Recent trends in textile wet processing

 The ultimate goal of any preparation process is to produce fabric that is clean and rid of all impurities that interfere with dyeing and finishing.. Coloration processes produce the mo

Recent Techniques In Textile

Wet Processing

Aravin Prince P., M.Tech (Textiles)

Lecturer/ Apparel Technology S.S.M.I.T.T, Komarapalayam

a ravinprince@gmail.com

+91-9790080302

What is Textile Processing ?

It has four basic process

 The ultimate goal of any preparation process is to produce fabric that is clean and rid of all impurities that interfere with dyeing and finishing.

 Fabric preparation is the first of the wet processing steps

 To remove the sizing material from the textile material (yarn/ fabric/ garment)

What Is “ D ye i ng ”… ?

 The pleasure derived from imparting colour

to clothing has existed since the time of the earliest civilisations;

 A world of fashion without colour is

impossible to imagine Coloration processes produce the most visible results of all the

finishing operations carried out during the preparation of textile goods

What Is Printing….?

 Textile printing is the most versatile and

important of the methods used for introducing colour and design to textile fabrics

 Considered analytically it is a process of

bringing together a design idea, one or more colorants, and a textile substrate (usually a

fabric), using a technique for applying the

colorants with some precision.

What is finishing… ?

 This facilitates production of attractive

ready-to-sell textiles intended to fulfil

requirements for specific use

 This includes all processes which help to

maintain the value or increase the value of the textile material.

 Textile finishing therefore makes textile raw material usable by creating properties with a useful effect.

Ultrasonic Assisted Wet

Processing

 Ultrasound energy is sound waves with frequencies above 20,000 oscillations per second, which is above the upper limit of human hearing.

 The ultrasonic waves can be generated by variety of ways Mostly it is produced by piezo-electric and magnatostrictive transducers

 Increasing swelling of fiber in water.

 Reducing glass transition (Tg) temperature

of the fiber.

 Reduce the size of the dye particles It helps

to enhance the transport of the dye to the

fiber

 It degraded starch followed by ultrasonic desizing could

lead to considerably energy saving as compared to

conventional starch sizing and desizing

 The scouring of wool in neutral and very light alkaline bath

reduces the fiber damage and enhance rate of processing

 It is more beneficial to the application of water insoluble

dyes to the hydrophobic fibers

 Among the textile fibers, polyester is structurally compact fiber with a high level of crystallinity and without

recognized dye sites

 Ultrasonic waves accelerate the rate of diffusion of the

disperse dye inside the polyester fiber

 Energy savings by dyeing at lower temperatures and reduced processing times.

 Environmental improvements by reduced

consumption of auxiliary chemicals.

 Increased color yields.

 Enzymatic treatments supplemented with ultrasonic energy resulted in shorter processing times, less

consumption of expensive enzymes, less fiber

damage, and better uniformity treatment to the

fabric.

 Among the various approaches for digital printing including electro photography, ink jet has gained a very significant place in the field of innovative printing techniques.

Mechanism Printing Machine

Nano Technology

Nano Technology……

 The concept of Nano tech was first developed in 1930,that time it is called as bottom science.

 The term Nano arise from 1970‟s only.

 The term „Nano‟ comes from a Greek word „Nanos‟ which means „Dwarf‟.

 Dwarf means abnormally small.

 1nm = 10 -9 m

 It is about 75000 to 100000 times smaller than the diameter of the human hair.

 This technology that can work at the molecular level, atom by atom to create large structures with

improved molecules organization by controlling

shape and size at the Nano scale.

Application of Nano Technology

 This nano finish originally named as “Nano

care”& marketed by “Nano Tex”

 Hydrophobic surface can be produced

mainly in 2 ways

 1 By creating rough structure on a

hydrophobic surface

 2.By modifying a rough surface using

materials with low surface energy

 Flurocarbon finishes constitute an

important class of hydrophobic finish

Hydrophobic Finish

U-V Finish

 Rayleigh‟s scattering theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiation between 200 and 400 nm, the

optimum particle size will be between 20 and 40 nm.

 A thin layer of titanium dioxide is formed on the

surface of the treated cotton fabric which provides excellent UV-protection; the effect can be maintained after 50 home launderings

Treated cotton Un treated cotton

Anti Microbial Finish

 It is a well known fact that the growth of bacteria and microorganisms in food or water is prevented when stored in silver vessels due to antimicrobial

compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive

polymer like poly (styrene co-maleic anhydride)

 Instead of perfume , we may use thermo sensitive

pigment, thermal storage materials or

pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core

 The treated yarns showed effective antimicrobial

activity against various bacteria, fungi

Silver nano particle

anti-Eg Fluroalkyl –( meth acrylate polymers.)

 It is used in coats blouses, gloves,& etc

Odour Fight Finish

 A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greenshield has

created underwear using nanotechnology that fights odour

 This underwear fiber release undetectable

negative ions &infrared rays that destroy odour causing bacteria

- The negative ions inhibits the reproduction of

 Tourmaline –a natural mineral emits negative ions when low level radiation comes in contact with

oxygen, co 2 & water molecules in the air-promotes electrolytic dissociation

 This nano finish can eliminate

99.99% of bacteria,

90% of odour,

75 % sticky moisture

Flame- Retardant Finish

 Nyacol nano technologies, has been the world leading supplier of colloidal Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish on textiles

 It contain colloidal antimony pentoxide with halogenated flame retardants The ratio of halogen

to antimony 5:1 to 2:1

 10 parts of nycol in 1550 parts of aqueous dispersion, with p H 7 and add 40 parts of H 2 O and sufficient ammonia add for bring out p H 9,mix this with 50 parts of rubber latex and spray to the Non- woven material

Characteristics of

Nano finished Textile materials

 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye.

 Saving time and laundering.

 This technology embraces environmental friendly properties.

 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat.

 Nano processed products are toxic free

 Garments are good looking and more durable than ordinary material

 Manufacturing cost is low, adding value to the

products.

BIO TECHNOLOGY

Bio Technology

 Bio-technology is not a single technology, rather it

is a group of technologies.

 It shares two main characteristics-working with

living cells and their molecules and having a wide range of applications that can improve our lives.

 Bio-technology is the one “using organisms or their products for commercial purposes”.

 Enzymes come from a Greek word “Enzymos” which

means „in the cell‟ or „from the cell‟.

 Enzymes are proteins, composed of amino acids, which are produced by all living organisms These are

responsible for number of reactions and biological

activities.

 Enzymes not only work efficiently and rapidly also

biodegradable.

Enzymatic Desizing

 Desizing using enzymes is the most effective and

widely used method for the removal of Starch.

 Starch liquefying enzymes are directly used in

required quantity under controlled condition of pH and temperature.

 Amylase enzyme from Malt extract were first used

to degrade starch-based sizes for cheap and

effective desizing

 Two categories of amylase

i. α-amylase

ii. β-amylase

The α-amylase attacks the starch randomly and form Dextrins It is very rapid in action and produce simple water soluble sugars.

The β-amylase converts starch into maltose and it is slower in the rate of action

results than traditional method.

 Reaction takes place at 30-40 0 C and pH 5.5-7.5 for 15 min

 Enzymes like Peroxidases, Glucose oxidases, etc are used

 This enzymes replaces the pumice stones

 It is produced from humicola isolans.

 It is leading to decolourisation without loss in fabric strength.

 This enzyme acts at p H of 6

 It is a finishing process of cellulosic fabrics and

garments.

 This process is improving surface of the material

 This process is also called enzymatic singeing

 Bio-polishing with acid cellulose effectively reduces fabric fuzz and pilling on denim materials.

NORMAL COTTON FABRIC BIO POLISHED FABRIC

Plasma Technology

Plasma Technology…?

Plasma is often called the "Fourth State of Matter,"

the other three being solid, liquid and gas

A gas becomes a plasma when the addition of heat or other energy causes a significant number of atoms to release some or all of their electrons

The remaining parts of those atoms are left with a

positive charge, and the detached negative electrons are free to move about.

Those atoms and the resulting electrically charged

gas are said to be "ionized." When enough atoms are ionized to significantly affect the electrical

characteristics of the gas, it is a plasma.

Material: e.g cotton, wool, silk

Treatment: e.g dipping in N 2

-plasma

Fabric Cross Section Possesing Cut

Resistance For Cotton

Electrical Properties

 Antistatic finish

 Material: e.g rayon

 Treatment: e.g plasma

consisting of

chloro-(chlormethyl)dimethylsila

ne

Antistatic Protection

two layer fabric construction

three layer fabric construction

Hydrophobic & Hydrophilic Finish

 Improvement of wetting

 Material: e.g PA, PE, PP, PET

PTFE

 Treatment: e.g O 2

 Hydrophilic treatment serves

also as dirt-repellent and

plasma treated

Oil repellency on plasma treated cotton/polyester fabric

PLASMA TREATMENT FOR UV PROTECTION

PLASMA TREATMENT FOR FLAME RETARDENCY

 It increases abrasion resistance of cotton materials

 It increases dyeing speed

Thus the Ultrasonic, Digital Printing , Bio ,Nano &

Plasma technology replaces traditional method with more advantages such as

 Replacing harmful chemicals

 Require less effluent treatments

 Low cost and less energy consumption

 No damages to materials

 superior quality of the product

 In feature , one can expect to see many more

developments in textiles , based on above

technology‟s

Aravin prince Periyasamy M.Tech

aravinprince@gmail.com

+91-9790080302

1 AATCC Technical Manual, Vol 76, 2001

2 McCord M.G, Hwang Y.J, Qiu Y, Hughes L.K, Bourham M A, Journal of

Applied polymer Science, 88, 2038-2047, 2003

3 Ward T.L, Jung H.Z, Hinojosa O, Benerito R.R, Journal of Applied

7 Prof M.L Gulrajani – Nano finishes- Indian Journal Of Fibers &

Textile Research Vol 31, March 2006 pp 187-201

8 Ritu Jain & Saurabh Agarwal – Recent Innovation In Textiles Part1

Nano Technology ATJ Sep 2005 Pp 55-59

9 Edward Menezes, Will Nano Technology Be Commercially

Viable-Clothesline Aug 2004 Pp 79-84

10 Technology Of Textile Finishing by Dr G

Nalankilli-Organic Spectroscopy, William Kemp, Macmillan