Hacker Dictionary Guide

>FILE SERVER:a file server is a computer which acts a server allowing users to access resources on it.for e.g on windows users can share there drives using netbios.. >FIN:a control flag

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http://blacksun.box.sk written by shady_harrasment_panda Email kev_harrasment_panda@yahoo.co.uk

/*DICTIONARY NOTE:i would like to thank k1ng for personally sending me an

acronyms list although as you would agree this dictionary isnt an acroyms

dictionary but a very comprehensive hacking dictionary.*/

Updated hacker dictionary

READ THIS NOW!

To contribute to this dictionary email kev_harrasment_panda@yahoo.co.uk or

contact the group

the main contributers so far are shady_harrasment_panda(wrote most of

it),k1ng(contributed some usefull words) and a acromyn list),

If u are viewing the text guide u can use the text seach box to search for an

word or u can use the coded search box on the html version

I wasn't sure whether to include normal computer words so i made the dictionary

of words which are relevent to hackers!,but as the text gets larger i will

inlude more hacking words

NOTE FOR HACKERS:this is an newbie version of the dictioanry with all the

common hacker words,for a 5MB dictioanry with harder words which are

harder to understand goto

This is a dictioanry on hacking words so if u read a hacking tutorial and

dont understand anything u will find the answer here,also i didnt include

words such as fdisk,486,intel,THIS IS NOT A COMPUTER DICTIONARY BUT A HACKING DICTIONARY so if your using it to looking for a graphics word !it wont be

there

Tip:for more adation words related to programming and networks try

www.whatis.com

Hacker terms info:over the internet there thousands of hacking tutorials freely

avalible,usally such texts have words in hacker slang which newbies fail to

understand.This dictioanry is trying to change that although i must admit as

being the main author i have a pretty big task a head of me to make it the

BEST and not nessisary the biggest hacking dictioanry ever!,i have came accross

lots of hacking dictioanrys but the biggest i saw was 5 Mb so over the next 3

months i am trying to make this dictioanry better than that one so with your

help email me and inlude your contributing.My aim is to inlude all

programming,networking,hacker slang and underground words.the biggest one i

saw was made by hundreads of ppl and useneters so if u want a challenge get

wriitng!>>>>

to make it better i have included irc slang,hacking guides,port numbers

e.t.c,also i promise u that this text is the best understandle hacker

dictioanry on the web so if u dont understand anything email me

note:when i say the best dictioanry it doesnt have to be the most advanced but

the most easy to understand.Hackers will note this guide is more than a

dictioanry it has port numbers and all sorts of usefull info,also the guide is

split into different section,e.g dictionary section,irc section and www

>.ACCESS CODE:also known as login name or user id and password on a network

which reguires u to login

>ACCESS PERMISIONS:this allows u to execute,read or change a file depending on

the permsion

>.ACCOUNT:your presence id on a computer system which allows u to

login

>.ADAPTER:another name for an expansion card,usally most of them plug

into your expansion slots on your pc

>ACTIVE X:a set of interacitve techonloiges devloped by microsoft,activex isnt

a programming language but it can be dangerous for website viruses

>ACTIVE OPEN:a state in which TCP is attempting to initiate a connection

>ADDRESS:a memory location.The value is often displayed as hexadecimal,mostly

to keep anyone but official pc postal employes from finding things on your

computer>every thing on your hard drive has a memory location

>ADDRESS CLASS:a basic network of various sises.the network class can be

determend from the first octet of its ip address

>ADDRESS RESOULUTION PROTOCOL:the process of determining a MAC address, given amore abstract LAN or WAN address

Any protocol used to obtain a mapping from a higher

layer address to a lower layer address Abbreviated ARP The acronym ARP is

most often used to refer to the Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol (below)

The protocol used by an IP networking layer to map IP addresses to lower

level hardware (i.e., MAC) addresses There are four ARP messages for IP

running over Ethernet: arp requests and replies and reverse arp request and

replies

<ADMINISTARTOR:is somebody who maintains the system and is the boss over what

happens,usally admins are not nesscarry at fault if there hacked!

>ADSL:adsl(asymetic digital subscriber line):is a connection to the net were

users dont use dial up but have a connection 24/7 and usally have a static ip

address

>ADA: Pascal-descended language that was at one time made mandatory for

Department of Defense software projects by the Pentagon Hackers are nearly

unanimous in observing that, technically, it is precisely what one might

expect given that kind of endorsement by fiat; designed by committee,

crockish, difficult to use, and overall a disastrous, multi-billion-dollar

boondoggle (one common description wss "The PL/I of the 1980s") Hackers find

Ada's exception-handling and inter-process communication features particularly

hilarious Ada Lovelace (the daughter of Lord Byron who became the world's

first programmer while cooperating with Charles Babbage on the design of his

mechanical computing engines in the mid-1800s) would almost certainly blanch

at the use to which her name has latterly been put; the kindest thing that has

been said about it is that there is probably a good small language screaming

to get out from inside its vast, elephantine bulk

>AGENT:A program that performs one or more services

(such as gathering information from the Internet), acting for or as a

principal

>ADVANCED PEER-TO-PEER NETWORKING(APPN):An IBM

peer-to-peer networking architecture that uses interconnected Type 2.1 nodes

APPN supports dynamic routing,directory searches, and network management

ALERT:A problem determination message sent to a network operator within IBM's

network management system

>ALOHA :A 4800bps Contention Based Radio Channel Transmission System Network used in the University

of Hawaii (1968 - 1972) and designed by Morman Abramson to connect the

university's mainfraim IBM 360 on the Island of Oahu and terminals plaaced

throught different ships and nearby islands Data coming from the mainfraim

was sent to all other terminals while data from terminals was the

Contention-Based part and would re-send data if no acknowledement data was

received VLAN : Virtual Local Area Network This is a network split into

workgroups by routers and each assigned a server As any message sent will

have which workgroup it is aimed at, wokgroups not receiving messages can run

faster as traffic is reduced Standards - Ethernet :

A Network standard that is a Contention-Based Network

Ethernet evolved from a radio channel transmission system called ALOHA

>ALT:is commenly known as a computer control key but in internet terms alt

is for connecting to newsgroups just like www is for connecting to the web

>ALT.2600.hackers:is a newsgroup with about 200 posters and about 5000

lurkers,it is the group shady_harrasment_panda(writter of this dictioanryis a

member of.alt.2600.hackers has alot of very intellegent hackers in the group

>ALTERNITIVE CLIENT RESTOREL:The process of restoring files to a different

client than the one from which they were backed up

>.AMERICAL ONLINE(AOL):a large US owned internet service

provider company which mainly attracts newbies,aol has the stricted rules out

of all the isp ifu post to an hackers newsgroup they terminate your

account!,aol commenly attracks lamers!

>.ANTIVIRUS:a program which scans a users hard drive looking for known

viruses,worms,trojans,and joke files

>AMIGA:A series of personal computer models originally sold by Commodore,

based on 680x0 processors, custom support chips and an operating system

that combined some of the best features of Macintosh and Unix with compatibility with neither

The Amiga was released just as the personal computing world standardized on

IBM-PC clones This prevented it from gaining serious market

share, despite the fact that the first Amigas had a substantial technological

lead on the IBM XTs of the time Instead, it acquired a small but

zealous population of enthusiastic hackers who dreamt of one day unseating

the clones (see Amiga Persecution Complex) The traits of this

culture are both spoofed and illuminated in The BLAZE Humor Viewer The strength of the Amiga platform seeded a small industry of

companies building software and hardware for the platform, especially in

graphics and video applications (see video toaster)

Due to spectacular mismanagement, Commodore did hardly any R&D, allowing the competition to close Amiga's technological lead After

Commodore went bankrupt in 1994 the technology passed through several hands, none of whom did much with it However, the Amiga is still

being produced in Europe under license and has a substantial number of fans, which will probably extend the platform's life considerably

viruses,common virus scanners include norton and mcafee

>AMP OFF:[Purdue] vt To run in background From the UNIX shell `&'

>ANSI; n [techspeak] The American National Standards Institute ANSI, alongwith the International Organization for Standards (ISO), standardized the C

programming language (see K&R, Classic C), and promulgates many other

important software standards 2 n [techspeak] A terminal may be said to be

`ANSI' if it meets the ANSI X.364 standard for terminal control

Unfortunately, this standard was both over-complicated and too permissive Ithas been retired and replaced by the ECMA-48 standard, which shares both

flaws 3 n [BBS jargon] The set of screen-painting codes that most MS-DOSand Amiga computers accept This comes from the ANSI.SYS device driver thatmust be loaded on an MS-DOS computer to view such codes Unfortunately,

neither DOS ANSI nor the BBS ANSIs derived from it exactly match the ANSIX.364 terminal standard For example, the ESC-[1m code turns on the bold

highlight on large machines, but in IBM PC/MS-DOS ANSI, it turns on `intense'(bright) colors Also, in BBS-land, the term `ANSI' is often used to imply

that a particular computer uses or can emulate the IBM high-half character setfrom MS-DOS Particular use depends on context Occasionally, the vanilla

ASCII character set is used with the color codes, but on BBSs, ANSI and `IBMcharacters' tend to go together

>ANGLE BRASKET: Either of the characters `<' (ASCII

>ANTIONLINE:is one of the many comprehensive securirty firms on the net whichspecialises in exploits,news,and hacker related things.www.antionline.com

>.API(aplicatio program interface):defines a standard way that programs workwith pull down menu's,dilogue boxes e.t.c,windows and OS/2 are examples of api

>APPLICATION LAYER:the layer of tcp/ip stack that supports network

applications and provides an interface to the local operating environement

11.ARCHIE:a program to search things on the net,search engines like

yahoo are talking over from archie

>APACHE:is a webserver used by almost 60

per cent of the web sites market that runs on windows,macs,and unix

.>APP:

Short for `application program', as opposed to a systems program Apps are

what systems vendors are forever chasing developers to create for their

environments so they can sell more boxes Hackers tend not to think of the

things they themselves run as apps; thus, in hacker parlance the term excludescompilers, program editors, games, and messaging systems, though a user wouldconsider all those to be apps (Broadly, an app is often a self-contained

environment for performing some well-defined task such as `word processing';hackers tend to prefer more general-purpose tools.) See killer app; oppose

tool, operating system

>.APPLE SHARE:a network o/s devloped by apple to work with other macs,likewin nt and win ME are desined to work the together

>ARCHIE:a client/server program that is used to locate files on anonymous ftp

>.ARCHIVE:a place with important files on the net

>AREA CODE:area code is the

code for a phone number for ppl accesing it outside the city,dial up hacking

or connecting to your isp involves uses an area code

>.ARGUMENT:A value given to a program in c or any other high level

languages>see also value

>.ARP(addres resoulution protocol:arp translates

ethernet address into numical form to binary.all o/s support arp by typing arp

in the command prompt

>APRAnet(advanced research projects agency network)is

a denfence agency network created by defense department of the USA known now

as da-apra

>ARM(application response measurement):

>.ARRAY:a collectiong of similar info such as codes,text or other

items.All items are usally of the same type,used in programming

>.ASCII(american standard code for information interchange):is the

the numbers which make up text for e.g the code 52 would be the number 4

>ASCII ART: n The fine art of drawing diagrams using the ASCII

>ASM(asembly language):is a low level program language which is used forwritting small programs and can be used to write viruses.Assembly Languages have the same basic structure as Machine Languages, the

difference is that Assembly Languages allow the programmer to use names

instead of numbers

As with Machine Languages, every CPU has its own unique machine language Programs must be rewritten or recompiled, therefore, to run on different

types of computers

Nowadays most programming is done with High-Level Programming Languages but

in the early days, Assembly language was always used, now it is ONLY used when speed is essential or when the task isn't possible on the High-Level Language

we are using

These are considered Low-Level Languages as they are closer to Machine

Languages

>ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFERE METHOD:A connection-oriented data

communications technology based on switching 53 byte fixed-length units of

data called cells Abbreviated ATM Each cell is dynamically routed ATM

transmission rates are multiples of 51.840 Mbits per second In the United

States, a public communications service called SONET uses ATM at transmissionrates of 155, 622, 2048, and 9196 Mbits per second These are called OC-3,

OC-12, OC-48, and OC-192 respectively A similar service called SDH is offered

in Europe ATM is also used as a LAN infrastructure, sometimes with differenttransmission rates and coding methods than are offered with SONET and SDH

>AT&T:american phone company there are also the makers of unix,at&t owns the

bells lab which wrote unix and c.

>AUTHENTICATION: A security measure for verifying the identity of

network users

>AVATAR:The body in cyberspace In most cases the handle/nicknames you use on

the Internet, and the personality that goes with it

>AWK: [UNIX techspeak] An interpreted language for massaging

>BACKDOOR:is a hiding bit of code which a programer makes so that he can

hide a secret password which only he knows.>backdoors can also be a trojan

which lets a script kiddie remote control a pc without no login

>.BANDWITH:the speed of which is sent to the moniter meguared in hertz

>BASEBAND:the most common type of network where data is transmiited digailay

through a wire

>.BASIC(beginner all-purpose symbolic instruction code)is a programming

language desined to make programming easier and quicker than c and fortran

e.t.c.,modern verions of basic are visual basic and quickbasic

<BASH:is a linux command interface like windows ms dos but with more power

24.BATCH FILE(.bat)is a file which is written so that dos commands

can be accomplied quicker

>BAUD RATE:is usally related to the speed of the modem for.e.g 56k

>BAYONET NEIL COUCILMAN:connector):A type of coaxial

cable connector sometimes used in Ethernet applications Abbreviated BNC The

specification for BNC connectors is contained in EIA/TIA 403-A and

MIL-C-39012

> BER(Bit Error Rate.):

>BERKELY UNIX:this version of unix was devloped at the univesity of calefonia

in berkely also knows as BSD

>.BBS(bulliten board system)is an old way of

exchanging messgaes and downloading stuff users usally dialed into the bbs and

used it,usenet has took over from it

>.BIN:a binary file.Also on unix the binary files are usally in /bin and on

windows c:\windows

>.BINARY:a binary file is usally under stood by the computer and is the

computer code of a program.binary is written in 0's and 1's

>BIND:The SNA command that starts an SNA session between two logical units

>BIOS PASSWORD:is a password utillity which lets users provide an on boot

password by changing the bios settings,hackers cant usually get the password

unless the computer is switched on and booted up to windows but u can reset he

cosmos

<BIT MASK:a pattern of binary values

28.BCC(blind carbon copy)is usedto send the same email to more than one

person

>BLACK ICE:is a monetering program used for watching ports

>BLACK HOLE:What data (a piece of email or netnews, or a stream of TCP/IP packets) hasfallen into if it disappears mysteriously between its origin and destination

sites (that is, without returning a bounce message).

>BLACK SCREEN OF DEATH:On an attempt to launch a

DOS box, a networked Windows system not uncommonly blanks the screen and locks up the

PC so hard that it requires a cold boot to recover

This unhappy phenomenon is known as The Black Screen of Death

>BLUE SCREEN OF DEATH:is when a windows machine crahses or gets nuked andshows the blue screen which shows that an error has occured

>BLUE BOX(not a hacker term but i will mention it): Once upon a time,

before all-digital switches made it possible

for the phone companies to move them out of band, one could actually hear the

switching tones used to route long-distance calls Early phreakers built

devices called `blue boxes' that could reproduce these tones, which could be

used to commandeer portions of the phone network (This was not as hard as it

may sound; one early phreak acquired the sobriquet `Captain Crunch' after he

proved that he could generate switching tones with a plastic whistle pulled

out of a box of Captain Crunch cereal!) There were other colors of box with

more specialized phreaking uses; red boxes, black boxes, silver boxes, etc 2

n An IBM machine, especially a large (non-PC) one

>BLUE TOOTH:this is a specification for linkingdevices such as mobile

phones,cameras e.t.c to computers over a short range wireless connection

<BO(BACK orificie):a trojan hourse created by the cult of the dead group,back

orrifice was called after microsofts back orrifice's server

<BOT:is a programed macro or script used to do certain tasks in irc or on he

net ,e.g usally users on irc or yahoo chat get private messged with a user

advertising e.t.c but its not a user but is known as a bot

>.BOOT:to kick someone of irc or kick someone of a chat room like yahoo

chat using boot code

<BOUNCED EMAIL:is when an email is returened from a server telling u that the

address doesnt exist,hackers use this often as the headers from the server can

be vital for a hacker

>BOURNE SHELL:is refered to as the bash shell which is like windows ms

dos but with more power

>BOX:is refered to as the o/s a user or host is on e.g windows box

>BOXES:A variety of electronic devices used to aid in phreaking

>.BPS(bits per sec)

>BRACKET PROROCOL:The SNA rules for the initiation of a bracket between twoLU-LU half sessions Brackets delimit bi-directional data flows for

transactions

>BRIDGE:a connectivity device that fowards data based on physical networks

>BROUTER:a connectivity device that routes routable protocols and bridges non

routable protocols

>BROWSER:A program specifically designed to help users view and navigate

hypertext, on-line documentation, or a database While this general sense has

been present in jargon for a long time, the proliferation of browsers for the

World Wide Web after 1992 has made it much more popular and provided a central

or default techspeak meaning of the word previously lacking in hacker usage

Nowadays, if someone mentions using a `browser' without qualification, one may

assume it is a Web browser

>BRUTE FORCE:to try thousand of differnt passwords on a login prompt or on apassword protected file.

>BSD:a unix o/s from berkely;s

>.BUG:is when a program has errors written in it which makes it perform

incorrect

>Bus : Terminals are connected in a strait line with 'T' shape terminator at

each end that bounce the signal back and forth through the network, peices of

data send are limited and if they are send to n unknown terminal on the

network the signal just keeps boucing, causing a crash of all the network

The Bus network is a peer to peer network and had no dedicated server

>BUS NETWORK:is a network where all computers are connected through a hub andeach computer usuall has a network interface card

33.C a high level programming language used to create large programs and lots

>.C++:an improved version of c that adds object-orented exstensions and is

easy to learn for c programmers

>CCC [Chaos Computer Club]:A hacker-organisation in Hamburg They have

meetings, lectures and annual congresses which attracts hackers from all

Europe They also publish books and magazines about the information society

There are a lot of myths of which kind of criminal activities they have been

involved in, so it's hard to say which of them is true and which are not

>C SHELL:is a shell similar to the bash shell but it is more like the c

langauge on a command promt

>.CABLE MODEM:is a connection to the internet 24

hours a day and users dont use a dial up line instead they use a cable,usally

cable modem customers have a static ip address

>CACHE:is a tempory folder on a hard disk which stroes websites e.t.c so that

a user can acces them quicker

>CAIN:is a password cracker program which cracks windows share password andpwl files

36.CALL:is a programming term which means to transfere a part of a program

then return it

<CALLER ID:is used to trace dial up hackers and free isp's used it so they knowwho is dialing in to them,there's programs out that will hide your ID but most

isp wont let u connect if u hide your Caller ID

>.CARRIIER(dial ups): a signal used by a modem to detect another modem

>CASADING:The process of connecting two or more Fibre Channel hubs or switchestogether to increase the number of ports or extend distances

>.CAT:a unix command which displays the contents of a file

>CC(carbon copy)used for sending the same email to more than on person

>.CD:change directory used for chaging the dir on all systems prompts also

chdir

<CERT:is a Securuty firm which started in 1988 to help network admins and

publish network securit information

>.CGI(common gateway interface)is a web programming language which can be used

for prompting a user for inforrmation and can be used for shoping sites to make

secure transactions

>CHANNEL:is a irc chat room where ppl chat

>CHANNEL OP:is the person or person's on a channel who control it

>CHAP(challenge handshake authentication protcol):

>CHAR:shorthand for `character' Esp used by C programmers, as `char' is C's

typename for character data

>.CHAT:ovisly u know what a chat room is but certain network administraters

have chat built into their security which means if there hacked they can

disconnect u then chat and tell u that your traced e.t.c

>CHECKSUM:a 16 bit calculated field used to ensure detection of currupted

datagrams

>CHERNOBYL PACKETL:A network packet that induces a broadcast storm and/or

network meltdown, in memory of the April 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl in

Ukraine The typical scenario involves an IP Ethernet datagram that passes

through a gateway with both source and destination Ether and IP address set as

the respective broadcast addresses for the subnetworks being gated between

Compare Christmas tree packet

CIRCLE:This is also a simple setup and poses most of the same problems as the

bus NET Basically, it is just a Bus NET with the two spare ends connected to

each other The main differences between this and the Bus NET is that, each

computer acts as an amplifier to the signals passed along it (Active) There

is also another communication method used here called token passing This

consists of a token passing along the network, when a computer wishes to pass

on information, it will be attached to the token the it will travel round the

network until it finds its destination, The destination will then pick it up

copy it and send a new token into the network If the information in a Circle

NET does not find its destination, then it will go in a complete circle and

return to the sender with a message, reporting the problem This type of

topology is very similar to the Bus NET with the same drawbacks and the same

advantages

>CLUSTER CONTROL:The common name given to SNA Type 2.0 Peripheral Nodes

Usually used to refer to 3270-type control units

>CODEZ D00DZ:HACKERS's version of pirates

>COMMUNICATION CONTROLER:An SNA communications processor whose operations arecontrolled by Network Control Program (NCP) software.Communication

controllers manage communication links and route packets through SNA networks

IBM's communication controller products include the 3745/3746, 3725,

of data These services usually includeerror detection and recovery, flow control,

and packet sequencing

>CONNECTION SERVICE/PROTOCOL: A service protocol

that does not include the notion of a setup or take-down phase before and

after the transfer of data Each message, commonly called a datagram, is sent

as a separate entity

>COSMOS)the complimaentry metal-oxide semiconductor):is a battery powered

memory chip which is in the motherboard,it usally stores the bios password and

date settings

>.CISCO:cisco is the one of the leaders in the network market making network

softwere and hardwere

>CLASS C/B/A>NETWORK:is the way ppl are given an ip address from their isp ornetwork proider,class c is the isp way for an ip address

>CLI(Command line interface):is also known as an interface were u type

commands such as in dos

<CLIENT:is a user who connects to a server

<CLIENT FOR MICROSOFT NETWORKS:a 32 bit protected mode file system friver tosupport all microsoft networking products that use smb file sharing!

<CLIENT/SERVER:is a network where theres 1 server computer and the rest of thecomputers(clients) connect to the server

>CMIP:Acronym for Common Management Information Protocol

>COBOL(common

business orinted language)is used for business applications.cobol is rarely

used now

>.CODE:programers instructions also known as programming language

writting,code is the writting in a program which makes it perform to do

certain instruction and tasks

>CODE BALANCE:The number of 1 bits in a 10-bit transmitted data stream divided

by 10 (e.g., 1110100011 has a code balance of 6/10 = 60%)

>.COLLIO:is a US hacker cracker who nuked yahoo.com and ebay in early 2000

>.COM PORT:is a port on your computer were modem usally connect to

>.COMMAND PROMPT:is the screen on an o/s which u can type commands e.g

microsoft dos,lilo prompt,bash,csh prompt

>.COMPILE:to convert programming code into machine language

>.COMPILER:the tool which compiles the code in a program and changes it

into machine language

>Communication Controller: An SNA communications processor whose operationsare controlled by Network Control Program (NCP) software communication

controllers manage communication links and route packets through SNA networks.IBM's communication controller products include the 3745/3746, 3725, 3720,

before and after the transfer of data These services usually include error

detection and recovery, flow control, and packet sequencing

>CONNECTION PROTOCOL:a protocol tat transmities data without operating through

a connection

<CONFIGARTION:The process of installing or removing hardware or software

components required for a system or subsystem to function Assignment of the

operating parameters of a system, subsystem or device Disk array

configuration, for example, includes designating the array’s member disks or

extents, as well as parameters such as stripe depth, RAID model, cache

allowance, etc The collection of a system's hardware and software

components and operating parameters cf array configuration, physical

configuration connection

>CONSOLE:A device for graphical or textual visual output from a computer

system In systems, network and device management, an application that

provides graphical and textual feedback regarding operation and status, and

that may accept operator commands and input influencing operation and status

Sometimes called enterprise management console

>COPY ON WRITE:A technique for maintaining a point in time copy of a collection

of data by copying only data which is modified after the instant of replicate

initiation The original source data is used to satisfy read requests for both

the source data itself and for the unmodified portion of the point in time

copy cf pointer remapping

>Contention-Based Network :

Network that sends a limited amount of data and holds other data in a queue until it s ready

to send it The name means, that all data being sent is competing or

contending for bandwith The ALOHA Radio system in 1968 was based on this

>.COOKIE:is a small web paged program which stores it self in your computer

which means if u login from a cookie site it will remember your details,it is

usally stored in c:\cookies in a txt file

>COPY:to copy a file on an o/s windows e.g is copy filename filename unix

e.g is cp /filename /filename

>COAXIAL CABLE:An electrical transmission medium consisting of two concentricconductors separated by a dielectric material with the spacings and material

arranged to give a specified electrical impedance cf triaxial cable

>CP/M:is an old o/s used back in the 70's

>CRACK:To remove software copy protection on a program such as using a

sharewere program for longer than it was ment to be used

<CRACKER:a person who likes to destroy data and get into systems through back

doors,also see crackers

>CRACKERS:is a gay man who likes talking it up the ass only joking a

cracker is a person who thinks deleting data and changing data is

hacking,crackers write viruses and distrubute them ,thinking its kewl and that

they are ellite

>CRACKER JACK:is a well known unix password cracker for password breaking

/etc/passwd

>CSMA/CD:the network method used by ethernet networks

>CYPER PUNK:Since 1990 or so, popular culture has included a movement or

fashion trend that calls itself `cyberpunk', associated especially with the

rave/techno subculture Hackers have mixed feelings about this On the one

hand, self-described cyberpunks too often seem to be shallow trendoids in black

leather who have substituted enthusiastic blathering about technology for

actually learning and doing it Attitude is no substitute for competence On

the other hand, at least cyberpunks are excited about the right things and

properly respectful of hacking talent in those who have it The general

consensus is to tolerate them politely in hopes that they'll attract people

who grow into being true hackers

>CROSS POST:is when a usenet user posts the same question to more than one

newsgroup

>CRUISE VIRILL:a type of virus that infects and searches other

computers for pecific data.for e.g a c programmer could program a small

program which will work in the background and login to an ftpserver and

upload the users files,e.t.c

>CSH:is yet another command enviroment for unix

>CSMA/CD:(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection.)

such as AS/400s, Hewlett-Packard UNIX platforms, and PCs running either OS/2

or Microsoft's Windows NT Server operating system

>CUTE FTP:is an ftp client used for contacting ftp servers,cute ftp is a

freewere and can be download from download.com

>DAEMON:a process runs in the background and not locked into a

terminal,webservers are ferffered to httpd as the server sits in the

background and does need watched

>DARK SIDE-HACKER:A criminal or malicious hacker known as a cracker who thinkshes a hacker but techinally speaking hes a script kiddie who gets hackers a

bad name

>DATA ENCRYPTION STANDARD:an government

specification for encoding files by using a password.its supposed to be

uncrakble although 14000 internet users pooled together and cracked it last

year in 1999!

>DATAGRAM:the data package passed from the internet layer of tcp to the

network access layer passed from UDP at the transport layer

>Data Flow Control (DFC): Defines end-to-end protocols that control direction

of application data flow, manage responses, and logically group related

data flowing on sessions

>DEATH BEEF HACK:

[cypherpunks list, 1996] An attack on a public-key cryptosystem consisting of

publishing a key having the same ID as another key (thus making it possible to

spoof a user's identity if recipients aren't careful about verifying keys) In

PGP and GPG the key ID is the last eight hex digits of (for RSA keys) the

product of two primes The attack was demonstrated by creating a key whose ID

was 0xdeadbeef

>DEAD BEEF:DEAD:

The hexadecimal word-fill pattern for freshly allocated

memory (decimal -21524111) under a number of IBM environments, including theRS/6000 Some modern debugging tools deliberately fill freed memory with thisvalue as a way of converting heisenbugs into Bohr bugs As in "Your program isDEADBEEF" (meaning gone, aborted, flushed from memory); if you start from anodd half-word boundary, of course, you have

<DEBIAN:is an advanced version of linux which is more hacker freindly thanother versions

>DECRYPTION:to un decrypt a file which is encrypted!

>DEFAULT GATEWAY:the gateway used to connect to the rest of the network

>DELETE:to destroy data the dos command for it is deltree the unix commandfor it is rm

>DELPHI:a programming langauge devloped by borland

DEN(Directory Enabled Network.:

>DEMON:A portion of a program that is not invoked explicitly, but

that lies dormant waiting for some condition(s) to occur See daemon The

distinction is that demons are usually processes within a

program, while daemons are usually programs running on an operating system 2.[outside MIT] Often used equivalently to daemon

especially in the Unix world, where the latter spelling and pronunciation is

considered mildly archaic

Demons in sense 1 are particularly common

in AI programs For example, a knowledge-manipulation program might implementinference rules as demons Whenever a new piece of knowledge was added,

various demons would activate (which demons depends on the particular piece ofdata) and would create additional pieces of knowledge by applying their

respective inference rules to the original piece These new pieces could in

turn activate more demons as the inferences filtered down through chains of

logic Meanwhile, the main program could continue with whatever its primarytask was

>DEMON DIALER:a modem program which dials from say 555-0000 on up through555-9999,finding computers with modem support.this is a way a hacker wouldfind an phone support o/s in your area alsoknown as a wardialer

>DES(data encryption standard):an government

specification for encoding files by using a password.its supposed to be

uncrakble although 14000 internet users pooled together and cracked it!

>DESTINATION PORT:the TCP or UDP port number of the application on a hostmachine that will be the recepiment of that data in TCP segements or UDP

datagram,e.g a webserver waiting for website visitors

>DEV/MILL:a dir on unix which does nothing,produces nothing and can slowwinganything,usally linux is stored there,

>DEVICE CHANNEL:A channel used to connect storage devices to a host I/O busadapter or intelligent controller The preferred term is device I/O bus

>DHCP(dymanic host conigration protocol):Is a server which automatically issues

a client user with an ip address,dhcp isp users dont usally have a static ip

but they have a dymnaic ip address

>DIRECTORY:A mechanism for organizing information

A file or other persistent data structure in a file system that contains information about other files Directories are usually organized hierarchically (i.e., a

directory may contain both information about files and other directories), and

are used to organize collections of files for application or human

convenience An LDAP-based repository consisting of class definitions and

instances of those classes An example of an enterprise-wide LDAP directory isMicrosoft's Active Directory (AD) or Novell's NetWare Directory Service (NDS).directory enabled network

>DISTRO:anyone can release their own linux

and its called a linux distro

> DRIVE LETTER:A single letter of the alphabet by which applications and usersidentify a partition of physical or virtual disk to the Windows operating

system The number of letters in the alphabet limits the number of disks that

can be referenced

>DOMAIN:shared user authorization database which contains users, groups, andtheir security policies A set of interconnected network elements and

addresses that are administered together and that may communicate domain

controller,common ones include website names

>DOS:a command based o/s in windows

>DUN(Dial up networking):the way most users

connect to the net altthough it can be used for conneting to dial up server's

and BBS's

>.DLL(dynamic link library):is a seperate coded file used for sharing with

programs making it have more feautures or making it run properly

>DNS(domain name system)a computer system which translates internet name

address into ip addreses

<DNS SPOOFING:is when a server has it's dns id faked so it goes to the wrongpage or server

>DOMAIN:is a computer name which is granted to differnt countries

with the exstansion tld(top level domain) for e.g co.uk

.com companys and business sites

->DR DOS:an ms dos clone owned by novell

>DUMB TERMINAL:a keyboard and video display connected to an network

>DWEEB:quite like a lamer but there anti-socialer

>DYMANIC HTML:is a webpage scripting language used for adding special effect

to webpages,e.t.c,similar to javascript

>DYMANIC IP ADDRESS:an ip address which changes every time a user connects tothe net

>ECHO:can be used as icmp but mostly echo repeats a character to screen e.g

"/echo <lamer> i am and ass in "irc or "echo hi" in dos

>ELISTS:(Email Lists)Electronic discussion groups that anyone with an emailaddress can subscribe to When u send email to an elist it will automatically

send a copy to every subscriber (also called amiling lists)

>ELLITE:person who is usally a skilled hacker and programmer who likes

testing softwere and helping other,ellite can be spelled serverall ways

>ENDLESS LOOP:a set of code in a prgram which repeates something

>END TO END THROUGH:Control of message flow between the two end parties

to a communication on a network.Flow control that occurs between two

connected Fibre Channel N-Ports

>EXTERNAL CALL INTERFACE(ECI):A CICS client programming interface thatallows applications running on CICS clients to call applications running on

CICS servers

>ETC:is the dir on unix(/etc)where

various and sundry files are kept usally logs are kept there

>ETHERNET:a lan(local area network) that

uses radio freqency to carry signals by coxial cables,ethernet uses the

CSMA/CD network access method

>ETHERNET APAPTER:An adapter that connects an intelligent device to an

Ethernet network Usually called an Ethernet network interface card, or

Ethernet NIC cf NIC

>ETTIQUATE:is the rules of the net for e.g typing IN ALL CAPS IS REGUARDES

>EXE.is a file enstension which can be executed to run a program

>EXECUTE:is to issue a command or program on a system

<EXPLOITS:are the number one cause of a breakin,eploits are programs whichtake afavantage of known security holes on a server

>EXSENSION:are the

filename exstension at the end of a program such as com,.exe,.bak

>EZINE:A net version of the small press magazine (known as zine) culture

Usually ezines exists only on the Net, but more and more paper zines are

distributing an electronic version as well

>F.A.Q(frecently asked question):the term refered to a txt file which answers

common question ppl ask on a particualr subject

>FC-PH:The Fibre Channel physical standard, consisting of FC-0, FC-1, and

FC-2

>FC-0:The Fibre Channel protocol level that encompasses the physical

characteristics of the interface and data transmission media Specified in

FC-PH

>FC-1:The Fibre Channel protocol level that encompasses 8B/10B encoding, and

transmission protocol Specified in FC-PH

>FC-2:The Fibre Channel protocol level that encompasses signaling protocol

rules and the organization of data into frames, sequences, and exchanges

Specified in FC-PH

>FC-3:the Fibre Channel protocol level that encompasses common services

between FC-2 and FC-4 FC-3 contains no services in most implementations

>FC-4:The Fibre Channel protocol level that encompasses the mapping of upper

layer protocols (ULP) such as IP and SCSI to lower protocol layers (FC-0

through FC-3) For example, the mapping of SCSI commands is an FC-4 ULP that

defines the control interface between computers and storage

>FEDERATED MANAGEMENT ARCHITECHTURE SPECIFICATION:A specification from Sun Microsystems Computer

Corporation that defines a set of Java APIs for heterogeneous storage resource

and storage network management This specification is a central technology of

JIRO

>FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface.):a token passing network archtitecture

using fibre optic cables

>FDDI ADPTER:An adapter that connects an intelligent device to an FDDI network

Both FDDI-fiber adapters that connect to optical fiber FDDI networks, and

FDDI-TP adapters that connect to twisted copper pair FDDI networks exist

Although network interface cards are usually referred to as NICs rather than

as adapters, the term FDDI adapter is more common than FDDI NIC cf adapter,

NIC

>FIBRE CHANNEL:A type of Fibre Channel physical connection that allows

up to 30 meters of copper cable between adjacent devices

>FIFO: term programmers use to describe a data structer where the first item

stored is also the first item retrived

>FILE HANDLE:a number used to identify a file inside a program

>FILE SERVER:a file server is a computer which acts a server allowing users

to access resources on it.for e.g on windows users can share there drives

using netbios

>FILE SHARING!:file sharing is sharing files for others to access using samba

or netbios,users usally map network drive typing net use p: \\ip\sharename in

ms dos or by using a samba client on unix

>FILTER:An intelligent network node whose hardware and software are designed to

provide file services to client computers Filers are pre-programmed by their

vendors to provide file services, and are not normally user programmable cf

appliance, file server

>FIN:a control flag used in the process of closing a TCP connection.

>FINGER:is a service run on port 79 and allows users to find information on

users on hosts such as name and address,tel ,e.t.c

>FIREWALL:is a program used to close a pc'a open ports and secure

security holes and is a break point between networks where all the trafiic is

examined and accepted or denied based on a set of rules

>FLAME WARS:are

when 2 or more ppl post or send shit to the other user,and the both users

exchange angry messgaes to each other.<irc invloves a lot of flame war betweenhackers and lamers usally the lamers are nuking e.t.c

>FORTH: another programming language although its not relay used now a days

>FORTRAN:a combination of formular translator which

allows programmers to use mathematical signitures.e.g code

x = (A * B) *

>FREEBSD:is a version of unix with open source

>Fragmentation scanning : This is not a new port scanning method in and of

itself, but a modification of other techniques Instead of just sending the

probe packet, you break it into a couple of small IP fragments You are

splitting up the TCP header over several packets to make it harder for packet

filters and so forth to detect what you are doing Be careful with this! Some

programs have trouble handling these tiny packets My favorite sniffer

segmentation faulted immediately upon receiving the first 36-byte fragment

After that comes a 24 byte one! While this method won't get by packet filters

and firewalls that queue all IP fragments (like the CONFIG_IP_ALWAYS_DEFRAGoption in Linux), a lot of networks can't afford the performance hit this

causes This feature is rather unique to scanners (at least I haven't seen any

others that do this)

>FTP(file transfere protocol)is a serivice which runs on port 21 an allows

users with valid accounts to login and upload files and download files

>FTP BOUCE ATTACK: An interesting "feature" of the ftp protocol (RFC 959) issupport for "proxy" ftp connections In other words, I should be able to

connect from evil.com to the FTP server-PI (protocol interpreter) of

target.com to establish the control communication connection Then I should beable to request that the server-PI initiate an active server-DTP (data transfer

process) to send a file ANYWHERE on the internet! Presumably to a User-DTP,although the RFC specifically states that asking one server to send a file to

another is OK Now this may have worked well in 1985 when the RFC was justwritten But nowadays, we can't have people hijacking ftp servers and

requesting that data be spit out to arbitrary points on the internet As

*Hobbit* wrote back in 1995, this protocol flaw "can be used to post virtually

untraceable mail and news, hammer on servers at various sites, fill up disks,

try to hop firewalls, and generally be annoying and hard to track down at the

same time." What we will exploit this for is to (surprise, surprise) scan TCP

ports from a "proxy" ftp server Thus you could connect to an ftp server

behind a firewall, and then scan ports that are more likely to be blocked (139

is a good one) If the ftp server allows reading from and writing to a

directory (such as /incoming),

>FUNCTION:is a subprogram or small program which does a certain task thenreturns the answer to the main program

>GANG MESSAGES:spam messages posted to usenet or emailed to users

>GATEWAY:the link that translates two different types of computer networks,arouter which connects a lan to a larger network

>GEEK:is a person who knows more about computers than he does know on hisself,geeks are usally anti social and ugly ppl.

>GREP:referred to as search or scan

>GNONME:is a linux desktop environment built by hacker and is similar to kde

>GOPHER:a system used for finding info on the net,named after the university

of minesota's golden gophers

>GOTO:is a common programming code e.g code written in qb

print "wassup"

input "well!" name$

if name$ = kev then GOTO celtic

end

>GROUP:A collection of computer user identifiers used as a convenience in

assigning resource access rights or operational privileges

>GSN:Acronym for Gigabyte System Network

>GUI:Acronym for Graphical User Interface

>GURU:is a knowledgeble computer dude usally earn mega cash and studies

network security and hacking!

>HACK:a hack is a sucessfull piece of code which has been changed or it can

be when a hacker sucessfully hacks a system througn an exploit or using BF,

e.t.c

>HACKER:are the dudes who make the internet what it is,most of the hackers

program and contrinute to the linux world and most of them like to study

network security and breaking into systems

>HANG UP:used by war dialers once a dial toned is found

>HAYES COMMAND SET:a set of instruction for controling basic functions likedial modems then hanging up

>HIDDEN FILES:all o/s have hidden files by

default to stop newbies messing them up,although when u hack a system it is

hard to find hidden file but the unix command "ls -vat /dir" finds hidden

files

>HEXADECIMAL:a number that uses base 16 to base 10

>HEXEDITOR:is a program used for viewing the computer binary code of a program.105.HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE:is a program language which can almost be written inenglish

High Level Languages are closer to Human Languages, and because of this, they are easier understood, easier written, easier maintained and adjusted

The problem with High-Level Programming Languages is that they lack slightly in speed compared to the lower languages, the reason for this is that the Compiler

has to convert the High-Level code into Machine Language before the computer reads it and follows the instructions

The first of these languages started to emerge around the 1950's and there are

now tons of them around like Pascal, C and C++

>HOME:is the default directory u get as soon as u login to unix.usally

/root or /home/user

>HOST:is a computer which stores files and is referred to each hackers

target !the host computer!

>HOST ID:the portion of an ip that identifies a particular computer within a

network

>HOST TABLE:the host or lmhost file that contains a list of knownip addresses

mapped to host names or netbios computer

>HOTMAIL:is a free email site which has the largest number of users than

anywhere in the world,usally because is has so much users and the owners

"microsoft" make it hard to hack beacuse micosoft invests a lot of cash in it

the security of bug tracking!

>HTML(hyper text markup language):is a the most used scripting language for

programming web pages as it is easy to use.e.g

<a href="telnet://unix.com">telnet me</a>

>HTTP:is run on port 80 and is known as www,http is known as hyper text

transfer protocol

>HYPERTERMINAL:is a windows communication program used for contacting bbs's

and it can be used as a telnet client as well

>HUB:a device on a network where it connects all the pc's togthers using their

wires and connecting them to the hub

>IBM:internation business machine:is a computer firm which lead in the

making of computers,ibm also have one of the strongest security networks in

the world

>ICE:(Intrusion Countermeasure)Term reffering to the security programs in

Gibson's cyberspace (also called BLACKICE)

>IDENITY HACKING:The use of pseudo-anonymity or false accounts to put oneself

off as another person on the Internet

>IDLE:when a computer isnt doing nothing,usally thats the best time to

pinging them all the -P option does this ICMP scanning is now in parallel,

so it can be quite fast To speed things up even more, you can increase the

number of pings in parallel with the '-L ' option It can also be helpful to

tweek the ping timeout value with '-T ' nmap supports a host/bitmask notation

to make this sort of thing easier For example 'nmap -P cert.org/24

152.148.0.0/16' would scan CERT's class C network and whatever class B entity

152.148.* represents Host/26 is useful for 6-bit subnets within an

organization Nmap now also offers a more powerful form You can now do things

like '150.12,17,71-79.7.*' and it will do what you expect

>IETF(internet enginerring task force):a consortuim that introduces new

tchnologly on the ineterne,they rite rfc's

>IF:is a progaramming statment which is often used with IF and

THEN e.g code

if X = 5 then print "i am a faggot!"

>IGMP(internet group manahement protocol):a tcp/ip protocol used in conjuction

with multcasting in a class d network

>INDEPENDENT LOGICAL UNIT:An LU that does not depend on an SSCP in an SNA host

system for session initiation and can send both a BIND request and a BIND

response Only LU Type 6.2 LUs can function as independent LUs

>INHERITANCE:is used in object orented programming languages,when one

object copies the feauture from another object

>INODE:A persistent data structure in a UNIX or UNIX-like file system that

describes the location of some or all of the disk blocks allocated to the

file

<INTERNET:is the biggest network in the world which has thousands of features

such as global chat rooms and newsgoups,telnet/e.t.c/e.t.c

>INTERNET EXPLORER(IE):is a web browser owned by microsoft and it distributes

as a free were product to anyone who want to download it.IE is the msot used

in the market at 75 per cent domination form rival browsers like netscape

>INTERNET SERVER APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE(ISAPI): A programming interface that allows a Microsoft

Internet Server to execute server-based application programs

>INTERNIC:is the place of internet information center were ppl are more or

less in charge of the net,they also assign ip address to isp's and

websites,internic can be used to track down ip addreses using their "whois

query"

>INITIAL SEQUENCE NUMBER(isn):a number that marks the beginnging of the range

of numbers a computer will use for sequence bytes transmiited through TCP

>INTRANET:is a small vesrion of the internet except it isnt public and is

only on LAN'S

>INTRUDER:is when a hacker or unathorised user breaks into a part of the system

which is forbidden for user access

>I/O OPERATOR:A read, write, or control function performed to, from or within a

computer system For example I/O operations are requested by control software

in order to satisfy application I/O requests made to virtual disks cf I/O

request

>IP(Internet protocol):the method for viewing web

information and is used for sending packets computers

>.IP ADDRESS:is a 32 bit number giving to every user on the net

by their isp,ip addreses can be used to track down users or used by hackers to

connect to a system e.g an ip address looks like 157.22.111.111,if u still

dont understand what an ip address is its basically a number which identifies

internet users just like street addreses identify people houses

>IP SPOOFING:Is when a user fakes his ip address to look like the trusted hosts

or makes it look like somebody elses ip address

>IP ROUTING:The process of of recieving an ip packet addreses to somewhere

else on one network and sending it on its way from another network

>IPCONFIG:is used in windows 2000 to show a user his ip address,dns server

,e.t.c

>IPX/SPX(internetwork packet exchange /seqence packet exchanege):on novell

network systems,IPX is a network layer protocol used in file server o/s

>IPX TUNNELING:a method of supporting IPX/SPX on TCP/IP networks by

interfacing IPX with TCP/IP's transport layer

>IRC:internet relay chat is a place were users can chat and the ppl are

usally more ettiquate ,irc clients include pitch,mirc,xchat,irc servers

are usally on port 6667

>IRIX:is an o/s similar to unix and mostly used by banks e.t.c

>ISDN(intergrated service digital network)is a very fast

digital telecommuncation connection with speeds around 128kps

>ISP(internet service provider):is the company which gives u access to the

internet and services like usenet,web browsing,telnet.ISP also issue each user

an static or dymanic ip address

>JAVA:a programming language devoloped by suns microsystems,java scripts

main advantage is it can run on any o/s connected to the internet

>JOHN THE RIPPER:is password cracker used to crack /etc/passwd on unix

>KDE:A POWERfull linux gui which looks like windows but has more power

>.KERNEL:is a hacking term used to describe the core of an o/s or program

124.KILL:is a c and unix command>

>KPPR - (Key Press Password Recorder):A tiny hacking program that is laoded

into a computer and then records every key that is pressed Used to find out

login usernames, and passwords (also called Trojan hoarse, Stealth Password

Recorder, Key/Keypress Capturer, Password Recorder, Password Sniffer, PasswordSnooper and Login Spoof)

>LAN:is a group of computers connected together through wires or phone lines

to share information,LAN are the most common type of network as they are

inexensive and easilly configured

>LAN EMULATION:A collection of protocols and services that

combine to create an emulated local area network using ATM as the underlying

network Abbreviated LANE Local area network emulation enab

>LDAP(Lightweight Directory Access Protocol.):

An IETF protocol for creating, accessing and removing objects and data from a directory

It provides the ability to search, compare, add, delete and modify directory

objects, as well as modifying the names of these objects It also supports

bind, unbind and abandon (cancel) operations for a session LDAP got its name

from its goal of being a simpler form of DAP (Directory Access Protocol), from

the X.500 set of standards

<LINK:A physical connection (electrical or optical) between two nodes of a

network Two unidirectional fibres transmitting in opposite directions and

their associated transmitters and receivers The full-duplex FC-0 level

association between FC-1 entities in directly attached ports The physical

point to point connection from one element of a Fibre Channel fabric to the

next or the end to end collection of physical links in a logical point to

point connection spanning switches, loops, bridges, etc Fibre Channel

physical layer protocol is a physical link level protocol

>LINK CONTROL PROTOCOL(LCP):a protocol used by ppp to establish ,manage andterminate dial up networking

>LINUX:is a sharewere type version of unix with about 96 per cent of the

same feautures,linux as widely used by programmers and hackers because of its

security features and of its open source.Hackers usally use linux because it

supports all the major programming languages and because it has more power

in networking than its rival o/s windows

>LOCAL:is a computer which is in the same building as the other computers on anetwork,local hackers are hackers within the same network,remote hackers are

hackers who hack in from a remote location such as from the other side of the

country

>LOCAL TALK:the connecters and cables which make up the apple talk network

>LoD (Legion of Doom):Legendary hacker group of the 90's

>.LOG:is a file which records every ip address which connects to a system

and can record the presence of hackers in a system,logs are usally write

protected and are the main cause of newbie hackers getting traced

>LOG IN:to gain access to a computer by giving the correct id and password

>LOG OFF:to log out of a computer system once your loged in

>LOGICAL ADDRESS:a network address coniguration though the protocol softwere

>LOGICAL LINK CONTROL SUBLAYER:a sublayer of OSI's datalayer that isresonsible for error checking and managing links between sevices on a subnet

>LOGO:is a programming language designed to show children how to work a

pc

>LOOPBACK ADDRESS:127.0.0.1 is refered to every o/s as its own machine,for e.gevery computers ip address is always 127.0.0.1

>LOVE BUG:was a worm written by eyespider in visual basic,the lovebug

exploited a loop hole in outlook express and then emailed it;s self to every

user in the users address book

>LURKER:is someone who read messgages on usenet but doent contribute,almost90% of users are luckers

>MCAFFE:is one of the world leaders in anti virill programs

>MACHINE LANGUAGE:is the code which the computer understans which is inbinary,Aside from computers that utilize programmable micro code

(which, by the way we're not covering) 'Machine Language' the lowest level ofprogramming languages These are the only kind of language that computers

recognise, although they are almost impossible to read to programmers,

mainly because they consist of just numbers

When you write a program in a high level language such as Pascal, the compiler will convert your instructions into this so that the computer understands

And for information's sake, 'Machine Language' is converted to 'High-Level

>MACHINITOSH:is a make of o/s which started back in the 70;s and is owned by

apple corp

>.MACRO:is a program written to record certain tasks and repeat them,macro's

are mainly used in MS OFFICE applications and are written in visual basic

>MAIL BOMB.is a from of a DoS attack used by script kiddies to send ppl

thousands of emails and block legitement ones

>MANDRAKE LINUX:is a linux distro based on redhat linux,with the same

feutures,renound for its newbie freindlyness

>.MAP:is to add a tempory drive to your pc,so that u can access another

computers hard drive on a network

>MULTICAST:Allows datagrams to be delivered to a group of hosts simultaneusly

>MBIT(MAGEA BIT):

>MBps:Acronym for megabytes per second A measure of bandwidth or data

transfer rate

>MAC(MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL):

Algorithms that control access to physiCal media, especially in shared media

networkshis is a network setup in no particular fashion, just a Network

with every terminal connected to almost every other terminal, although this is

easy to maintain and troubleshoot it is very expensive as Its cost a fortune

to fit the amount of cables it takes

>MESH:This is a network setup in no particular fashion, just a Network with

every terminal connected to almost every other terminal, although this is easy

to maintain and troubleshoot it is very expensive as Its cost a fortune to fit

the amount of cables it takes

>MIB:Acronym for Management Information Base

>MICROSOFT:is the leading o/s company which is owned by bill gates

recent microsoft o/s include win 2000 and win melenuim,Microsoft was started

by bill gates in seattle as a small business which has now become the richest

firm in the world.Microsoft is used by 75% per cent of home owners with a pc

and is renound for its easy to use interface

>MICROSOFT SERVICE FOR NETWERE DIRECTORY SERVICES:a service that ennablesmicrosoft client for netwere networks to logon to a novell directroy>see nds

>MIME:Acronym for Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions:A specification that

defines the mechanisms for specifying and describing the format of Internet

message bodies An HTTP response containing a MIME Content-Type header allows

the HTTP client to invoke the appropriate application for processing the

received data

>MINTECK,ROBERT:famous US hacker

>MIRC:is a windows irc client used for talking on internet relay chat

>Multi User Operating System:

An Operting system that is capable of Multi-tasking,

these are usefull on networks where different people will be logging in, and

where printer traffic is high Some examples of Multi User operating systems

are 'Windows NT', 'Windows 2000', 'Unix' and Linux

>MODE:referrs to the attribute to the file whether it is write

pretcted,executibal or wrote to and usuall differnent users have different

permission

>MODEM:a device that translates a digital signal to a form of an analogue.

>MODERATOR:Is a person who edites or changes usenet postings,chat rooms,e.t.c

>MODULE:a module includes softwere that can be loaded or unloaded as u run an

o./s

>MONITORING:can be used by hackers or admins to sniff there

network for passwords or for proplems it can also be some sort of port watcher

device

>MORRIS,ROBBERT: is a famous US hacker who took down the internet

usesing his worm name "The morris worm"

>.NC:network computer

>MSCONFIG:is a windows utillity for configuring your boot>type msconfig in dos

to start it

>MULTIHOMED SYSTEM:a computer with more than one ip address

>MY NETWORKING PLACES:is the new name for network neighbourhood and is used toshow all the avalible computers on a windows network

>NAME RESOULUTION SERVICE:a service that maps user friendly names with networkaddreses

>NAME SERVER:An intelligent entity in a network that translates between

symbolic node names and network addresses In a Fibre Channel network, a name

server translates between world wide names and fabric addresses

>NAPSTER:is a network program used for sharing and downloading mp3 files

>NAT(netbios auditing tool):is a program coded to password crack netbios

shares

NAT(network address translation):A process that lets an entire network connect

to a ppp server and appears as a single ip address,ths helping users conceal

their ip from exsternal hackers and crackers

NBNS:a netbios name server is a server that provides a netbios name to ip

mapping

>Netscape Server Application Programming Interface (Nsap) A programming

interface that allows Netscape Web servers to execute server-based application

programs

>NETSTAT:is an uttility for displaying all active connections u and

the internet also its shows all listing ports.e.g netstat -a in ms dos

>NETWORK ARCHITECTURE:a complete specification for a physical network

including,specifcatoion for access method,data frame and network cables

>NDISWAN(network driver interface specification wide area network):

>NDMP(Network Data Management Protocol.):

>NERD:is also like a geek except there more social albe

>NETBIOS(network basic input/outpust system):is a service which listoned on

port 139 and is primally used for sharing printers and files

>NETBEUI(netbios exstended user interface):is a protocol included with windows

which has an exstended user interface and more features than netbios

NETBIOS FRAMES CONTROL PROTOCOL:a protocol used to configure,enable anddisable the netbeui protocol module on both ends of a data link.

<NETBIOS NAME:is used to connect to netbios computers e.g

net use f: \\mycomputer\c:\ in ms dos

>NETBIOS over TCP/IP(NBT):a component that ennables NETBIOS to function onTCP/IP networks

>NET COMMANDS:are commands used in ms dos for connting to netbios shares,viewshare name,starting services,e.g net view ,net password,net start,net

logon,net use,net ver,net time,net,net /?

>NETIQUATE:the cyber term for ettiqaute

<NETBUS:is a bo like trojan back door used by crackers which all u do is send

the victim a netbus file then enter his ip address in to your netbus client

and your in his computer !

>NETSCAPE NAVAGATOR:is a web browser with thousands of useful features like IEhas but netscape is much less popular,The unix and linux users mostly use

it for surfing the internet

>NETMASK:a 32 bit mask which shows how an internet address is to be devidedinto subnets and host parts

>NETSTAT:is a program used for showing u all your active incoming connectionsfrom the internet to your machine,type netstat /? in dos or man netstat for

more help

>NETVIEW:IBM's mainframe-based network management software that is used tomanage SNA, APPN, and multi-protocol enterprise networks

>NETWATCH:is a windows program used for monitering netbios and it allows users

to boot and moniter users connected to the netbios share

>NETWORK:is a system of computers connected to

each other through cables or radio transmissions,the biggest network is the

internet although there thousands more such as peer to peer,lan,appletalk,smb

e.t.c

>NETWORK ADAPTER:Is a network card that ennables a computer to

connect to other pc's on a network such as file and printer sharing

>NETWORK ADMINISTRTOR:is a person who maintains a network,looking after thesetting and adding new users

>NETWORK DRIVE:is a remote disk drive which looks

like your hard disk except is is virtual

>NETWORK FILE SYSTEMS.the NFS protocol uses RPC calls between the offeringsystem of 2 computers to transparritly allow the user on an NFS client

computer to access files located on the nfs server

>NETWORK MAPS:The Physical Structure or Layout of the network,

>NETWORK SNIFFER:a program that can capture and display the contents of

datagrams on a network

>NDMP:Acronym for Network Data Management Protocol

>NIC(network interface card):is a pci or internal network card which allows

pc's to connect to a network

>NMAP:is a anonymous port scanner from www.insecure.com/nmap,nmap can also o/s

fingerprint,nmap is the leader in public free port scanners and is one of the

fastest out

NODE:A system that provides network services, such as routing, management, andend-user support

>NOS(network o/s system):is the softwere which control

the network which an e.g of a nos is windows nt

>NEWBIES:is a person who is new to usenet or hacking,newbies make up the

large part of hackers and it is the newbie hackers who tend to get cought more

easily,newbies often have it easy now a days as theres thousands of hacking

programs and tutorials freely avalible on the net.!

>.NEWSGROUP:is a descussion area on usenet where ppl post messgaes like

emails and others reply

<NFS:network file system:distributed file system and its associated network

protocol originally developed by Sun Microsystem Computer Corporation and

commonly implemented in UNIX systems, although most other computer systems haveimplemented NFS clients and/or servers Abbreviated NFS The IETF is

responsible for the NFS standard

>NNTP(network news transfere protol): the service which usenet messages are

sent through

>NNTP SERVER:is the computer which hosts a newsgroup or newsgroups

>NORTON:is a large global company which makes firewalls,system tool,virus

scanner and all sorts of heath system programs

>.NOS:network o/s syetem)

>NOVELL:is a utah company that makes networking softwere,novell is one of

the world leaders in networking products

>NOVELL DOS:is the renamed version of dr dos

>NSA(national security agency):is a top secret american agency which

didicates it life to cracking ciphers and monitering communications from all

of the world.It even has the knowledge to decompile c and to crack encruption

>NUI(network user interface):is the interface under a network is working

>NUKING:also known as denial of service is used for crashing computers by sendthousands of packets to the host causing it to crash

>OCX(ole custom control:

>OPEN DATALINK INTERFACE(ODI):a specification defined by novell and apple toprovide a protocol for API for communication with network adapter drives and

to support the maultible use of protocols by a network

>OPEN SOURCE:is refered to softwere with free source code which means it can

be changed,Linux is so popular because its all open source wich means you can

edit programs to the way u want it

>OPRAH:is an webpage client browser used for internet browsing

>OO(object oriented.)

>OOP:object orented programming

>OS/2:a windows like o/s from ibm,microsoft windows is like a clone of os/2

with very much the same features

>OSI(open system connections):is a model which shows data has moved accross

a netowork and is made up of 7 layers that the data travels

through:application layer,presention layer,sesion

layer,transport,layer,,the link layer,and the physical layer

>.o/s(opearting system)is the softwere which a computer runs

on,unix,freebsd,linux,windows,applemac,e.t.c are all examples of o/s

>.OVERWRITE:is when a hacker changes or edites the log file or in crackerterms it means to delete data and change it

>OUT OF BAND:Transmission of management information for Fibre Channelcomponents outside of the Fibre Channel network, typically over Ethernet

>OUTLOOK EXPRESS:is an email and newsgroup client used for sending andrecieing email and usenet messages

>PACKET:a piece of information typcially used in communcations(modem ornetwork),a packet is a peice of data usally sent from one computer to

another.the data is stored in side the packet,along with other information

used by what ever protocol under which the packet is being sent

>PACKET SNIFFING:is when a hacker installs a sniffer on the network

recording all the network tcp/udp hand shakes and passwords e.t.c,packet

sniffing is used by admins as well looking for problem in their network

>PARTION:A subdivision of the capacity of a physical or virtual disk

Partitions are consecutively numbered ranges of blocks that are recognized byMS-DOS, Windows, and most UNIX operating systems Synonym for the type ofextent used to configure arrays A contiguously addressed range of logical

blocks on a physical media that is identifiable by an operating system via thepartition's type and subtype fields A partition's type and subtype fields are

recorded on the physical media and hence make the partition self-identifying partitioning

>PASCALL:a programming language mainly used for teaching programmingconcepts with command that look like regelar english

A high level language, the youngest of the ALGOL family

and concidered to be LAME by the hacker community Originally designed byProfessor Niklaus Wirth (1970) as a programming language to teach

non-programmers to program The name originates from the French mathematicianBlaise Pascal who invented the first mechanical calculator in 1645

>PASSIVE OPENING:a state in which TCP port is ready to recieve incomingconnections,such as a telnet server waiting for users

>.PASSWORD:Is the most common way for ppl protecting data,so that pryingeyes cant get in,now aa days theres a lot of password crackers but most adminsarent stupis enoguh to use a common password but they use l3tters and n(bers

>PASSWORD CRAKCER:is a program or script used to brute force a passwordprotected computer or file

>PASSWORD PROTECTED:is when u cant access a file or computer without alegitiment password

>PCANYWHERE:is a remote administration program used for contacting yourcomputer when your in a remote destination

>PC DOS(personal computer disk operating system):

>PCNFS:A daemon that permits personal computers to access file systems accessedthrough the NFS protocol

>PDL:is a programming language such as postscript which is processed by a

micro processor in the printer

>PEEK:is a BASIC programming language that lets users view a particual file

in a computers memory

>PEER TO PEER:is a network where every computer acts as a server ,common

e.g would be a windows network sharing files and printers

>PEOPLE SEARCH:is when users try to track users down users with their email

address using a ppl search engine such as yahoo people search

>Peripherals - Things

connected and shared through a network, like printers and scanners

>PERL:is a scripting language for windows and unix and is used for doing

certain tasks such as networking speed testing ,password cracking coding e.t.c

>PINE:a terminal based email reader program thats runs on a unix box,it allows

users to write and send emails

.>PGP(pretty good privacy):is an encryption package which allows users to

encrypt their data so that its unreadably to ppl who cant provide the correct

encryption key

>PHREAKING:are another set of underground users who are interested in hackingphones,getting free phone calls,seizing phonelines,call tapping

e.t.c,phreaking is rarely did now a days as call companies are too advanced

but back in the 70's their was a lot of freaks's

>PHYSICAL ADDRESS:a pernement network address burned into a network adapter bythe manufacture

>PICO:Is a unix text editor usually abalible by typing pico in a unix shell

>PING:packet internet grouper is used to see if a particualr ip addrees is

active and if the computer is on,every o/s supports ping by typing ping ip in

the command promt

>PITCH:Is a windows irc client similar to mirc

>PL/1:is a earlier programming language used by ibm's in the 70's

1

>PPP(point to point protol):is used for dial up using modems who want to

dial into a dial up server>also see slip

>POLYMORPHIC VIRUS:is a virus that modefies its self when it effects a file

on your computer,this makes it harder for an anti virus program harder to

track it

>POP(post office protocol);is a serive which allows a user to retrive email

from a mail server such as pop.yahoo.com

>POP 1/2/3:is version of pop which sends emails and recieves them unlike

stmp which can only send mail.>hotmail.com is an example of pop email client

>PORT:can be 3 things but in hacker terms it is a open target in form as a

open service such as 139,telnet,21 which means the hacker can try and exploit

them to gain root or get access to windows 98 e.t.c

>PORTSCAN:is to scan a computer for open ports,many ppl have different

thoughts on this,40% of internet users think this is like going upto a house

and checking for open windows and open doors and 60 per cent argue that it

legal.A port scan is the first thing a hacker would do on his target system

>POSTSCRIPT: a page scripting language devloped by adobe system.

>PPPT(point to point tunelling)a form of ppp which enebles information to

be migled with a local area network

>PRINT SERVICE:a service that fulfills network requests to print doc's

>PROGRAMMER:is usally a skilled hacker or individual who has the abuity towrite computer programs in code

>PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:are the computer languages used for writtingprograms,every language is similar to each other and different languages canonly work on certain systems althgough C works on all o/s's,the most poplarlanguages are VCPP,C,VB,and DELPHI

>PROMPT:is the command environemt on a system which allows u to entercommands

>PROTOCOL:is a set of rules which allows a network to act by the rules,tcp

is a hackers best protocol as all o/s support tcp and that means a windows

machine can hack a unix.other protocols include udp and xmodem

<PROXY SERVER:is a computer which acts on your behalf,for e.g if u configureyour web browser to use a web proxy the broser will goto the proxy server thenthe proxy server would goto the site for u and send u the site back to ur

broser,this mean that the site can't trace your ip address

>PS:Iis a unix command which shows u the processor status or what execly

is going on on the unix system ur on

>PUBLIC ENCRYPTION KEY:is a unique for of encryption data that requires toset of passwords:a private key and a pulic key.comminly used by PGP

>PYTHON:Another High Level language designed to teach non programmers about strict Sytax Rules, this one is alot more popular than Pascal and is,

it is object orientated Invented in 1990 by Guido van Rossum at CWI in

Amsterdam It was origonally designed with the aim to create an AdvancedScripting Language for the Amoeba System Name originates from the authorsfavourate show 'Monty Pythons Flying Circus' further reading:

comp.lang.python

>QBASIC(quick basic):is a basic langugage version written by bill

gates,usally qb is for the beginner programmer,qb is not really a good

langugage as it is an event drive language which means u cant do other tasksunless youve did the the tasks in order.e.g code

print "qbasic ver 7"

input "whats your name!" name$

print "hey "; name$

beep

end

>QUERY:to search a database for particular information,a hacker usally isinterested in the whois query

>QUESO:is a remote fingerprinting uttility for determing an computer o/s

>RAS(remote access server):is a dial up server which comes free with win nt andwin 2000

>RCP:a remote file transfere utiility

>READ-ONLY:is a type of storage or file which u can read but not

change.Usually read only log files are the cause for hacker getting

traced,although like everything theres exploit to get by them!.

>REBOOT:is to shut a computer down localy or remotly,trojans like back

orrifice and netbus include tools for rebooting a windows user remotly boot,if

a hacker or cracker get root on linux he can reboot the system by typing init

6 in his remote command promt

>REDHAT(RH):is a linux distro renound for its easy to use features and its

desktop environment

>REG EDIT:is a like a windows control panel except u edit the data in

hexadcimal,regedit is a very good tool for changing the way windows works,for

e.g with reg edit u could change your data so that your file and printer

sharing isnt a valible to remote users e.t.c/e.t.c

>RELATION OPERATOR:a symbol used to compare two or more values in

programming

>RELOAD:is used to refresh a web site so that it can stay upto date

on the latest news e.t.c

>REMAPPING:is used by admins to change their port numbers so hackers think

that it an different service

>REMOTE:is a computer which is un a remote location such as in a different

city

>REMOTE ADMINISTION:adminstrion a network from a remote location

>REMOTE ATTACK:is when an attacker tries to hack in from an exsternal

connection such as the net

>REMOTE COPY(RCP):the unix based uttility that allows you to copy files

between 2 computers using syntax that is similar the unix command "cp".it

provides a simple syntax to copy files and does not require the user to login

proior to initaitng the file copy process

>REMOTE VNC:is a remote control tool which lets windows,unix,mac,and other o/s

users to view their desktop from anywhere in the world

>RESEQUENCING:assembling incoming TCP segements so that they are in order inwhich they were sent

>RESOLVER:under DNS,a client that queries the name server accros a network to

gain information on the domain name space

>REVERSE ADDRESS RESOULTION PROOCOL(rarp):a tcp/ip protocol that returns an ipaddress if given a physical address.This protocol is typically used by

diskless workstations that have boot prom installed in their network adapters

>REXEC:a remote command execution uttilty

>RFC(request for comment):are networking papers wrote by computer

hackers,admins ,and other smart people,rfc have information on

networks,protcol,e.t.c and are known as different numbers such as rfc

1700(port numbers)

>RFI(radion frequency interface)

>RIP:routing information protocol:a protocol that determins the best path for

routing trafic accross a network

>RIP LISTINGING:a process in which a computer listens in on rip packets and

adds the info to routing information tables

>RING NETWORK:see token ring:

>RLOGIN:a remote login uttiity

>ROOT:is the main user on a unix network who can do anything he wants likechange users password,delete data,use every command and so on.Root is also

refered to as su(super user),a hacker main objetive is to gain root on his

target network.When a cracker or hacker get root on a large web host provider

it is possible for him to change every users web page in seconds by uploading

an script and executing it to change the data

>ROOT PASSWORD:is the password that a user needs to gain root.Users wanting togain root localy on a linux box can do so by typing linux 1 in lilo promt then

typing "passwd" and entering a new password

>ROOTSHELL:is the main place on the internet for exploits with over 1000

exploits and docmentrentations

>ROUNDING ERROR:a one cent error that occurs when a computer converts decimalnumbers into binary code

>ROUTER:a network device which fowarda data by logital address(ip addreses)

>ROUTING TABLE:a routing table within the router that relates networks ID's tonetwork paths

>RPM:is a packing manager used on linux o/s for installing new programs from alinux disk

>RSH:A remote command executing utility

>RS-232C(recomended standard 232C:is the standard way for transmitting dataaccross serial cables and is used for modems as well

>RUNLEVEL:is used on unix for different tasks and booting,runlevel 1-5 is

refered to single user and runlevel 6 is reboot,runlevel 0 is shut down:a user

can change runlevels by typing "init runlevelnumber" in a unix command promt

>RUPTIME:a unix shell command which shows the users logged on

>SATAN:is a program used to check for known exploits on a system

>SCAN:is used to find computer systems.The most used of type of scanner used

is a netbios scanner,a programmer only has to make a few pieces of code for a

program to scan ip addresses looking for particular open ports.>also see war

to execute scripts of I/O commands autonomously (without policy processor

assistance) A sequence of instructions intended to be parsed and carried

out by another program Perl, VBScript, JavaScript and Tcl are all scripting

languages

>SCRIPT KIDDIE:is a person who is usally around 14-30 and they dont really notwhat hacking is,inexception usally they cant program and they dont know

anything on networking but they seem to think disribtuing other crackers

viruses and using trojans are hacking,most hackers go through this stage but

they grow out it quick

>SEARCH ENGINE:is the newbie hackers best freind as users can search for

specific exploits,texts,e/t/c

>SECURE BROWSER:is a browser which is complant with SSL encryption which stopssniffers retrieving data.

>SECURE HYPERTEXT TRANSFERE PROTOCOL (SHTTP): A security standard forauthenticating and encrypting HTTP requests and responses

>SECURITY ZONE:in internet explorer a segement of the internet or intranet

assigned a level of security

>SEGMENT:the data package passed from TCP at the transport layer,conection

oreneted protocol

>SENDMAIL:is a unix program used for sending mail to its destonation,sendmailruns on port 25 stmp and is considered a buggy program

>SEMANTICSS:The Study of meaning

>SERVER:is a computer which controls a network letting clients connect to

it,theres literly thousands of servers,the most popular one are

webservers,ftp,telnet and DCHP,A server computer usally the one that the

hacker goes for remotly as it has open ports,common server networks included

peer to peer an client/server.Webservers and other servers that are up 24/7

usally dont look like pcs but they are a small little box with no

mointer,meaning it doesnt get hot as quick as a normal pc

>SERVER MESSAGE BLOCK:the protocol devoped by microsoft,intel and ibm thatdefies a serious of command used to pass information between network computers

>SERVICE:is refered to an open port or a program designed to let others

connect to it,e.g www sites would be called http service,email's would be

refered to stmp service or pop servicel

>SESSION:is every time u connect to a server is referred a session.e.g netbios

session

>SH:is the korn shell on unix and is basically a command environment

>SHARENAME:is the access name given to windows netbios sharing files or

drives,share names are the name given to a drive or file,e.g net use p:

\\network\docs would acccess the share docs

>SHELL:An interface which makes a program easier to use such as kde for linux

instead of using a command shell.>also a shell can be a unix command prompt

>SHELL ACCOUNT:is for non unix users or want to use unix commands but donthave access to unix so the only way for a windows user to get unix is by

telnetting to a free or commercial shell account and logging in then he or she

can issue unix commands

>SHELL PROGRAMMING:is a scripting language used for issuing shell commandsquicker just like a batch file does in dos

>SHTML(server passed hyper text markup language):is a special web page doc

which contains commands to make the page do more

>SIGAL TO NOISE:the ammount of informatioon versus idle chatters in a

newsgroup posting or email messgage,refers to users who normally post unwantedshit like cracker question in a hacker group or SPAM!

>SIGN ON:to call a BBS or dial up to your isp

>SIGNITURE:is commenly used by a user wanting to display a message at the end

of their email messgaes or usenet postings

>SINGLE USER:for safetly reason some computers only support single user

accounts so when a user is logged in no other user can login

>SLIP(serial line internet protol):a method of hooking by using a high speed

modem or standard phone line

>SMALLTALK:one of the first object-orented programming languages in the world

>SMART TERMINAL:a computer connected to a network that can function

independently of the network,smart terminals are usally just personal

computers with theit own hard disk,disk drive and memory

>SMTP(simple mail transfere protocol):The basic way email messgages are sent

through networks>

>SNADBOY REVLOLATION TOOL;is a program which can decrypt local ***********passwords on windows

>SNOBOL(string orented symbothic language:is an old programming language

designed by bell laboraties

>SOCKET:the network address for a particular application on a particular

computer consisting of the computer's ip address followed by the port number

of the application

>Softwere:is any type of computer program from an operating system such as

windows or a small program such as a virus.without softwere there would be no

computer even graphics cards need softwere to make it function properly

>Source:refers to the destination of a packet or in security terms it is used

for tracing hackers back to their source.Source can also mean the programming

code of a program

>SPA(secure password authentication):any authentication which the password

isnt send over a network

>SPAM.is annoying messgages usally advertisements which are sent to newsgroupsand email addresses,the hacker culture to spam very seriously and spammers are

usally reported to their isp's

>SPEW:a single message posted repeatably to the same newsgroup

>SPOILER:an email or usenet posting which contains information on up coming

events such as long awaited movies or programs on computer programs on tv and

so on

>SPOILER SPACE:serveral blank lines at the begiining of a messgage in usenet

or in emails

>SSL(secure socets layer):a protocol on the internet for sending and recieving

information such as credit card details on the internet in such a way which

only recepiants can decode the data.Hacking attacks like sniffing fail to work

when a site is using SSL because the data is useless to a cracker and the data

is un readable.also An industry-standard technique for authenticating and

encrypting TCP connections

>STACK:a data structure that programmers use to store and remove data in a

last in,first ou(LIFO) order,used essesically in assembly>information isplaced

on the stack by using a push command.information is removed by a pop command

or a pull command

>STAR:In the shape of a star with a server in the middle and clients connected

to it Fast and is VERY flexable, since terminals can be detached and

reatached without breaking the flow of data Also supports heavy traffic In

a star topology, there is a dedicated Server

>STAR NETWORK:a network configuration in which the central computer has a

directline(network cable) connecting every other computer on the network

>STATIC IP:is an ip address which nerver changes but always stays the

same,every website and every adsl computer has a static ip address,static ip

addreses are considered a security risk for computers with no protection

softwere

>STELTH VIRUS:is a sneaky virus that try's to make its self invisable to anti

virus programs that will destroy it

>STP <Sheilded Twisted Pair>:A Much thicker type of networking cable than UTPalthough it is cabable of carrying alot more than the UTP and is about twice

programs emphasize that programs can be written using three typs of

statements:seqential,loop and condiational.sequencial programs run one after

the other,conditioanl statements run are IF-THEN or CASE statements,loop

statements are WHILE-DO,DO-WHILE,FOR-DO and REPEAT-UNTILL statements.if udont know what this means read up on structered programming

>SUB7:one of the most used remote adimistration trojans,script kiddies install

the back door by sending the victim sub7 server then entering the victims ip

address in his/hers client

>SUBAREA NETWORK:he formal name for hierarchical, mainframe-centric SNAnetworks The backbones of these networks are made up of interconnected Type

5 (SNA Hosts) and Type 4 (Communication Controller) subarea nodes

>SUBNET MASK:a 32 bit value that allows the recepiment of ip packets to

desguinish the network ID portion of the ip address from the host ID

>SUPPORT:is to do with o/s and protocol and to see if one systems supports

login from another type of o/s,windows,unix,linux,and mac e.t.c all support

each other as they are based on tcp/ip networking,that means its possible to

hack unix from windows or windows from unix e.t.c

>SUSE:is another version of linux which has more security than other version

like mandrake and winlinux 2000

>SYN:a control flag signifying that sequence number synchroization is taking

place,the SYN flag is used at the beginning of a TCP connection as part of the

"three way handshake"

>SYSEDIT:is a program with windows used for editing autoexec.bat,*.sys,*.bat

and any other system files:the program can be started by typing "sysedit" in

ms dos

>SYSOP:is known as the system operator,it was an old term for the person in

charge of a BBS,they are now known as a administrator

>SYSTEM:is the program or o/s which controls a computer,commen systems includeapple mac,windows nt,windows 2000,dos,windows ce,unix,vax,linux,iris,amiga

e.t.c,The most important thing that an hacker needs to know before hacking a

computer is the system its run on

>Systems Network Architecture (SNA)IBM's strategic communications architecturewhich specifies how SNA hardware and software products communicate and

connect with each other SNA describes the logical structures, formats,

protocols and operational procedures for transmitting data through a network,

as well as for controlling the network configuration and operation

>SWITCH:A computer capable of routing thousands of connections a second, thisused to be done on a switchboard by an operator, but as telephone traffic

grew, a faster more complicated system was needed A Switch is located

(usually) at your local CO and this is what you hear when you pick up thephone, then when you dial, you send the correct tones to the Switch and itconnects you to the desired phone

>T1:a high speed communication line for internet access,typcially running

at speeds of 1.554 megabits per second,mostly isp's,universites and ppl withmoney have these fast lines

>T3:is an even faster connection line to the net which runs at 45 megabits persecond

>TAR:a backup and archiving program used on unix for copying files andclumping togther loads of files together

>TCP/IP(transmission control protocol/internet protocol):is the standard wayfrom transmtting data accross a network or the internet,tcp/ip is so widely

used on the net because all operating systems support it,without tcp/ip userscant use the internet,ftp,www,telnet,and irc e.t.c all use tcp because it has

error correction in it which stops errors when downloading,e.t.c>also see UDP

>TCP connect() scanning :

This is the most basic form of TCP scanning The connect() system call

provided by your operating system is used to open a connection to every

interesting port on the machine If the port is listening, connect() will

succeed, otherwise the port isn't reachable One strong advantage to this

technique is that you don't need any special privileges Any user on most UNIXboxes is free to use this call Another advantage is speed While making aseparate connect() call for every targeted port in a linear fashion would takeages over a slow connection, you can hasten the scan by using many sockets inparallel Using non-blocking I/O allows you to set a low time-out period andwatch all the sockets at once This is the fastest scanning method supported

by nmap, and is available with the -t (TCP) option The big downside is thatthis sort of scan is easily detectable and filterable The target hosts logs

will show a bunch of connection and error messages for the services which takethe connection and then have it immediately shutdown

>TCPDUMB:is a unix packet sniffer used by admins to moniter their

traffic,hackers use it to sniff for passwords,e.t.c

>TCP FIN PORT SCANNING : There are times when even SYN scanning isn't clandestine enough Some firewalls and packet filters watch for SYNs torestricted ports, and programs like synlogger and Courtney are available todetect these scans FIN packets, on the other hand, may be able to pass

through unmolested This scanning technique was featured in detail by UrielMaimon in Phrack 49, article 15 The idea is that closed ports tend to reply

to your FIN packet with the proper RST Open ports, on the other hand, tend toignore the packet in question As Alan Cox has pointed out, this is requiredTCP behavior However, some systems (notably Micro$oft boxes), are broken inthis regard They send RST's regardless of the port state, and thus they

aren't vulnerable to this type of scan It works well on most other systems

I've tried Actually, it is often useful to discriminate between a *NIX and NTbox, and this can be used to do that

>TCP REVERSE IDENT PORT SCANNING: As noted by Dave

Goldsmith in a 1996 Bugtraq post, the ident protocol (rfc1413) allows for thedisclosure of the username of the owner of any process connected via TCP, even

if that process didn't initiate the connection So you can, for example,

connect to the http port and then use identd to find out whether the server isrunning as root This can only be done with a full TCP connection to the

target port

>TCP SYN PORT SCANNING: This technique is often referred to as "half-open"

scanning, because you don't open a full TCP connection You send a SYN

packet, as if you are going to open a real connection and wait for a response

A SYN|ACK indicates the port is listening A RST is indicative of a

non-listener If a SYN|ACK is received, you immediately send a RST to tear down

the connection (actually the kernel does this for us) The primary advantage

to this scanning technique is that fewer sites will log it

>TELEPHONY APPLICATION PROGRAM INTERFACE:(TAPI):a set of calls that allows anapplication to control modems and telephones by routing functions calls to the

appropiate service provider

>TELNET:is a unix or any other o/s service used for remote rogin,telnet

provides access to a remote system's command prompt,the telnet serive runs on

port 23,although the telnet progam can be used to connect to other ports

>TERMINAL:In hacker terms it could be refered to as a communication program

such as hyperterminal but in unix terms it is a command

environment,network terminals can be used to provide remote access to

systems

>TERMINAL TYPE:used in telnet and other login programs for the setting of the

program,common termianl setting are VT100 and echo

>THREE-WAY-HANDSHAKE:a three step procedure that synchronizes seqence numbersand begins a TCP connection

>TOKEN RING NETWORK:A lan type network featuring a ring topolgy and a token

passing network method,token ring is an expensive network and usally used in

busineses to an alternitive to ethernet

>TOKEN PASSING.the network access layer used by the token ring network

>TOOLS:is the tools which help hackers and admins out like

nmap,tcpdumb,queso,john the ripper,telnet,e.t.c

>TRACING:is to trace the source ip address of a hacker or cracker,admins

usally trace hackers by looking in the log files or by monitering tools,once

an admin get the ip address of the attacker(which isnt always the correct

one)he will usally query the ip in a whois search then contact the ISP of the

person telling them of such activities

>TROJAN HOURSE:a nasty program which hides inside a legitiment program,named

after the trojan hourse of troy.Remote adminsration trojan's usally are the

biggest threat for users who run windows because if a cracker sendz the

victim a file and they execute it the attacker can control there pc remotly

and can usally do more than the person in front of it can do

>TRANSPORT LAYER:the layer of the tcp stack that provides error checking and

serves as an interface for network applications e.g users who use web brosers

like internet explorer go through thhis process when downloading files

>TRON:a basic programming language command thats's conjuction with trace and

ON.the tron command enables programmers to examine a program as it runs

>TRUST-BASED SECURITY:a cross platform security model thats adds intermidate

levls of trust to the java security model

>TTL(time to live):used in network commands such as ping and

traceroute,tracert.TTL is usally around 255 m sec's

>TUTORIALS:are free documents on the web which guide newbies through

hacking,networking,programming,how to do,e.t.c