Scotland into his own hands

THE HOUSE OF BRUCE

THE HOUSE OF STEWART

Killed accidentally aged 44, reigned 36 years

Born 1283, daughter of Margaret (daughter

of Alexander III) and Eric II of Norway

Reign

Born c.1250, son of Dervorguilla,

great-great-granddaughter of David I, andJohn de Balliol

Married Isabella, daughter of John, Earl of

Born 1274, son of Robert Bruce and

Marjorie, countess of Carrick, andgreat-grandson of the second daughter ofDavid, Earl of Huntingdon, brother ofWilliam I

Married (1) Isabella, daughter of Donald,

Earl of Mar (2) Elizabeth, daughter ofRichard, Earl of Ulster

Born 1316, son of Marjorie (daughter of

Robert I) and Walter, High Steward ofScotland

Married (1) Elizabeth, daughter of

Sir Robert Mure of Rowallan(2) Euphemia, daughter of Hugh,Earl of Ross

Trang 37

WELSH SOVEREIGNS AND

PRINCES

Wales was ruled by sovereign princes from the earliest

English Prince of Wales was the son of Edward I, who was

born in Caernarvon town on 25 April 1284 According to

a discredited legend, he was presented to the Welsh

chieftains as their prince, in fulﬁlment of a promise that

they should have a prince who ‘could not speak a word of

English’ and should be native born This son, who

afterwards became Edward II, was created ‘Prince of

Wales and Earl of Chester’ at the Lincoln Parliament on

7 February 1301

The title Prince of Wales is borne after individual

conferment and is not inherited at birth, though some

Princes have been declared and styled Prince of Wales but

Prince Charles by the Queen on 26 July 1958 He was

invested at Caernarvon on 1 July 1969

Married Annabella, daughter of Sir John

Drummond of Stobhall

Born 1394, son of Robert III

Married Joan Beaufort, daughter of John,

Earl of Somerset

Assassinated aged 42, reigned 30 years

Born 1430, son of James I

Married Mary, daughter of Arnold, Duke of

Gueldres

Killed accidentally aged 29, reigned 23 years

Born 1452, son of James II

Married Margaret, daughter of Christian I

of Denmark

Assassinated aged 36, reigned 27 years

Born 1473, son of James III

Married Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry

VII of England

Killed in battle aged 40, reigned 25 years

Born 1512, son of James IV

Married (1) Madeleine, daughter of Francis

I of France (2) Mary of Lorraine, daughter

of the Duc de Guise

Born 1542, daughter of James V and Mary

Married (1) the Dauphin, afterwards Francis

II of France (2) Henry Stewart, Lord

Darnley (3) James Hepburn, Earl of

Bothwell

Abdicated 1567, prisoner in England from

Born 1566, son of Mary, Queen of Scots,

and Henry, Lord Darnley

Acceded 1567 to the Scottish throne,

reigned 58 years

Succeeded 1603 to the English throne, so

joining the English and Scottish crowns in

one person The two kingdoms remained

distinct until 1707 when the parliaments of

the kingdoms became conjoined

INDEPENDENT PRINCES AD 844 TO 1282

ENGLISH PRINCES SINCE 1301

PRINCESSES ROYALThe style Princess Royal is conferred at the sovereign’sdiscretion on his or her eldest daughter It is an honorarytitle, held for life, and cannot be inherited or passed on It

in approximately 1642

Prince

c.1638 (s.) Charles Stuart (Charles II)

Trang 38

THE HOUSE OF WINDSOR

King George V assumed by royal proclamation (17 July

1917) for his House and family, as well as for all

descendants in the male line of Queen Victoria who are

subjects of these realms, the name of Windsor

KING GEORGE V

(George Frederick Ernest Albert), second son of King

Princess Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline

1 HRH PRINCE EDWARD Albert Christian George

the throne as King Edward VIII, 20 January 1936

24 April 1986)died 28 May 1972

2 HRH PRINCE ALBERT Frederick Arthur George

married 26 April 1923 Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon,

youngest daughter of the 14th Earl of Strathmore and

Kinghorne (HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother

to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, 6 February

(2) HRH Princess Margaret Rose (later HRH The

Earl of Snowdon 1961 (marriage dissolved 1978)

Family)

3 HRH PRINCESS (Victoria Alexandra Alice) MARY

28 February 1922 Viscount Lascelles, later the 6th Earl

(1) George Henry Hubert Lascelles, 7th Earl of

Maria (Marion) Stein (marriage dissolved 1967)

issue (a)David Henry George, Viscount Lascelles

Tuck-wellissue (d)Mark Hubertborn1964

31 March 1900created Duke of Gloucester, Earl of Ulster

Lady Alice Christabel Montagu-Douglas-Scott, daughter

of the 7th Duke of Buccleuch and Queensberry (HRH

18 December 1941 accidentallykilled 28 August

1972(2) HRH Prince Richard Alexander Walter George

5 HRH PRINCE GEORGE Edward Alexander Edmund

November 1934 HRH Princess Marina of Greece and

(1) HRH Prince Edward George Nicholas Paul Patrick

(2) HRH Princess Alexandra Helen Elizabeth OlgaChristabel (HRH Princess Alexandra, the Hon

(3) HRH Prince Michael George Charles Franklin

House of Windsor 39

Trang 39

Trang 40

Descendants of Queen Victoria 41

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Whitetaker''s Almanack 2011 Cẩm Nang Trí Thức

DAMES GRAND CROSS AND DAMES COMMANDERS

GENERAL ELECTION FACTS AND FIGURES