When state institutions are too pervasive, civic institutions cannot thrive.. Therefore it is necessary to prune the banyan tree so that other plants can also grow… we cannot do withou
Trang 2?$7$%*&$-$)):!*&'*!*,0$!&')!2$*!*/!'%%,7$>!4!'0!)*, !%$./7$%,39!5%/0!/3$!/5!
*&$!0/)*!$@*$3),7$!'.'1$0,.!%$)$'%.&!4!&'7$!$7$%!631$%*'8$3>!A6*!*&,)!('*&!+/6-1!&'7$!<$$3!,35,3,*$-2!0/%$!.&' $39,39!+,*&/6*!*&$!-/7,39!)6((/%*:!
('*,$3.$!'31!$3./6%'9$0$3*!/5!02!1$'%!5'0,-2:!*$'.&$%)!'31!5%,$31)>!
!
4!06)*!<$9,3!*&$3:!<2!*&'38,39!02!)6($%7,),39!(%/5$))/%:!B%>!C68$!B'7,1!DEF6 ,7'3>!?'*6%' 2:!4!'0!0/)*!*&'3856-!5/%!&,)!,3(6*!,3!02!%$)$'%.&>!4!'0!
$31-$))-2!9%'*$56-!5/%!&,)!+, ,393$))!*/!$@'0,3$!./63*-$))!1%'5*)!16%,39!*&$!0'32!-/39!0$$*,39):!&$-(,39!0$!*/!3/*!G6)*!H0$'3!+&'*!4!)'2!<6*!)'2!+&'*!4!0$'3E>!A6*!4!'0!0/)*!,31$<*$1!*/!&,0!5/%!*,%$-$))-2!+/%8,39!*/!,0('%*!6(/3!0$:!'3!'((%$.,'*,/3!5/%!)6.&!'3!/($3!'((%/'.&!*/!83/+-$19$:!3$7$%!5$'%,39!*/!
(6%)6$!635'0,-,'%!,1$')!'31!)*%,7$!5/%!$@.$ $3.$!3/!0'**$%!+&'*>!I&'38!2/6!5/%!)*'31,39!<2!02!%$)$'%.&!*&%/69&!*&$!*/69&$)*!*,0$)!/5!02!-,5$!<2!5'%>!
!
4!06)*!'-)/!*&'38!02!<$)*!5%,$31)!+&/!&'7$!)&/+3!3/*&,39!<6*!
$3./6%'9$0$3*!'31!-/7$>!I&'38!2/6!5/%!*&$!/55$%)!*/!(%//5%$'1:!5/%!-,5*,39!02!)(,%,*)!+&$3!*&,39)!-//8$1!<-$'8!'31!5/%!'-+'2)!<$-,$7,39!,3!0$!+&$3!4!5/631!,*!
&'%1!*/>!4!'0!$)($.,' 2!*&'3856-!*/!02!<$)*!5%,$31:!='**&$+:!5/%!*&$!0'32!*,0$)!
*&'*!2/6!-,)*$3$1!('*,$3*-2!+&,-$!4!*'-8$1!*&$!*&$/%,$)!'31!'%960$3*)!*&%/69&!*/!,%/3!/6*!*&$!8,38)!'-/39!*&$!+'2>!J-)/!5/%!./3)*'3*-2!%$0,31,39!0$!*&$!
"
"
"
*
Trang 3""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".%01!*!#'-288888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888<=! 0$!3#%.";>"! 0!&%"&#(+5":"C"&!4'2/"#$%"-1+"2!#'-2!1"1').!.5888888888888888888888?B! 0$!3#%."<>"! 0!&%"&#(+5";"C"#$%"+%1!5%+"-3%.!#'-2"-,")(!2/6-6888888888888EF!
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""&#!#'-2 8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888EF! 0$!3#%."=>"! 0-*3!.'2/"0!&%&"-,"3-1'05"0$!2/%"(&'2/"6'2/+-2G&""
Trang 406-*,(-$!.'6)'-!5'.*/%)!<6*!*&$!,3*$%'.*,/3)!<$*+$$3!*&$0>!4!(-'.$!$7$3*)!-$'1,39!
6(!*/!(/-,.2!/6*./0$)!5/%!$'.&!.')$!,3!*&%$$!.'*$9/%,$)!Z!*&$!&*05#',4(*&$(&0#%67( +89(*&$(&0#%$%6+#(-$*'+,-(Z!'31!)&/+!:0/!'31!/:'8!*&$)$!)*%$'0)!./37$%9$1!*/! (%/7,1$!'3!/((/%*63,*2!5/%!(/-,.2!%$7,),/3>!I&$!!).!,)!*&$3!)6((-$0$3*$1!+,*&! '3! ,3),9&*! ,3*/! +;'89+<-'$$%8;! ,3! *&%$$! '%$')! Z! *&$! ;0='*8,'8$+#:( &"5#%6( '31! ,'9%+!'9$31')>!!
!
I&$! 5/.6)! /5! *&,)! )*612! ,)! /3! :0/! *&$)$! (%$))6%$)! 5%/0! VFD)! *%'3)-'*$1! ,3*/!
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
!
I&$!5,31,39)!5%/0!*&$)$!.')$)!)699$)*!*&'*!*&$!F,39'(/%$!9/7$%30$3*!&')!<$$3!
%$.$(*,7$!*/!)6.&!(%$))6%$)!5%/0!VFD)!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$\!<6*!/3-2!+&$3!$-$0$3*)!
/5!$'.&!'9$31'!)&/+!H'17'3*'9$/6)!1$7$-/(0$3*)E!,3!*&$!&*05#',!-$*'+,!'31!,3!
'*! -$')*! /3$! /5! *&$! /*&$%! )*%$'0)>! F$./31-2:! *&$! )*612! '-)/! &,9&-,9&*)! *&$!
,0(/%*'3.$! /5! '7',-'<-$! '-*$%3'*,7$)! '31! &0#%67( '8$*'&*'8'"*-! ,3! (6)&,39! 5/%!
(/-,.2!.&'39$!5%/0!*&$!9%'))%//*)>!I&,%1-2:!,*!)&/+)!&/+!'!)$$0,39-2!7'3,)&$1!,))6$! '3! %$)6%5'.$! /3! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*'-:! (6<-,.! '31! 0$1,'! '9$31'! 5/ /+,39! '!5/.6),39!$7$3*!-,8$!*&$!7,)6'-!1,)(-'2)!/5!1,))$3*!)$$3!,3!*&$!5/6%*&!.')$>!K,3' 2:!
*&,)!)*612!(%/7,1$)!'!6)$56-!($%)($.*,7$!5/%!'3'-2T,39!:0/!(/-,.2!.&'39$!<2!.,7,-!
)/.,$*2!&')!<$$3!'.&,$7$1!,3!F,39'(/%$!*&'*!0'2!<$!%$-$7'3*!*/!56*6%$!$@'0(-$)>!
Trang 8f&$*&$%! /%! 3/*! *&$%$! ,)! )6.&! '! *&,39! ')! '! 9$36,3$! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! ,3!F,39'(/%$!&')!<$$3!06.&!1$<'*$1!'0/39)*!'.'1$0,.)>!F,3.$!*&$!$'%-2!"ggP):!*&$!
#$/(-$E)! J.*,/3! #'%*2! U#J#W! &')! '**$0(*$1! */! 5/)*$%! *&$! 9%/+*&! /5! ,7,-! )/.,$*2!7,'! )*'*$[-$1! ,3,*,'*,7$)>! V&6'! A$39! a6'*! &,9&-,9&*)! #J#! %&$*/%,.! +&,.&! (%$5$%)!
*&$! *$%0! H.,7,.! )/.,$*2E! */! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! */! $0(&'),T$! ,7,.! %$)(/3),<,-,*,$)>" !
V'*&$%,3$! C,0! 1$).%,<$)! H.,7,.! )/.,$*2E! ')! *&$! )*'*$E)! 7$%),/3! /5! '! 1$(/-,*,.,T$1!.,7,-! )/.,$*2>! I&,)! H5%$$! )('.$E! ' /%1,39! */! C,0:! <$'%)! 3/! %$)$0<-'3.$! */! *&$!H0'@,0'-!-,<$%*2E!*&'*!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!)&/6-1!,1$' 2!(/))$))>L!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
E*5FGH*>IJK*/GHL!!MNNN(*'J*!"#"$%!&'($")*+$,#"(&-.*(-*!(-/#0&1$#*OO#*PMQRP#*
$'JKHO%YI)\*2.(#-*!"34($.*+$5($6)*IWOI&'HSS]*OO#*^MQ^_#*
Trang 9J3! $'%-2! 6)$! /5! *&$! /3.$(*! /5! H.,7,.! )/.,$*2E! ,3! F,39'(/%$! ,3! X63$! "gg"!/ 6%%$1!,3!=,3,)*$%!_$/%9$!b$/E)!-'310'%8!HA'32'3!I%$$E!)($$.&>!!b$/!.' $1!5/%!F,39'(/%$'3)!*/!'.*,7$-2!('%*,.,('*$!,3!.%$'*,39!'!HF,39'(/%$!F/6-E!UC$$:!LPPLW>!43!
*&'*!)'0$!)($$.&:!b$/!%$0,31$1!F,39'(/%$'3)!/5!*&$!./3*$@*!/5!*&,)!*$%0\!
!
The problem now is that under a banyan tree very little else can grow When state institutions are too pervasive, civic institutions cannot thrive Therefore it
is necessary to prune the banyan tree so that other plants can also grow…
we cannot do without the banyan tree Singapore will always need a strong centre to react quickly to a changing competitive environment We need some pluralism but not too much because too much will also destroy us In other words, we prune judiciously (Yeo, 20 June 1991)
!
I&$! '</7$! e6/*$! )$$0$1! */! /55$%! )/0$! )('.$! 5/%! V,7,-! F/.,$*2!D%9'3,T'*,/3)!UVFD)W!*/!/($%'*$!+&,-$!0'8,39!.-$'%!'*!*&$!)'0$!*,0$!*&'*!*&$2!)&/6-1!3/*!/7$%)*$(!*&$!-,0,*!/5!*&$,%!H.,7,.E!%$)(/3),<,-,*,$)>!f&$*&$%!*&,)!)('.$!
*%6-2! $@,)*):! &/+$7$%:! &')! <$$3! &,9&-2! /3*$)*$1>! F/0$! 5,31! 3/*&,39! ,3&$%$3*-2!./3*%'1,.*/%2!,3!*&$!,1$'!/5!'!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!9%/6(!.//($%'*,39!+,*&!*&$!F,39'(/%$!9/7$%30$3*>!43!*&$,%!<//8:!_, ,'3!Y/&!'31!D/,!_$/8!C,39!.' $1!,*!h%$0'%8'<-$i!
*&'*! ,3! '! h*,9&*-2! /3*%/ $1! 1$0/.%'.2i:! VFD)! -,8$! *&$! ?'*6%$! F/.,$*2! /5!F,39'(/%$! U?FFW! &'7$! h$0$%9$1! ,3! *&$! $55/%*! */! (%/7,1$! '3! '-*$%3'*,7$! &'33$-!5/%!7/,.,39!7,$+)!/3!,))6$)i>O!
Trang 10I'3! V&/39! Y$$:! 5/631$%! /5! F,39'(/%$E)! 5,%)*! ,3*$%3$*! /0063,*2:!F4?I]`VD=:!<$-,$7$1!&,)!7$3*6%$!&'1!*/!<$!'<'31/3$1!<$.'6)$!$7$3!*&,)!(//%-2!1$5,3$1! )('.$! 3$7$%! $@,)*$1>Q! I'3! '1/(*$1! '! )*%'*$92! /5! H1$-,<$%'*$! 3';7$*jE! ,3!1$'-,39!+,*&!0$1,'!%$)*%,.*,/3)!,0(/)$1!/3!*&$!#J#E)!%&$*/%,.'-!.,7,.!)('.$>!I&,)!0$'3*! *&'*! I'3! *%,$1! */! 3'7,9'*$! *&$! *%,.82! ('*&! /5! /3-,3$! ,7,.! '.*,7,)0! <2!H(-'2,39! 160<E:! &' $39,39! *&$! 7'96$-2! 1$5,3$1! </631'%,$)! '31! *&$3! (-$'1,39!,93/%'3.$! +&$3$7$%! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*! /0(-',3$1! *&'*! *&$2! &'1! <$$3!/7$%)*$(($1>!!
B$)(,*$! )$7$%'-! +'%3,39)! ,))6$1! <2! *&$! F,39'(/%$! 9/7$%30$3*! /3! +&'*!+')!3/*!' /+$1:!I'3!&'1!1,55,.6-*2!9$**,39!*&$!)*'*$!*/!./00,*!*/!5,@$1!%$)*%,.*$1!
</631'%,$)>!]7$3*6' 2:!F4?I]`VD=!+')!9,7$3!'3!6-*,0'*60!/5!%$9,)*$%,39!')!'!(/-,*,.'-!+$<),*$:!*&6)!<$,39!&$-1!' /63*'<-$!5/%!+&'*$7$%!+')!1,).6))$1!,3!*&$!5/%60):! /%! $'),39! /($%'*,/3)>! F4?I]`VD=! -/)$1! 1/+3! ,3! J696)*! LPP">! I'3!
Trang 11<$-,$7$1! ,*! 3$7$%! %$' 2! )*//1! '! &'3.$! *&/69&! 9/7$%30$3*! %&$*/%,.! )699$)*$1!/*&$%+,)$>!
I&$!5,%)*!.')$!<$9,3)!,3!"gg":!+&$3!(-'3)!*/!<6,-1!2$*!'3/*&$%!9/-5!./6%)$!,3!*&$!.$3*%'-!.'*.&0$3*!'%$'!+$%$!)&$-7$1!0',3-2!16$!*/!*&$!$55/%*)!/5!*&$!?FF>!
='%,'!K%'3.&$).&[a6,1%/</!(%/16.$1!'3!$@.$ $3*!)*612!+&,.&!)&/+$1!&/+!*&$!
?FF!+')!'<-$!*/!$55$.*!*&$!(/-,.2!.&'39$\!$7$3!,3!'!(/-,*,.'-!.-,0'*$!*&'*!+')!/3-2!+'%0,39!6(!*/!*&$!3/*,/3!/5!'!H.,7,.!)('.$E!,3!F,39'(/%$>!]7$3!*&/69&!*&$%$!+')!
%$-'*,7$-2!-,**-$!0$1,'!./7$%'9$!'31!(6<-,.,*2!9,7$3!*/!*&$!,))6$:!'!VFD!+')!'<-$!*/!(6)&!)6 $))56 2!5/%!./3)$%7'*,/3!,3!'!.'*.&0$3*!'%$'>!a/+!+')!,*!'<-$!*/!$55$.*!(/-,.2!.&'39$!,3!*&$!'<)$3.$!/5!.,7,.!'.*,7,)0!5%/0!*&$!9$3$%'-!(6<-,.d!
F/0$! *$3! 2$'%)! -'*$%:! V&$8! X'+'! UVXW:! /6%! )$./31! ')$:! +')! )6 $))56 2!9%'3*$1!%$(%,$7$!5%/0!($31,39!%$.-'0'*,/3)>!I&,)!*,0$!*&$%$!+')!(-$3*,56-!0$1,'!./7$%'9$! ')! +$ ! ')! 63(%$.$1$3*$1! ,7,.! '.*,7,)0! ')! 0$0<$%)! /5! *&$! (6<-,.!'(($'-$1! */! *&$! '6*&/%,*,$)! */! )'7$! *&$! '%$'>! ?/*'<-2:! *&$! (/-,.2! &'39$! '0$!'</6*!+,*&/6*!'!),39-$!'17/.'*$!/%!VFD!-$'1,39!*&$!+'2>!4*!)$$0$1!*&'*!'1$e6'*$!)6((/%*!5%/0!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!+')!' !*&'*!+')!3$$1$1!5/%!*&$!%$7,),/3!/5!(/-,.2>!I&$!9/7$%30$3*!.$-$<%'*$1!VX!')!'!&' 0'%8!/5!l.,7,.l!('%*,.,('*,/3!'31!')!$7,1$3.$!/5!,*)! %$.$(*,7,*2! */! (6<-,.! 5$$1<'.8>! f')! *&,)! '3! ,3)*'3.$! /5! )6 $))56-! (/-,.2!.&'39$:!$7$3!+&$3!3/!),39-$!'.*/%!+')!.&'0(,/3,39!*&$!(6)&!*/!)'7$!VXd!
a/+$7$%:!,3!'!*&,%1!.')$!/5!'!(6)&!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$:!'!),0,-'%!)&/+!/5!.,7,.!'.*,7,)0! +')! 3/*! $3/69&! */! 0/7$! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)! */! '<'31/3! *&$,%! (-'3)>! I&$!1$0/-,*,/3! /5! '! &,)*/%,.'-! <6,-1,39:! *&$! /-1! ?'*,/3'-! C,<%'%2! '*! F*'05/%1! `/'1:!+$3*!'&$'1!$7$3!*&/69&!0$0<$%)!/5!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!)(/8$!'31!+%/*$!(')),/3'*$-2!/3! *&$! */(,.:! (-$'1,39! +,*&! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*! */! (%$)$%7$! *&$! <6,-1,39! $7$3! ,5! ,*!+$%$!5/%!'3/*&$%!(6%(/)$>!b$*!1$)(,*$!*&,)!&,9&!-$7$-!/5!(%$))!./7$%'9$!'31!*&$!
Trang 12*&'3! 5/6%! 0/3*&)! '5*$%! '! 7,)6'-! 1$0/3)*%'*,/3:! +&,.&! '69&*! *&$! '**$3*,/3! /5!-/.'-!'31!'3!,3*$%3'*,/3'-!'61,$3.$>!b$*!%,1$%)&,(!%$0',3$1!1,)0'->!f&2!&'1!*&$!9/7$%30$3*!1$.,1$1!*/!,3*$%7$3$!,3!*&$!$31d!J31!+&2!1,1!<6%$'6.%'*)!(6)&!5/%!
*&$! /($%'*,/3! /5! A6'398/8! )*'*,/3! $7$3! *&/69&! %,1$%)&,(! %$0',3$1! 1,)0'-! 5/%!
*&,)!*&$0$!,3.-61$!*&$!$./3/0,.!G6)*,5,.'*,/3!/5!(%'90'*,)0!,3!(/-,.2!1$.,),/3):!./)*[<$3$5,*!'3'-2),)!/%!),0(-2!h$./3/0,.!&$9$0/32i!)6((/%*$1!<2!*&$!-'396'9$!/5!9-/<'-,T'*,/3>!!
!
!
!
Trang 13K/%! $@'0(-$:! a'0,-*/3[a'%*! '%96$1! *&'*! F,39'(/%$E)! (/-,.2! /3! -,0'*$!.&'39$!&')!<$$3!5631'0$3*' 2!0/*,7'*$1!/3-2!<2!'!%$'))$))0$3*!/5!$./3/0,.!./)*)! '31! <$3$5,*)>! M! #$992! I$/! '31! A%$31'! b$/&! )&'%$! '! ),0,-'%! /6*-//8! +,*&!
%$9'%1)! */! %'1,.'-! )&,5*)! ,3! (/(6-'*,/3! (/-,.2! ,3! F,39'(/%$>! I$/! '31! b$/&!
$0(&'),T$! *&'*! *&$! (6<-,.! &')! <$./0$! &'<,*6'*$1! */! ' $(*,39! &'39,39!
$./3/0,.! /31,*,/3)! ')! '! G6)*,5,.'*,/3! 5/%! )&,5*)! ,3! (/-,.2>! I&$2! )$$! *&,)! ')!
$7,1$3.$!5/%!*&$!h)6 $))!/5!*&$!9/7$%30$3*E)!&$9$0/3,.!1,)./6%)$!'31!*&$!-'.8!/5!'3!'-*$%3'*,7$!./3)*%6.*,/3!/5!$7$3*)>i!R!!
43! '! ),0,-'%! 7$,3:! C,-2! Y/39! &')! '%96$1! *&'*! 6-*6%'-! (/-,.,$)! ,3! F,39'(/%$!+$%$!63'<-$!*/!./0($*$!+,*&!$./3/0,.!(%,/%,*,$)!63*,-!*&$2!'%$!%$5%'0$1!')!('%*!/5!'!.6-*6%'-!$./3/02>!I&$!,1$'!&$%$!,)!*&'*!(/-,.2!.&'39$!.'3!/3-2!./0$!'</6*!+&$3! ,))6$)! )$$0,39-2! 63%$-'*$1! */! $./3/0,.)! '%$! %$5%'0$1! ')! )6.&>!F,93,5,.'3*-2!5/%!/6%!(6%(/)$):!Y/39E)!('($%!'-)/!.-',0)!*&'*!'*!)/0$!(/,3*:!(/-,.2!0'8$%)! <$9'3! ' $(*,39! *&'*! 6-*6%'-! (/-,.2! +')! 3/*! G6)*! '! <2[(%/16.*! /5!
$./3/0,.!(/-,.2>!!Y/39E)!1,).6)),/3:!&/+$7$%:!/3-2!%$-'*$1!*/!-'396'9$!*$'.&,39!,3!).&//-):!'31!+$!.'33/*!'))60$!*&'*!*&,)!.&'39$!,)!'((-,.'<-$!,3!/*&$%!./3*$@*)>!43!5'.*:!*&$!(/)),<,-,*2!*&'*!'!.6-*6%'-!(/-,.2!+, !<$!$7'-6'*$1!)/-$-2!,3!$./3/0,.!
*$%0)!%$0',3)!'!)$%,/6)!<-,31!)(/*!,3!(/-,.2!$7'-6'*,/3>!g!
I&$/%,$)!/5!(/-,.2!.&'39$!+&,.&!%$7/-7$!'%/631!$./3/0,.)!+/%8!+$ !/3-2!,3! $@(-',3,39! (/-,.,$)! +&,.&! 5'7/6%! (%/5,*[1%,7$3! 0/*,7'*,/3)>! I&$2! %$0',3!,3'1$e6'*$!,3!' /63*,39!5/%!,3)*'3.$)!/5!(/-,.2!.&'39$!<%/69&*!'</6*!<2!(6<-,.!
Trang 14(%$))6%$! $3*$%$1! /3! ,))6$)! /5! ,1$3*,*2:! &$%,*'9$:! /%! /*&$%! -$))! %$'1,-2!e6'3*,5,'<-$! '9$31')! U,>$>! $37,%/30$3*'-! /3)$%7'*,/3W>! I&$! -'396'9$! /5!
$./3/0,.)!1/$)!-,**-$!*/!$@(-',3!*&$!1$.,),/3!,3!LPPQ!*/!./00$3.$!/($%'*,39!'!
*%',3! )*'*,/3! +&,.&! 5/%$.')*$%)! &'1! /%%$.*-2! (%$1,.*$1! +/6-1! 5',-! */! 0'8$! '!(%/5,*!5/%!*&$!5/ /+,39!*+/!2$'%)>!
I&/69&!-,**-$!&')!<$$3!+%,**$3!'</6*!)6 $))56-!(%$))6%$!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$!
<2! VFD)! ,3! F,39'(/%$:! *&$! -,*$%'*6%$! /3! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! ($%! )$! ,)! '<631'3*>"P! 43!9$3$%'-:!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!,)!)$$3!')!&'7,39!./0$!'!-/39!+'2!,3!F,39'(/%$:!(6)&,39!*&$!
</631'%,$)! /5! *&$! 1$(/-,*,.,T$1! H.,7,.E! )('.$! *&'*! +$! 3/*$1! ,3! _$/%9$! b$/E)!A'32'3! '3'-/92>! A%'$0'! ='*&,:! 5/%0$%! ?/0,3'*$1! =$0<$%! /5! #'%-,'0$3*:!+'%3$1!*&'*!*&$!0/%$!'.*,7,)*[/%,$3*$1!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!+'):!*&$!-$))!)*'<-$!+/6-1!<$!,*)!%$-'*,/3)&,(!+,*&!*&$!)*'*$>!!
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
EN *?%Y*LFI%YIL'&HS*Z'W&GWW'%J*%X*&'g'&*WOH&I*HJZ*&'g'S*W%&'IL]*'J*$'JKHO%YI)*WII*X%Y*IeH[OSI*
"GLF'HF*1SHKHOOHh*5FGH*>IJK*/GHLh*9HY]*2%ZHJh*.IYIJ&I*6IIh*HJZ*.IYIJ&I*5F%JK#*
Trang 15I&$! /3-2! )*612! /5! 0'G/%! (/-,.2! &'39$! ,3! F,39'(/%$! +&,.&! '**$0(*$1! */!
$@(-',3! </*&! :0/! '31! /:'8! '! (/-,.2! 6[*6%3! '0$! '</6*! ,)! I,39! f$$[=,39E)!!
'3'-2),)!/5!*&$!-,5*,39!/5!*&$!.'),3/!<'3>"L!4*!,)!3/*$+/%*&2!*&'*!I,39!%$'.&$1!*&$)$!./3.-6),/3)!<2!6),39!*&$!=6-*,(-$!F*%$'0)!K%'0$+/%8:!+&,.&!&$-($1!*/!,1$3*,52!
&/+! 06-*,(-$! '6)'-! 5'.*/%)! /37$%9$1>! I,39! '%96$1! *&'*! )6.&! '! %'1,.'-! )&,5*! ,3!7'-6$! /37$%9$3.$! '0/39)*! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)! '31! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! /6-1! 3/*! <$!'**%,<6*$1!*/!/3$!),39-$!5'.*/%>!43)*$'1!,*!+')!*&$!./37$%9$3.$!/5!)$7$%'-!5'.*/%)!
*&'*!-$'1!5,%)*!*/!'!.&'39$!,3!(/-,.2!($%)($.*,7$:! '31!*&$3! */!)6<)*'3*,7$!(/-,.2!.&'39$>!
!
! ]@,)*,39!'**$0(*)!*/!$@(-',3!(/-,.2!.&'39$!)$$0!63'<-$!*/!$@(-',3!&/+!'31!
+&$3!1$0'31!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$!'%,)$)>!=/)*!)*61,$)!&'7$!5/.6)$1!/3-2!/3!/:7!
(/-,.2! &'39$! / 6%)! '31! ')! '! %$)6-*:! /3-2! /55$%! (/)),<-$! '6)'-! $@(-'3'*,/3):!/5*$3!,)/-'*$1!5%/0!*&$!$55$.*)!/5!/*&$%!(/)),<-$!5'.*/%)>!I&,)!*&$),)!'%96$)!*&'*!+$!'%$!'<-$!*/!,1$3*,52!3/*!G6)*!*&$!06-*,(-$!5'.*/%)!'*!+/%8:!<6*!'-)/!&/+!*&$)$!5'.*/%)! ,3*$%'.*! +,*&! $'.&! /*&$%! */! %$'*$! /31,*,/3)! 5'7/6%'<-$! 5/%! (/-,.2!.&'39$>!
Trang 16! =/%$/7$%:!,*!,)!1,55,.6-*!5/%!$@,)*,39!*&$/%,$)!*/!$@(-',3!&/+!(/-,.2!.&'39$!0'2!./0$!3/*!G6)*!5%/0!(/-,.2!0'8$%)!<6*!'-)/!5%/0!.,7,-!)/.,$*2>!I&$%$!,)!%//0!5/%! '-*$%3'*,7$! 3'%%'*,7$)! +&,.&! 1/! 3/*! 5/.6)! /3-2! /3! $./3/0,.! ,3.$3*,7$)! */!
$@(-',3! (/-,.2! &'39$>! =6.&! /5! *&$! (6)&! 5/%! (/-,.2! &'39$! /0,39! 5%/0! ,7,-!)/.,$*2!,)!-$))!$./3/0,.' 2!0/*,7'*$1!,3!3'*6%$!*&'3!*&$!*%'1,*,/3'-!(/-,.2!',0)!/5!<6%$'6.%'*)>!a/+!*&$3!1/!+$!631$%)*'31!(/-,.2!.&'39$!*&'*!,)!$55$.*$1!<2!.,7,-!)/.,$*2d!f&'*!'%$!*&$!(%/.$))$)!,37/-7$1!,3!*&$!%$7,),/3!/5!'!(/-,.2d!
Trang 17!
I&$! =6-*,(-$! F*%$'0)! K%'0$+/%8! U=FKW! +')! 5,%)*! ,3*%/16.$1! <2! X/&3!Y,391/3!,3!"gRS!,3!'3!'**$0(*!*/!$@(-',3!(/-,.2!.&'39$:!+&,.&!6)6' 2!/ 6%)!,3!./31,*,/3)! /5! '0<,96,*2>"O! Y,391/3! (%/(/)$1! *&%$$! *2($)! /5! )*%$'0)! +&$%$!
H'17'3*'9$/6)!1$7$-/(0$3*)E!0'2!*'8$!(-'.$!Z!*&$!&*05#',4(&0#%67:('31(&0#%$%6+#(
)*%$'0>"S! I&$! /37$%9$3.$! /5! *&$)$! )*%$'0)! 0'2! -$'1! */! '3! /((/%*63,*2! 5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$>!!
I&$!5,%)*:!*&$!&*05#',!)*%$'0:!,)!/3$!,3!+&,.&!&*05#',(9'>%8%$%08!0*(&*05#',(
*'60;8%$%08! / 6%)>! I&$!&*05#',! )*%$'0! ,)! (,7/*'-! ,3! 5,%)*! 5%'0,39! '3! ,))6$! ')! '! (%/<-$0! /3! '3! '9$31'>! I&$! )$./31:! *&$! &0#%67! )*%$'0:! '(*6%$)! *&$! 0'33$%! ,3! +&,.&! (/-,.2! /0063,*,$)! '%%,7$! '*! '! 1$.,),/3>! 43! *&$! &0#%67! )*%$'0:! (/-,.2!
./0063,*,$)! '%$! /5*$3! 0/*,7'*$1! <2! ,3.$3*,7$):! $3*%$(%$3$6%,'-! ')(,%'*,/3)! /%!'3!,0(')),/3$1!1$),%$!*/!,0(%/7$!(6<-,.!(/-,.2>!I&$!*&,%1!)*%$'0!,3!*&$!=FK:!*&$!
&0#%$%6+#()*%$'0:!%$./93,T$)!*&$!(/+$%!/5!)&,5*)!,3!(6<-,.!/(,3,/3!/%!*&$!$55$.*)!/5!
%$9,0$!.&'39$!/3!3'*,/3'-!0//1>!4*!631$%)*'31)!*&$)$!(&$3/0$3'!')!6-*,0'*$-2!'55$.*,39!'!-'%9$%!5-/+!/5!(/-,*,.'-!$7$3*)>!!
Trang 18.&'39$:!'31!*&'*!U,,W!*&$!.&'39$!,3!*&$!&*05#',(-$*'+,!06)*!<$!./6(-$1!+,*&!'*! -$')*!/3$!/5!*&$!&0#%$%6+#(/%!&0#%67(-$*'+,->!!
* I&$!(%,3.,(-$!/5!06-*,(-$!)*%$'0)!$0(&'),T$)!*&$!%/-$!/5!,1$')!'31!'9$31'Z)$**,39! ,3! *&$! (/-,.2! (%/.$))>! a/+$7$%:! *&$! *&%$$! (%/.$))! )*%$'0)! '-)/! 1$7$-/(!'31!/($%'*$!5',%-2!,31$($31$3*-2!/5!$'.&!/*&$%m!!
$'.&!&'7$!)$('%'*$:!,31$($31$3*!$55$.*)!/%!./3)$e6$3.$)>!*
*
?:'(@*05#',()$*'+,A(
! I&$! &*05#',( -$*'+,! 5,%)*! ')8)! &/+! ,))6$)! '0$! */! <$! %$./93,T$1! ')!
(%/<-$0)! '31! e6$)*,/3)! *&$! /31,*,/3)! 631$%! +&,.&! *&,)! +')! (/)),<-$>!V/31,*,/3)!0'*$%,'-,T$!')!(%/<-$0)!/3-2!+&$3!+$!<$-,$7$!*&'*!)/0$*&,39!.'3!<$!1/3$!*/!.&'39$!*&'*!$@,)*,39!./31,*,/3>!#%/<-$0):!*&$%$5/%$:!'%$!($%.$(*6'-!'31!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
"Q!@'JKZ%J)*i%FJ*!ET_b(*2/$-4#.9*2,"$1-#"(5$.9*#-4*D3E,('*D&,('($.#*O#*MP#!
ER*-d'Z7)*O#*TM#*
Trang 19,3*$%(%$*,7$!,3!3'*6%$!%'*&$%!*&'3!G6)*!)$*)!/5!5'.*)>!I&,)!'-)/!0$'3)!*&'*!(%/<-$0!1$5,3,*,/3!,)!,*)$-5:!'!(/-,*,.'-!,))6$!+&,.&!0'2!'55$.*!&/+!*&$)$!(%/<-$0)!'%$!*&$3!'11%$))$1>! #'%*,.,('3*)! 0'2! (/*$3*,' 2! -/)$! /6*! ,5! (%/<-$0! 1$5,3,*,/3! *'8$)! '!5/%0!*&'*!1/$)!3/*!%$./93,T$!*&$,%!,3*$%$)*)>!!
! I&$! =FK! ,1$3*,5,$)! *&%$$! /31,*,/3)! *&'*! '3! -$'1! */! *&$! -'<$-,39! /5! '!(%/<-$0m!"W!,31,.'*/%)!*&'*!0$')6%$!'!(%/<-$0:!LW!(%/<-$0)!.'6)$1!<2!1%'0'*,.!
$7$3*)! '31! OW! 5$$1<'.8! 5%/0! $@,)*,39! (%/<-$0)>! 43! ')$)! +&$%$! *&$%$! ,)! '!)6 $))56-!.&'39$!,3!(/-,.2!/6*./0$):!'!.&'39$!,3!*&$!5%'0,39!(%/.$))!*&'*!&')!
*
*
*
Trang 20?:'(@0#%67()$*'+,(
! I&$! &0#%67( -$*'+,! ,)! /3.$%3$1! +,*&! *&$! )/-6*,/3)! (%/(/)$1! /%! )*%'*$9,$)!
',0$1! '*! )/-7,39! '! (%/<-$0>! I&$%$! $@,)*! 0'32! (/-,.2! /0063,*,$)! ,3! $'.&!1/0',3!/5!1$.,),/3[0'8,39>!#/-,.2!./0063,*,$)!./0(%,)$!/5!)($.,'-,)*)!'31!'%$!
$,*&$%!*,9&*-2!83,*!/%!5%'90$3*$1>!I&$2!9$3$%' 2!+/%8!*/+'%1)!,3.$3*,7$)!+&,.&!
<$3$5,*! *&$,%! /0063,*2! '31! ($%&'()! ('%*,.,('3*)! <$2/31! *&'*! /0063,*2! ')!+$ >!I&$!(/-,.2!)*%$'0!./0(%,)$)!h7'%,/6)!(%/(/)'-):!)*%'*$9,$)!'31!,3,*,'*,7$)!
*/!*'.8-$!*&$!(%/<-$0)i!$@,)*,39!,3!'!h(/-,.2!)/6(i!/5!,1$')!6)6' 2!9$3$%'*$1!<2!'!./0063,*2! /5! %$)$'%.&$%):! '17/.'*$):! (6<-,.! /55,.,'-)! '31! /*&$%! )($.,'-,)*)>"R!I&$)$!,1$')!'%$!*&$3!' /+$1!*/!0,@!+,*&!/*&$%!,1$'):!./3)*'3*-2!%$./0<,3$1!'31!0/1,5,$1:!'31!5-/'*$1!%/631!*&$!3$*+/%8!'9',3m!
!
While many ideas float around in this policy primeval soup, the ones that last,
as in a natural selection system, meet some criteria Some ideas survive and
f&$3! /3),1$%,39! +&,.&! (/-,.2! %$./00$31'*,/3)! *$31! */! )6%7,7$! ,3! *&$!h(%,0$7'-! )/6(i:! +$! /5*$3! /3),1$%! ,))6$)! /5! *$.&3,.'-! 5$'),<,-,*2:! <619$*'%2!(%'.*,.'<,-,*2:! /0('*,<,-,*2! +,*&! 1/0,3'3*! 7'-6$)! '31! 6%%$3*! 3'*,/3'-! 0//1:!'31! (/-,*,.'-! )6((/%*! /%! /3)*%',3*)>! F/0$*,0$):! ,1$')! 5',-! */! )6%5'.$! /3! '3!'9$31'! *&/69&! *&$2! 0'2! <$! *$.&3,.' 2! 5$'),<-$! /%! 5,3'3.,' 2! (%'.*,.'->! D*&$%!
Trang 21! Y,391/3! 6)$)! *&$! *$%0! H3'*,/3'-! 0//1E! ,3*$%.&'39$'<-2! */! %$5$%! */! '3!
$@,)*,39!(/-,*,.'-!.-,0'*$!,3!'!./63*%2:!.&'39$)!,3!(6<-,.!/(,3,/3:!/%!<%/'1!)/.,'-!0/7$0$3*)>!I&$!3'*,/3'-!0//1:!*&/69&!1,55,.6-*!*/!.'(*6%$!'*!'32!9,7$3!0/0$3*:!.'3!9$3$%' 2!<$!)$3)$1!,3!*+/!+'2)>!K,%)*:!(/-,*,.,'3)!G619$!*&$,%!./3)*,*6$3*)E!0//1! 5%/0! &,9&! -$7$-)! /5! ,3*$%'.*,/3! 7,'! 0',-:! 16%,39! */+3! 0$$*,39):! )0' $%!9'*&$%,39)!/%!$7$3!($%)/3'-!./3)6-*'*,/3)!16%,39!/55,.$!&/6%)!,3!*&$,%!%$)($.*,7$!./3)*,*6$3*)>!I&,)!5,%)*!+'2!/5!9'69,39!3'*,/3'-!0//1!4!&'7$!1/.60$3*$1!7,'!*&$!
$39'9$0$3*)! <$*+$$3! 9/7$%30$3*! /55,.,'-)! '31! *&$! (6<-,.! /%! ,3*$%$)*! 9%/6():!+&$*&$%!*&%/69&!/55,.,'-!/%!63/55,.,'-!5$$1<'.8!.&'33$-)>!!
! J /%1,39!*/!Y,391/3:!'!)$./31!'31!-$))!1,%$.*!+'2!*/!)$3)$!3'*,/3'-!0//1!,)!*/!-,)*$3!*/!+&'*!(/-,*,.,'3)!)'2!%$9'%1,39!'3!,))6$>!I&,)!&')!-'%9$-2!,35/%0$1!02! 0$*&/1! ,3! %$)$'%.&! 5/%! *&,)! ('($%>! I&,)! )$./31! (%/.$))! ,)! '! -,**-$! 0/%$!.&' $39,39!*/!.'(*6%$>!D3$!1,55,.6-*2!,)!*/!1$*$%0,3$!+&$*&$%!*&$!)*'*$0$3*!/5!'!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
MN*-d'Z#)*O#*E^M#*
Trang 22(/-,*,.,'3!,)!<$,39!0'1$!,3!'3!/55,.,'-!/%!'3!,35/%0'-!.'('.,*2>!43!F,39'(/%$:!*&$!0',3)*%$'0! (%$))! ,)! )/0$*,0$)! ' 6)$1! /5! <$,39! ),0(-2! '! 0/6*&(,$.$! /5! *&$!9/7$%30$3*>!43!)/!5'%!')!*&,)!,)!*%6$:!*&$3!+$!06)*!%$'1!*&$!'%*,.-$)!5$'*6%$1!,3!
*&$! (%$)):! ,>$>! ?:'( )$*+%$-( ?%,'-( 2)?34( B%+8:'( C+04( ?DEFG:! ')! %$5-$.*,39! /%!
%$(/%*,39!*&$!/55,.,'-!(/),*,/3)!/5!9/7$%30$3*!'9$3.,$)!/%!(/-,*,.,'3)>!I&6):!*&$!0$*&/1!/5!,3e6,%2!+&,.&!<$)*!'11%$))$)!*&$!)$./31!(%/.$))!/5!)$3),39!3'*,/3'-!0//1!06)*!'11%$))!</*&!/55,.,'-!9/7$%30$3*!%&$*/%,.!,3!(%$))!%$-$')$)!')!+$ !')!/55,.,'-!%$)(/3)$)!*/!(6<-,.!5$$1<'.8!,3!/*&$%!)$.*,/3)!/5!*&$!3$+)('($%!)6.&!')!
*&$!-$**$%)!'31!5/%60)>
! V&'39$)! ,3! '! (/-,*,.'-! )*%$'0! 0'2! '-)/! <$! '3'-2T$1! ,3! *$%0)! /5! 7'%2,39!(6<-,.! ,3*$%$)*)! %'*&$%! *&'3! *&$! (%$7'-$3.$! /5! '! )$$0,39-2! )&'%$1! ,1$/-/9,.'-!(%,3.,(-$>! K/%! $@'0(-$:! *&$! 1$.,),/3! */! '<'31/3! (-'3)! */! <6,-1! *&$! "R[&/-$! 9/-5!./6%)$!'*!C/+$%!#,$%.$!0'2!3/*!&'7$!<$$3!'17/.'*$1!<2!'!&/0/9$3$/6)!9%/6(!/5! ('%*,.,('3*)! +&/! 9$36,3$-2! 7'-6$1! 3'*6%$! /7$%! 9/-5>! 43)*$'1:! '! 5',%$%!
%$(%$)$3*'*,/3!/5!*&$!(/-,*,.'-!)*%$'0!'*!*&'*!*,0$!+/6-1!&'7$!./0(%,)$1!/5!</*&!('%*,.,('3*)!+&/!U,W!+'3*$1!*/!./3)$%7$!*&$!'%$'!<$.'6)$!*&$2!-/7$!3'*6%$!'31!ULW!1,1!3/*!+'3*!*/!-/)$!'!0'G/%!.'*.&0$3*!'%$'!+&,.&!+/6-1!56%*&$%!'99%'7'*$!
Trang 23!
Once the window is lost, then the launch has to wait for another time when
43! /%1$%! 5/%! '! (/-,.2! +,31/+! */! /($3! 6(:! '! (%/<-$0! 06)*! 5,%)*! <$!
%$./93,T$1:! '! )/-6*,/3! /%! '-*$%3'*,7$! 06)*! <$! 0'1$! '7',-'<-$:! *&$! ,3.60<$3*!(/-,*,.'-! -,0'*$! 06)*! 5'7/6%! *&$! &'39$! /%! %$')/3)! 5/%! &'39$:! '31! *&$!./3)*%',3*)!06)*!3/*!<$!(/+$%56-!$3/69&!*/!&/-1!<'.8!'.*,/3>!A6*!,3!.$%*',3!.')$)!
*&$! +,31/+! 0'2! -/)$:! /3-2! */! <$! %$[/($3$1! -'*$%! <2! +&'*! Y,391/3! *$%0)! '!H5/.6),39!$7$3*E!+&,.&!0'2!)$%7$!*/!%$7,7$!'31!$7$3!%$1$5,3$!*&$!(%/<-$0!,3!*&$!/55,.,'-! '31! (6<-,.! /3).,/6)3$))>22! f&,-$! '( &0#%67( /%890/! ),93,5,$)! '3!
/((/%*63,*2:! ,*! 1/$)! 3/*! 96'%'3*$$! *&$! )6 $))! /5! (/-,.2! &'39$! /%! *&'*!5'7/6%'<-$!(/-,.2!1$.,),/3!+, !<$!0'1$>!!
Trang 24*&'*! (/-,.20'8$%)! )$'%.&! 5/%! )/-6*,/3)! 9,7$3! '! (%/<-$0>LN! 43! /3*%')*:! *&$! =FK!
*&$/%2! '))60$)! *&'*! /6(-,39! 0'2! (%,0'%,-2! <$! '55$.*$1! <2! *$0(/%'-! )/%*,39\!.&/,.$!1$($31)!/3!*&$!'%%,7'-!'31!$@,*!/5!(%/<-$0)!'31!)/-6*,/3)>LQ!
!
E06$*%8+#(0*(I08-'J"'8$%+#(I0"&#%8;(
! a/+$7$%:!')!0$3*,/3$1!$'%-,$%:!*&$!=FK!1/$)!3/*!)($.,52!./31,*,/3)!631$%!+&,.&!./3)$e6$3*,'-!/%!1/.*%,3'-!./6(-,39!/ 6%)>!V/3)$e6$3*,'-!./6(-,39!/ 6%)!+&$3! /3$! 5,31)! '! )/-6*,/3! 5/%! '! 9,7$3! (%/<-$0>! D3! *&$! /*&$%! &'31:! 1/.*%,3'-!./6(-,39! %$5$%)! */! 5,31,39! (%/<-$0)! 5/%! '! 9,7$3! )/-6*,/3>! #/-,.2! 0'8$%)! 0'2!,0(-$0$3*! h($*i! (/-,.,$)! ,%%$)($.*,7$! /5! /3),1$%'*,/3)! 5/%! *&$! (%/<-$0)! *&$2!0'2!)/-7$>!I&$!8$2!*/!631$%)*'31,39!'9$31'!'31!(/-,.2!.&'39$!-,$)!,3!*&$!'<,-,*2!
*/!*%'.$!,5!'32!./6(-,39!&')!/ 6%%$1>!I&,)!(&$3/0$3/3!,)!/<)$%7'<-$!,3!'3!=FK!'3'-2),)!/5!*&$!1$5$%0$3*!/5!%$.-'0'*,/3!+/%8)!/3!VX!,3!LPPL!,3!.')$!L>!!
! 43! '11,*,/3:! '17/.'*$)! /5! )$-$.*! (/-,.,$)! 0'2! )/0$*,0$)! $7$3! 1$7$-/(!(%/(/)'-)! '31! *&'3! +',*! 5/%! (%/<-$0)! +&,.&! %$)/3'*$! '31! 5,*! +,*&! *&$,%!H)/-6*,/3)Em!
Trang 25&/+!+$!,3*$%(%$*!*&,)!.')$>!!
! F,0,-'%-2:! ,5! *&$! $7$3*6'-! &'39$! ,3! (/-,.2! +')! '! ')$! /5! /3)$e6$3*,'-!./6(-,39:! ,*! ,0(-,$1! *&'*! *&$! (%/<-$0! %$./93,T$1! +')! /3$! '</6*! *&$! -/))! /5! '3!'%$'! 7'-6$1! <2! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! 5/%! ,*)! %,.&! <,/1,7$%),*2>! 45! /3)$e6$3*,'-! /6(-,39!/ 6%%$1! ,3! *&$! ')$! S! ,37/-7,39! *&$! /($%'*,/3! /5! A6'398/8! F*'*,/3:! ,*! ,0(-,$)!
*&'*! *&$! H)/-6*,/3E! */! /($%'*$! +')! '! )*%',9&*5/%+'%1! %$)(/3)$! */! *&$! (%/<-$0!
%$./93,*,/3! /5! 63&'((2! %$),1$3*)! +&/! $@($.*$1! ,*E)! /($3,39! )/0$! *&%$$! 2$'%)!(%,/%!*/!LPPQ>!!
! a/+$7$%:! ,5! 1/.*%,3'-! /6(-,39! +')! '*! +/%8:! *&$! $@(-'3'*,/3! /55$%$1! <2!./3)$e6$3*,'-!./6(-,39!3$$1)!*/!<$!%$G$.*$1>!43!*&$!.')$!)*612!/5!A6'398/8!=`I!F*'*,/3:! +$! /<)$%7$! /*&$%! 5'.*/%)! '*! +/%8! ,3! *&$! <'.89%/631:! +&,.&! 0'2! &'7$!(%/7,1$1! *&$! <'),)! 5/%! (/-,.2! &'39$! +&$3! '! +,31/+! /($3$1:! ,0(-,.'*,/3)! /5!+&,.&!'%$!$@(-',3$1!,3!*&$!)$./31!('%*!/5!*&,)!('($%>!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
MR*-d'Z79*O#*EMT#*
Trang 26*+,'%-!"(&4$34$($B4;!
!
#/-,.2! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! '%$! ,1$3*,5,$1! ')! h'17/.'*$)! 5/%! (%/(/)'-)! /%! 5/%! *&$!(%/0,3$3.$! /5! '3! ,1$'>iLR! #/-,.2! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! '%$! &'%'.*$%,T$1! <2! *&$,%!+, ,393$))! */! ,37$)*! *,0$:! $3$%92! '31! $7$3! *&$,%! %$(6*'*,/3! ,3! &/($! /5! 56*6%$!
%$*6%3)!,3!*&$!5/%0!/5!0'*$%,'-:!(6%(/),7$:!/%!($%)/3'-!<$3$5,*)>!J*!*&$!/($3,39!/5!'! (/-,.2! +,31/+:! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! 5'.,-,*'*$! *&$! /6(-,39! /5! )*%$'0):! +&,.&! /5*$3!'-)/!1$*$%0,3$)!+&$*&$%!*&$!(6)&!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$!,)!)6 $))56-!/%!3/*>!!
! #/-,.2! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! '%$! 5'0,-,'%! +,*&! )*%6.*6%'-! ($%)($.*,7$)! /3! *&$!1,)(6*$!'31!'%$!,3.-,3$1!*/!$0('*&,T$!+,*&!($%)/3'-,*,$)!'55$.*$1!<2!*&$!(%/<-$0>!F$./31-2:! *&$! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! %$./93,T$! *&$! ,0(/%*'3.$! /5! </*&! '17/.'.2! '31!
<%/8$%'9$>! I&$2! '17/.'*$! (%/(/)'-):! )6<0,**,39! *&$0! 5/%! /3),1$%'*,/3:! +&,-$!'-)/! 3$9/*,'*,39! '0/39! ('%*,.,('3*)! ,37/-7$1! */! 0'8$! %,*,.'-! /6(-,39)! +&,.&!0'2! 56%*&$%! &,)p&$%! ,3*$%$)*>! =/)*! ,0(/%*'3*-2:! +$! )&/6-1! 3/*! (/%*%'2! (/-,.2!
$3*%$(%$3$6%)!')!)6($%&60'3-2!.-$7$%!/%!.'('<-$!/5!(6)&,39!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$!'*!
*&$!%,9&*!0/0$3*)!+&$3!*&$2!)(/*!*&$!/($3,39!/5!'!(/-,.2!+,31/+>!!`'*&$%:!0/)*!(6)&! 5/%! (%/(/)'-)! ' ! *&$! *,0$:! -/39! <$5/%$! *&$! +,31/+! /($3)>! Y,391/3!1$).%,<$)!&/+m!
!
Entrepreneurs try to make linkages far before windows open so they can bring
a prepackaged combination of solution, problem, and political momentum to the window when it does open They constantly hook these streams together,
Trang 27* f,*&!*&$!/($3,39!/5!'!(/-,.2!+,31/+:!(/-,.2!$3*%$(%$3$6%)!83/+!*&'*!,*$0)!
%,)$! 0/)*! 1%'0'*,.' 2! '31! '<%6(*-2! /3! *&$! '9$31'! ,5! )*%/39-2! '17/.'*$1! 5/%>!A$.'6)$! +,31/+)! (%/7,1$! /((/%*63,*,$)! 5/%! -,38'9$)! <$*+$$3! (%/<-$0):!(%/(/)'-)! '31! (/-,*,.):! (/-,.2! $3*%$(%$3$6%)! '%$! *&$%$5/%$! $39'9$1! ,3! /6(-,39!(%/<-$0)!*/!(%/(/)'-):!./6(-,39!($*!(%/(/)'-)!*/!3$+!(%/<-$0)!/%!)$'%.&,39!5/%!/*&$%!(%/<-$0)!*/!%$[,93,*$!(%/<-$0!'-%$'12!/3!*&$,%!'9$31'>!
! a/+$7$%:! *&$! 5%'0$+/%8! &')! <$$3! )('%,39-2! 6)$1! ,3! F/6*&$')*! J),'! '31!)$$0)!/3-2!*/!&'7$!<$$3!6)$1!/3.$!,3!F,39'(/%$:!,3!*&$!)*612!0$3*,/3$1!'</7$>O"!I,39!'9%$$)!+,*&!#$*$%!a' E)!'))$))0$3*!*&'*!%'1,.'-!H*&,%1[/%1$%E!(/-,.2!.&'39$!
%$e6,%$1! '! )&,5*! +&,.&! /6-1! /3-2! /0$! 5%/0! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)! +&/! +$%$! '<-$! */!($%.$,7$!*&$!,))6$!'31!*&$,%!%/-$!+,*&,3!,*!')!'!0/%$!H1,)G63.*,7$!(%/.$))E>OL!I&,)!
H&&IWW'dSI*%JS'JID* FLLODllILZ#SWG#IZGlZ%&WlHgH'SHdSIlILZ;NRNTMNNT;EE`N^Ml *
+%[GYH)*@%*!MNNT(*OO#*MPEQM_^#*
`M */HSS)*7ILIY*!ETT`(*U7%S'&]*7HYHZ'K[W)*$%&'HS*6IHYJ'JK)*HJZ*LFI*$LHLI)\*?&=0#1#"(5$*D&,("('.)*
Trang 281,).%$1,*)! *&$! '))60(*,/3! *&'*! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)! ,3! F,39'(/%$! '%$! /3-2! /3.$%3$1!+,*&!(%$)$%7,39!./3*,36,*,$)!,3!(/-,.2>!!
! 4*!,)!'-)/!)6%(%,),39!*&'*!*&$%$!&')!<$$3!/3-2!/3$!)*612!/5!(/-,.2!0'8,39!,3!F,39'(/%$! 6),39! Y,391/3E)! =FK! ),3.$! ,*! $3'<-$)! '! %$)$'%.&$%! */! /0('%$! ')$!)*61,$)! +&$3! ,*! ,)! 3/*! (/)),<-$! */! 1/! )/! *&%/69&! *&$! 0$*&/1! /5! /3*%/ $1!./0('%,)/3>!4*!,)!1,55,.6-*!*/!5,31!.')$)!+&$%$!' !7'%,'<-$)!'%$!*&$!)'0$!$@.$(*!5/%!/3$! 5/%! /0('%'*,7$! (6%(/)$)>! K6%*&$%0/%$:! 3/*! /3-2! ,)! *&$! '((-,.'*,/3! /5!Y,391/3E)! '31! o'&'%,'1,)E! 0$*&/1)! '! 3/7$-*2! ,3! %$)$'%.&! ,3! F,39'(/%$! (6<-,.!(/-,.2:! *&$%$! '-)/! )$$0)! */! <$! '! -'.8! /5! /0('%'*,7$! '3'-2),)! /3! *&$! (%$))6%$)!5%/0!VFD)!5/%!(/-,.2!.&'39$!,3!F,39'(/%$>!
!
C'8'&0&'+(;!&+!@'()_;!F27!2&B?-!+(!2'()03+4$!
!
! I,39E)!)*612!+')!'<-$!*/!$@(-',3!&/+!'!(/-,.2!<'33,39!.'),3/)!,3!F,39'(/%$!+')! %$7,)$1! 5/ /+,39! )$7$%'-! &'39$)! ,3! *&$! (%/<-$0:! (/-,.2! '31! (/-,*,.'-!)*%$'0>!I&/69&!I,39!'%96$)!*&'*!./6(-,39!&'1!/ 6%%$1!,3!' !*&%$$!)*%$'0):!*&$!0',3! 1,55$%$3.$! ,3! &,)! '((-,.'*,/3! /5! *&$! =FK! -,$)! ,3! *&$! (/-,*,.'-! )*%$'0>! I,39!'%96$1!*&'*!*&$!.&'39$!,3!*&$!(/-,*,.'-!)*%$'0!+')!/3-2!(/)),<-$!'5*$%!./37,3.,39!
*&$!V'<,3$*!/5!*&$!)/.,'-!'31!$./3/0,.!<$3$5,*)!/5!'3!43*$9%'*$1!`$)/%*>OO!!
! a/+$7$%:!I,39E)!,3*$%(%$*'*,/3!/5!*&$!.&'39$)!,3!(/-,*,.'-!)*%$'0!%$5$%%$1!/3-2!*/!'!1$.,),/3!0'1$!<2!*&$!V'<,3$*>!I&,)!,)!(%/<-$0'*,.!,3!-,9&*!/5!*&$!*&$/%2!
/5! '9$31'[)$**,39\! *&$%$! ,)! '! 1,)*,3.*,/3! <$*+$$3! *&$! ;0='*8,'8$+#! +;'89+! '31!
*&$! 9'6%-%08( +;'89+A( f&'*! I,39! %$5$%%$1! */! ')! '! &'39$! ,3! *&$! (/-,*,.'-! )*%$'0!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!OO#*MR^ Q MTP#*
*
`` 'JK)*AII;"'JK*!MNNT(*O#*^N#**
Trang 29! F;'89+<-'$$%8;! U=.V/0<)! '31! F&'+:! "gMLW! 5/.6)$1! /3! *&$! %$-'*,/3)&,(!
<$*+$$3! *&$! 3$+)! 0$1,'E)! %'38,39! /5! ,))6$)! '31! *&$! (6<-,.E)! ($%.$,7$1!
,0(/%*'3.$!/5!*&$!7$%2!)'0$!,))6$>!43!('%*,.6-'%:!+;'89+<-'$$%8;!).%6*,3,T$)!*&$!
0$1,':!(6<-,.!/(,3,/3!'31!9/7$%30$3*!%&$*/%,.>!B$'%,39!'31!`/9$%)!U"ggQW!&'7$!
%$5,3$1! *&$! /3.$(*! /5! '9$31'[)$**,39! */! ,3.-61$! 01234( 45162478199365( '31! 5:;1<601694=( 45162478199365>! A/*&! '%$! 5/%0)! /5! >?@=3A( 451624781993658" 43!
=$1,'!
J9$31'! #6<-,.!J9$31'! #/-,.2p_/7$%30$3*'-!J9$31'!
Trang 30)*612,39! *&$/%,$)! /3! '9$31'[)$**,39:! Y,391/3! 7,$+$1! *&$! 0'))! 0$1,'! ')! /3$!)/6%.$! ,3! 1$*$%0,3,39! *&$! +$,9&*! 9,7$3! */! ,))6$)! +&$3! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)! )$*! *&$!
;0='*8,'8$+#( +;'89+>! ! I&6):! '9$31'[)$**,39! 9,7$)! *&$! ,'9%+( +;'89+! U(/-,.2!
%'38,39)! <2! ,0(/%*'3.$! ,3! *&$! 0$1,'W! ,35-6$3.$! /7$%! </*&! *&$! &"5#%6( +;'89+! U%'38,39!,3!(6<-,.!/(,3,/3!)6%7$2)W!'31!*&$!&0#%67(+;'89+!U%'38,39)!,3!-$9,)-'*,7$!
</1,$)W>! o'&'%,'1,)! $@*$31)! *&$! 6)$! /5! '9$31'[)$**,39! ,3! *&$! =FK! */! (/-,.2!5/%0'*,/3!U'9$31'[)$**,39!'31!1$.,),/3[0'8,39W!,3!('%-,'0$3*'%2!)2)*$0)>!!
! I&$!06-*,(-$!)*%$'0)!,1$3*,5,$1!,3!$'.&!.')$!)*612!1$'-!+,*&!(/-,.20'8,39!631$%! /31,*,/3)! /5! '0<,96,*2>OS! I&$! =FK! 1/$)! +$ ! ,3! $@(-',3,39! &/+! (/-,.,$)!'%$! 0'1$! +&$3! '0<,96,*2! ,)! (%$)$3*:! %'*&$%! *&'3! ,3! $@(-',3,39! +&2! (/-,*,.,'3)!)/0$*,0$)!(6%)6$!'0<,96,*2>!K/%!$@'0(-$:!+&,-$!+$!/<)$%7$!'!&/+!'3!63/($3$1!
*%',3!)*'*,/3!9$3$%' 2!$55$.*$1!'!.&'39$!,3!*&$!(/-,*,.'-!)*%$'0:!+$!'%$!63'<-$!*/!'))$))! +&2! *&$%$! +')! '! &'39$! ,>$>:! +&$*&$%! ,*! +')! 16$! */! &'39$)! ,3! 3'*,/3'-!0//1:!(%$))6%$)!5%/0!,3*$%$)*!9%/6():!/%!$7$3!5%/0!'!.&'39$!,3!9/7$%30$3*>ON!
*&$! =FK! +,*&! '9$31'[)$**,39! *&$/%2! &')! (%$7,/6)-2! <$$3! 6)$1! ,3! )$7$%'-! /*&$%!)*61,$)! /3! *&$! c3,*$1! F*'*$):! _$%0'32! '31! A%,*',3! *&'*! $0(&'),T$)! *&$!0$.&'3,)0)!/5!./6(-,39!+&$3!1$'-,39!+,*&!(/-,.2!.&'39$>!?,.8/-'/)!o'&'%,'1,)!
Trang 31ULPPOW! $@('31$1! /3! Y,391/3E)! 5%'0$+/%8! <2! (%/(/),39! *&'*! )6 $))56-! (/-,.2!.&'39$!1$($31)!/3!&/+!+$ !(/-,.2!$3*%$(%$3$6%)!+$%$!'<-$!*/!./6(-$!)*%$'0)!/3.$!*&$!(/-,.2!+,31/+!1,1!/($3>OQ!!
! D*&$%!)*61,$)!&'7$!$0(-/2$1!*&$!./0<,3'*,/3!/5!Y,391/3E)!'31!o'&'%,'1,)E!,1$')!,3!/%1$%!*/!'3'-2T$!&/+!(/-,.2!.&'39$!/ 6%)!K/%!$@'0(-$:!`/<,3)/3!'31!] $%:!,3!'%96,39!*&'*!(/-,.2!.&'39$)!+$%$!1%,7$3!<2!(-6%'-,)*!%'*&$%!*&'3!$-,*,)*!,3*$%$)*):!5/631!*&'*!Y,391/3E)!=FK!+')!/3-2!'<-$!*/!(%/7,1$!5'-),5,'<-$!' /63*)!/5! (/-,.2! (%/.$))$)>! 4*!+')! 63'<-$! */! '11%$))! H%'31/0! 5'.*/%)i! -,8$! +,31/+)! /5!/((/%*63,*2:!*&$!$0$%9$3.$!/5!(/-,.2!$3*%$(%$3$6%):!'31!5/.6),39!$7$3*)!+&,.&!-$'1! */! '! /37$%9$3.$! /5! )*%$'0)! /%! h./6(-,39i>OM! I&6):! *&$! 6)$! /5! o'&'%,'1,)E!'9$31'[)$**,39! *&$/%2! (%/7,1$1! 9%$'*$%! '**$3*,/3! */! *&$! /93,*,7$! 123'0,.)! /5!('%*,.,('3*)!,3!*&$!(%/.$))>!!
+$%$!'!9/7$%30$3*!(6<-,.'*,/3>!V$%*',3-2:!3$+)('($%)!-,8$!*&$!)$*+%$-(?%,'-('31!
?DEFG(1/!&'7$!*&$,%!/+3!'9$31'):!'31!%$(/%*$%)!0'2!<$!&$-1!<'.8!<2!'!.6-*6%$!
/5!)$-5[.$3)/%)&,(!,3!%$*6%3!5/%!56*6%$!G/<!(%/)($.*):!<6*!3/!3$+)('($%!'9$3.2!,)!
*%6-2! 5%$$! 5%/0! )6.&! $-$0$3*)d! f&,-$! *&$! '%*,.-$)! ,3! *&$! 0',3)*%$'0! (%$))! 1/!
$.&/! *&$! F*'*$E)! $*&/):! 5/%60! (,$.$):! -$**$%):! '31! /(,3,/3! '%*,.-$)! ,3! *&$! %$7,$+!
Trang 32)$.*,/3! '-)/! 5$'*6%$! /3*%/7$%),'-! %$)(/3)$)! */! 3$+! ,3,*,'*,7$)! /%! (/-,.2!1$.,),/3)>!I&$)$!)$.*,/3):!*&/69&!-,0,*$1!,3!)./($:!.'3!'31!1/!(%/7,1$!'!(-'*5/%0!5/%! 0$0<$%)! /5! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! */! $@(%$))! 1,)./3*$3*! '31! )/0$*,0$)! &' $39$!(/-,.2!0'8$%)!+,*&!'-*$%3'*,7$!(%/(/)'-)!631$%!(6<-,.!).%6*,32>!
! 43! (%,3.,(-$:! *&$! )*612! /5! 0$1,'! '9$31'[)$**,39( ,)! $@.-6),7$-2! /3.$%3$1! +,*&! &'39$)! ,3! '31! /3)$e6$3.$)! /5! *&$! 0$1,'! '9$31':! +&,-$! ;0='*8,'8$+#( +;'89+<-'$$%8;!5/.6)$)!/3!*&$!,0('.*!/5!0$1,'!'9$31')!/3!(6<-,.!(/-,.2!'9$31'>!
I&$!(%$))!,3!F,39'(/%$!.-$'%-2!'55$.*)!*&$!(6<-,.!/(,3,/3!'9$31':!G6)*!')!,3!0'32!('%*)!/5!*&$!+/%-1:!<$.'6)$!,*!'0(-,5,$)!'3!,))6$!+&$3!,*!)6%5'.$)>!a$3.$:!*&/69&!
*&$!0$1,'!,)!,1$3*,5,$1!')!'!./0063,.'*/%!+,*&,3!'!(/-,.2!./0063,*2:!,*!,)!'-)/!'3!'9$31'!)$**$%!5/%!</*&!9/7$%30$3*!'31!.,7,-!)/.,$*2!,3!F,39'(/%$>OR!
!
.+(&$N&B0,'f'()!6)$(?052$&&'()E!!F$?'0!'(!2'()03+4$!
!
=',3)*%$'0! *%'1,*,/3'-! 0$1,'! ,3! F,39'(/%$! ,)! 1/0,3'*$1! <2! *&$! )*'*$>!I&$%$!'%$!)$7$%'-!%$')/3)!5/%!*&,)>!K,%)*:!</*&!*$-$7,),/3!'31!%'1,/!<%/'1.')*!'31!
*&$! (%,3*$1! (%$))! <$-/39! */! I$0')$8! a/-1,39)! +&,.&! ,)! /+3$1! <2! *&$!9/7$%30$3*>!c31$%!*&$!?$+!#%,3*,39!#%$))$)!UJ((-,.'*,/3)!'31!#$%0,*)W!`6-$)!/5!
"gML:!-,.$3)$)!*/!(6<-,)&!3$+)('($%)!'%$!%$3$+'<-$!'336' 2!/3!./31,*,/3!*&'*!0$1,'! /+3$%)! '9%$$! 3/*! */! %63! H'32! '%*,.-$! +&,.&! ,)! -,8$-2! */! '6)$! , [+, ! /%!0,)631$%)*'31,39)! <$*+$$3! 9/7$%30$3*! '31! ($/(-$! /5! F,39'(/%$! '31! *&$!9/7$%30$3*! '31! ($/(-$! /5! ='-'2),'\! /%! +&,.&! ,)! -,8$-2! */! $@.,*$! /0063'-! /%!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
`_**$II*>IYJHYZ*5#*5%FIJ)*:;$*D1$ *#-4*K&1$(/-*D&,(')*!7Y'J&IL%JD*7Y'J&IL%J*,J'gIYW'L]*7YIWW)*
ETP`(#*OO#*`TQb^#*
Trang 33%'.,'-! $0/*,/3):! /%! +&,.&! 9-/%,5,$)! /%! G6)*,5,$)! *&$! 6)$! /5! 7,/-$3.$! ,3! (/-,*,.)>EOg!c31$%!*&$!?$+)('($%!'31!#%,3*,39!#%$))$)!J.*!/5!F,39'(/%$!/5!"gMS:!1,%$.*/%)!/5!0$1,'! /0('3,$)! 06)*! <$! F,39'(/%$! V,*,T$3)! '31! *&$! /+3$%)&,(! /5! '32! 3$+)!./%(/%'*,/3! ,3! F,39'(/%$! 06)*! <$! '! (6<-,.! $3*,*2! *&6)! (%$7$3*,39! ,31,7,16'-! /%!5'0,-2!./3*%/-!/5!*&$!./0('32>!!
I+/!5/%0)!/5!)&'%$)!$@,)*m!0'3'9$0$3*!)&'%$)!'31!/%1,3'%2!)&'%$)>!?/!),39-$! /%1,3'%2! )&'%$&/-1$%! ,)! ' /+$1! */! /+3! 0/%$! *&'3! Oq! /5! *&$! $e6,*2SP!U*&/69&*! '3! J0$310$3*! */! *&$! "gMS! J.*! ' /+)! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*! */! +',7$! *&,)!
%6-$!,5!)/!,*!(-$')$)W:!+&,-)*!0'3'9$0$3*!)&'%$)!.'3!/3-2!<$!,))6$1!*/!F,39'(/%$!.,*,T$3)!'((%/7$1!<2!*&$!9/7$%30$3*>!='3'9$0$3*!)&'%$&/-1$%)!&'7$!LPP!*,0$)!
*&$!7/*,39!(/+$%!/5!/%1,3'%2!)&'%$&/-1$%)!+,*&!*&$!$55$.*!*&'*!*&$!9/7$%30$3*!.'3!<$./0$!7$%2!(/+$%56-!+,*&,3!*&$!0$1,':!</*&!,3!*$%0)!/5!0'3'9$0$3*!'31!
$1,*/%,'-! '((/,3*0$3*)! '31! 1,)0,))'-)>! I&$! "gMg! F,39'(/%$! A%/'1.')*,39! '31!I$-$7,),/3! J.*! 3/*! /3-2! ' /+)! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*! */! *'8$! /7$%! *&$! 563.*,/3)! '31!(/+$%)! /5! <%/'1.')*,39! ,3! '3! $0$%9$3.2:! <6*! '-)/! 9,7$)! ,*! 56 ! '6*&/%,*2! */! )$*!(/-,.,$)!5/%!<%/'1.')*,39!,3!F,39'(/%$>!
43! '11,*,/3:! *&$! 43*$%3'-! F$.6%,*2! J.*! '-)/! ' /+)! _/7$%30$3*! */! 1$*',3!+,*&/6*! *%,'-! 5/%! ($%,/1)! /5! 6(! */! *+/! 2$'%)! +,*&/6*! %$7,$+! ,31,7,16'-)!./3),1$%$1! */! <$! /($%'*,39! /6*),1$! H*&$! (6<-,.! ,3*$%$)*)E:! ')! &'(($3$1! */! 5,7$!
$1,*/%)! /5! *&$! V&,3$)$! 3$+)('($%! K+87+8;( )%+8;( @+"4( *+/! $1,*/%)! /5! C'*%$+( L+*%+84!'31!*/!*&$!F,39'(/%$!./%%$)(/31$3*!/5!*&$!.+*(M+-$'*8(M6080,%6(N'=%'/!
Trang 34! 43! *&$! "gMP):! *&$! #J#! 9/7$%30$3*! +,*&1%$+! *&$! -,.$3)$)! /5! )$7$%'-! (%,3*!
0$1,'!.&'33$-)!)6.&!')!*&$!)%8;+&0*'(L'*+#9!'31!G',-$1!5/6%!(%$))0$3!5%/0!*&$! K+87+8;( )%+8;( @+"! 631$%! *&$! 4FJ>! U_$/%9$! LPPLW>! I&$! "gMS! ?$+)('($%! '31!
#%,3*,39! #%$))! J.*! *&'*! 5/ /+$1! $0(/+$%)! *&$! )*'*$! */! 1$*$%0,3$! *&$!
Trang 35./0(/),*,/3!/5!'!3$+)('($%!./0('32E)!</'%1!/5!1,%$.*/%)>!I&$!"gRP)!'31!$'%-2!
"ggP)!+$%$!-$))!*%'60'*,.!')!*&$!)*'*$!./3*,36$1!*/!56%*&$%!*,9&*$3!0',3)*%$'0!0$1,'!'31!%$96-'*$!*&$!./3*$3*)!/5!0'%9,3'-!0$1,'!+,*&!*&$!K,-0)!J.*!,3!"gRO!'31!*&$!F$1,*,/3!J.*!,3!"gRN>!
" "
6!*$4P0?'()!C+-0,&-!b';%+B4;$!
!
! 43!1$).%,<,39!</*&!*&$!3/%0'*,7$!'31!563.*,/3'-!%/-$!/5!F,39'(/%$E)!0$1,':!B'7,1! A,%.&! ,*$)! *&$! ,1$'! /5! h3$.$))'%2! , 6),/3)i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m!
Trang 36*&$!(%$))!,3!F,39'(/%$m!
!
Freedom of expression is part of a compact in which people participate in their
I&,)! )$3*,0$3*:! &/+$7$%:! ,)! 3/*! /00/3-2! &$-1! $,*&$%! <2! (/-,*,.,'3)! /%!
*&$! 1,%$.*/%)! /5! 0$1,'! /%(/%'*,/3)! ,3! F,39'(/%$>! 43! '3! ,3*$%7,$+! +,*&! A,%.&:!
*&'*!%/-$!/5!*&$!0$1,'!,3!F,39'(/%$>!43!'!7$%2!),0,-'%!%$)(/3)$:!n6'8!$@(-',3$1!
*&'*! ,*! )$%7$1! *&$! ($/(-$! <2! %$5-$.*,39! *&$! (/-,.,$)! /5! *&$! 9/7$%30$3*! *&'*! *&$!)'0$!($/(-$!&'1!7/*$1!,3*/!(/+$%>SN!
I&$!%$)(/3)$)!5%/0!*&$!0$1,'!1,%$.*/%):!$1,*/%)!'31!(/-,*,.,'3)!5%/0!*&$!
#J#:! )&/+! '! ),0,-'%! 631$%)*'31,39! /5! *&$! 0$1,'E)! (-'.$! ,3! F,39'(/%$! '31! ,*)!
%$)(/3),<,-,*,$)! */! *&$! ,7,-! )/.,$*2! '*! -'%9$>! J)! C$$! a),$3! C//39! U*&$! 6%%$3*!
Trang 37#%,0$!=,3,)*$%W!0'1$!.-$'%!,3!'!)($$.&!*/!*&$!F,39'(/%$!#%$))!V-6<!,3!K$<%6'%2!,3!"gRR:!!
*
<%G* [GWL* IZG&HLI* $'JKHO%YIHJW* Q* J%L* jGWL* c'LF* XH&LW)* dGL* HSW%* 'J* LIY[W* %X*JHL'%JHS* IZG&HL'%J* HJZ* gHSGIW#* 4JI* cH]* %Y* HJ%LFIY)* LFI* OYIWW* [%GSZW* LFI*OIY&IOL'%JW*%X*$'JKHO%YIHJW#*-L*WF%GSZ*Z%*W%*&%JWLYG&L'gIS]*Q*>%LF*WGOO%YL'JK*JHL'%JHS*&H[OH'KJW*HJZ*HSW%*ZH]*L%*ZH])*'J*cF'&F*LFI*cH]*JIcW*'W*OYIWIJLIZ)*HJHS]kIZ)*I[OFHW'kIZ.46*
*
J3/*&$%! <$-,$5! ($%,/1,.' 2! $.&/$1! <2! =,3,)*$%)! +&$3! %,*,.,T$1! 5/%!
%$)*%,.*,39! 0$1,'! 5%$$1/0)! ,)! *&$! ' $9$1! $e6'*,/3! <$*+$$3! 5%$$1/0! '31!
$./3/0,.!)*$%,-,*2!/3!*&$!/3$!&'31:!'31!<$*+$$3!./3*%/-!'31!$./3/0,.!9%/+*&:!/3!*&$!/*&$%>!C$$!a),$3!C//39:!')!I%'1$!'31!4316)*%2!=,3,)*$%!,3!X63$!,3!"ggP:!'%96$1!*&$%$!+')!'31!,)!3/!$7,1$3.$m!
*
To prove that governments can still function effectively when media are given absolute freedom… if we ask the people to choose between more freedom, democracy and more economic growth, we have no doubt that they would
*
?$7$%*&$-$)):! *&$%$! ,)! '-)/! %$')/3! */! *&,38! *&'*! F,39'(/%$! &')! <$$3!-,<$%'-,T,39!,*)!'**,*61$)!*/+'%1)!.$3)/%)&,(!'31!.,7,.!$39'9$0$3*!,3!*&$!-')*!*+/!1$.'1$)!/%!)/>!I&$!$7,1$3.$!5/%!*&,)!-,$)!,3!*&$!,3.%$'),39-2!)6 $))56-!</**/0[6(!,3,*,'*,7$):! 0/7$0$3*)! (6)&,39! 5/%! (/-,.2! &'39$)! <2! )($.,5,.! VFD)! '31! $7$3! '!
%$-'@'*,/3! /5! )/0$! (/-,.,$)! +&,.&! 5/%0$%-2! +$%$! *&/69&*! */! ,35%,39$! 6(/3! *&$!(%,7'*$!%$'-0)!/5!*&$!.,7,.!)(&$%$:!)/0$!/5!+&,.&!5/%0)!*&$!)6<G$.*!/5!*&,)!*&$),)>!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
bP*:;$*A&31-#,(."9*"HY&Fl1OY'S*ET #*O#*`#*
bR *T *iGS]*ETTE)*:;$*!"1#(".*:(=$.#*O#*/P#*
Trang 3843*$%$)*! 9%/6()! '%$! 6)6' 2! *&/69&! /5! ')! %',),39! '+'%$3$))! /5! '3! ,))6$! ,3!/%1$%! */! ,3.%$')$! ,*)! (%,/%,*2! /3! *&$! (/-,.2! 0'8$%)E! '9$31'>! Y,391/3! '%96$)!
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
43! *&$! 5/6%! ')$! )*61,$):! </*&! 7,),<-$! '31! &,11$3! -6)*$%)! /5! ('%*,.,('3*)!+$%$!,37/-7$1!,3!$55$.*,39!*&$!$7$3*6'-!/6*./0$>!I&,)!7,),<,-,*2!*&'*!4!%$5$%!*/!,)!/5*$3! 1,%$.*-2! '55$.*$1! <2! *&$! '0/63*! /5! 0$1,'! (/%*%'2'-! '31! /7$%'9$! *&'*!('%*,.,('3*)! %$.$,7$>! 4*! ,)! '-)/! 6)$56-! */! 3/*$! *&'*! ('%*,.,('3*)! 1/! )&,5*! <$*+$$3!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Trang 39*&$!*+/!.-6)*$%):!+,*&!)/0$!/5!*&$,%!'.*,7,*,$)!<$,39!7$%2!(6<-,.!'31!/*&$%)!&'%1-2!7,),<-$! '*! ' >Sg! D3$! 0$*&/1! /5! -'%,52,39! *&$! %/-$)! /5! 7,),<-$! '31! &,11$3!('%*,.,('3*)! ,)! */! 0'8$! '! 1,)*,3.*,/3! <$*+$$3! '9$31')! '31! '-*$%3'*,7$)>!J /%1,39! */! Y,391/3:! +&,-$! 7,),<-$! ('%*,.,('3*)! 6)6' 2! )$*! *&$! '9$31':! *&$!9$3$%'*,/3! /5! '-*$%3'*,7$)! /%! (/-,.2! %$0$1,$)! *$31)! */! / 6%! 0/%$! /5*$3! ,3! *&$!
&,11$3!.-6)*$%>NP!I&,)!/<)$%7'*,/3!)$$0)!*/!&/-1!*%6$!,3!' !5/6%!.')$)!(%$)$3*$1!,3!*&,)!)*612>!
!
.0;$!2&B?-!2$,$%&'+(!
!
! f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
!
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
^N*-d'Z79*O#*R^#*
Trang 40I&$! 5,%)*! *&%$$! ')$)! 1$0/3)*%'*$! ,3)*'3.$)! +&$%$! (/-,.2! /6*./0$)! '%$!'%%,7$1!'*!*&%/69&!./3),)*$3*!(%/<-$0!%$./93,*,/3>!I&$!(%/<-$0!'*!&'31!,3!*&$!5,%)*!,3)*'3.$:!/5!<6,-1,39!2$*!'3/*&$%!9/-5!./6%)$!,3!(-'.$!/5!'!+'*$%!.'*.&0$3*!'%$'! +&,.&! ,3.-61$1! F,39'(/%$E)! -')*! <,*! /5! (%,0'%2! 5/%$)*:! %$0',3$1! (%,0'%,-2!'</6*! /3)$%7,39! F,39'(/%$E)! (%/*$.*$1! 3'*6%$! '%$')>! 43! *&$! )$./31! ')$:! *&$!(%/<-$0! %$0',3$1! *&%/69&/6*! *&'*! *&$! )*'*$! +')! %$.-',0,39! -'31! %,.&! ,3!
<,/1,7$%),*2:! 63-,8$! '32! /*&$%! )(/*! ,3! F,39'(/%$>! I&$! 1$0/-,*,/3! /5! *&$! /-1!
?'*,/3'-!C,<%'%2!<6,-1,39!%$(-'.$1!<2!'!*633$-!+&,.&!+/6-1!$')$!./39$)*,/3!,3!
*&$!*&,%1!.')$:!%$0',3$1!./3*$3*,/6)!*&%/69&/6*>!!
C')*!<6*!3/*!-$')*:!4!&'7$!,3.-61$1!'!5/6%*&!.')$!)*612!+&,.&!1$0/3)*%'*$)!
*&$!$55$.*)!/5!%$3$+,39!'!(/-,.2!'9$31'!'31!%$)6%5'.,39!(%/<-$0)!*&'*!&'7$!5'1$1!5%/0! 7,$+! <2! %$$7'-6'*,39! *&$! (%/.$))! /5! (%/<-$0! 1$5,3,*,/3>! I&$! 5/6%*&! ')$!./3.$%3,39! *&$! 3/3[/($%'*,/3! /5! A6'398/8! *%',3! )*'*,/3>! I&$! ,))6$! &'1! )-/+-2!5'1$1! 5%/0! </*&! (6<-,.! '31! 0$1,'! '9$31':! '31! +')! %$)6%5'.$1! <2! '! H5/.6),39!
<2!='%,'!K%'3.$).&[a6,1/<%/!ULPPRW>!I&,)!)*612!&')!&'1!*/!$39'9$!,3!(%,0'%2!
%$)$'%.&! 6),39! 0'*$%,'-)! ,3.-61,39! (%$))! %$(/%*):! ($%)/3'-! ' /63*):! 1,'-/96$)!