NGỮ PHÁP TIẾNG ANH THPT

Dùng để diễn đạt:  Hành động diễn ra ở hiện tại.. Cách dùng:  hành độâng xảy ra ở thời gian rõ ràng trong quá khứ.. Cách dùng:  Hành động xảy ra tại thời điểm trong qúa khứ thường có

1 Simple present:

a) Động từ thường:

I, you, we, they → do

He, she, it → does

Ex: The sun rises in the east She doesn’t cook every day

Do they often visit their aunt?

b) Động từ “To BE” :

He, she, it → isYou, we, they → are

Ex: English is the international language

Where are you from?

Dùng để diễn đạt:

 thói quen hiện tại

 câu phát biểu tổng quát, sự thật hiển nhiên, chân lý

 cảm giác trạng thái ở hiện tại

Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì hiện tại đơn:

Các động từ chỉ trạng thái cảm giác, cảm xúc, giác quan, sở hữu :

KĐ: S + V1 (s /es) PĐ: S + do / does + not +

- every (day/ week / month/ year)

- always (luôn luôn)

- usually ( thường xuyên)

- often (thường)

- sometimes = occasionally = at times (thỉnh thoảng)

- seldom (ít khi)

- rarely (hiếm khi)

- normally (thông thường)

- never (không bao giờ)

- all the time (luôn luôn) = at all times

Ex: I think you are right (but: I’m thinking of this exercise)

Your hands feel cold (but: I’m feeling cold)

At present he has three cars

2 Present continuous:

Ex: She is studying English now

They aren’t singing at present

What are you doing now?

Dùng để diễn đạt:

 Hành động diễn ra ở hiện tại

 Dự định trong tương lai

Các trạng từ thời gian đi với thì HTTD

Ex: They are visiting their aunt next month

3 Simple past:

a) Động từ thường:

Ex: Columbus discovered South America in 1492

We saw him yesterday

The boy used to play football

b) Động từ “To be”

2

KĐ: S + am / is / are + Ving …PĐ: S + am / is / are + not + Ving … NV: Am / Is ? Are + S + Ving …?

- right now : ngay bây giờ

- at present : hiện tại

- at the moment : ngay lúc này

- this week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm này

- these days : những ngày này

KĐ: S + V2 … PĐ: S + did not + V1 … NV: Did + S + V1 …?

KĐ: S + was/ were + adj PĐ: S + was/ were + adj

feel * (cảm thấy) - seem ( dường như) - look * (trông có vẻ)

be (thì là ở) - think * (nghĩ là) - have (có) = possess (sở hữu) = own

know (biết) - understand ( hiểu) - forget (quên)

remember (nhớ) - like (thích) - hate (ghét)

Ex: It was hot yesterday.

They were on business last week

Cách dùng:

 hành độâng xảy ra ở thời gian rõ ràng trong quá khứ

 Thói quen trong quá khứ

Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:

4 Past continuous:

Ex: She was cooking at 6 pm yesterday

Cách dùng:

 Hành động xảy ra tại thời điểm trong qúa khứ (thường có 2 yếu tố thời gian)

Các trạng từ đi với thì QKĐ:

Liên từ đi với thì QTĐ: when / while

Ex: My aunt came when we were having dinner yesterday.

They were watching TV while their mother was cooking in the kitchen.

5 Simple future:

Ex: We will go to the zoo tomorrow

He won’t do that again

Will he come back in 2010?

Cách dùng:

 hành động sẽ làm trong tương lai

 Lời hứa, sự quyết tâm, lời yêu cầu lịch sự, sự mong mỏi

- last week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm trước

- Two weeks ago : 2 tuần cách nay

KĐ: S + was /were + Ving …

PĐ: S + was / were + not + Ving …

NV: Was / Were + S + Ving … ?

KĐ: S + will / shall + V0PĐ: S + will / shall + not + V0 NV: Will / Shall + S + V0 ?

- at 8 o’clock yesterday : vào lúc tám giờ hôm qua

- this time last year : giờ này năm trước

Các trạng từ đi với thì TLĐ:

Các liên từ đi với thì tương lai:

- hành độâng diễn ra tại 1 thời điểm trong tương lai

- hành động sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai theo như lệ thường

Các trạng từ đi với thì TLTD:

Ex: This time tomorrow we shall be swimming at the beach

He will be studying English tomorrow morning

7 Present Perfect:

Ex: Ms Mai has already finished the work

We haven’t seen him recently

Have you ever been to Canada?

Cách dùng:

 hành động xảy ra trong quá khứ và kéo dài đến hiện tại; và có thể tiếp diễn đến tương lai

 Hành động đã xảy ra trong quá khứ nhưng không rõ thời gian

 Hành động vừa mới xảy ra

Các trạng từ và giới từ đi với thì HTHT:

4

KĐ: S + will / shall + be + VingPĐ: S + will / shall + not + be +Ving

NV: Will / Shall + S + be + Ving ?

- next week / month / year : tuần / tháng / năm tới

- this time next year

- just : vừa mới

- until now = up to now = up to the present = so far: cho đến nay

- never : chưa bao giờ

- ever : đã từng

8 Present perfect continuous :

Ex: I have been waiting for you for nearly an hour

Giống như thì HTHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục

9 Past Perfect:

Ex: We had finished school before 1990

They had studied English before they began to go to work

Cách dùng:

 1 hành đông chấm dứt trước 1 hành động khác trong quá khứ

 Hành động chấm dứt trước 1 thới diểm trong quá khứ

Các từ đi với thì QKHT:

o QKHT + before + QKĐ

o QKĐ + after + QKHT

o QKĐ + as soon as + QKĐ/ QKHT

o QKĐ + until + QKĐ/ QKHT

Ex: He got a job after he had finished high school

10 Past perfect continuous :

 Giống như thì QKHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục

Ex: The teacher had been teaching for 10 years before you entered this school

11 Future perfect :

KĐ : S + has/have + been + ving

PĐ : S + has/have not + been + ving

NV : Has/Have + S + been + ving ?

KĐ : S + had + V3

PĐ : S + had not + V3

NV : Had + S + V3 ?

KĐ : S + had + been + Ving

PĐ : S + had not + been + Ving

NV : Had + S + been + Ving ?

Ex: He will have come back by the end of this month.

Cách dùng:

 hành động xảy ra trước hành động khác trong tương lai

Các từ đi với thì TLHT:

- TLHT + by the time / before + HTĐ

Ex: The boy will have finished his homework by tomorrow

My mother will have cooked dinner by the time we come back.

12 Future perfect continuous :

Ex: They will have been living in this city for 10 years by next December

 Giống như thì TLHT nhưng nhấn mạnh tính liên tục

13 Các biểu đồ sau diễn đạt thì nào:

14 Những cấu trúc cần ghi nhớ trong chia thì:

A 3 nguyên tắc vàng:

KĐ : S + shall/will + have been + Ving

PĐ : S + shall/will not + have been +Ving

NV : Shall/Will + S + have been + Ving ?

3 Have + V3

- Sau “will” cho dù là thì nào ở dạng nào, thì vẫn là V0:

Thí dụ : They will take me to the beach tomorrow

I will be taken to the beach tomorrow

She will have finished her project by the end of this month

- Sau “be” không thể có V1, hoặc V2

- Sau “have” không thể có V1, hoặc V2

B 4 thì cần ghi nhớ: Đó là: Thì hiện tại đơn, quá khứ đơn, hiện tại hoàn thành, hiện tại hoàn thành tiếp diễn.

Từ 4 thì này ta có thể suy ra các thì khác theo biểu đồ sau (kết hợp với 3 nguyên tắc vàng)

II Dùng biểu đồ để diễn đạt cách dùng của các thì:

Thí dụ: - I often watch television at night

- I have studied English for eight years

- I will go to university next year

V1 (s/es) am /is / are +

Ving Have / has + V3 Have/ has + been Ving

- I will have left my high school by June.

II Các quy tắc:

1 Thêm s / es:

a) thêm es : các động từ kết thúc có âm gió: ch, x, z , sh và phụ âm + y / o

Ex: washes, glasses, watches, fizzes, studies, goes

b) thêm s: các động từ còn lại:

Ex: works, sees, hears, sings, pays

→ The spell:

2 Thêm ing:

a) động từ kết thúc là: phụ âm + e (câm): → bỏ e

Ex: hate → hating, come → coming, change → changing

b) động từ 1 âm tiết kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm

Ex: sit → sitting, run → running sip → sipping

c) động từ 2 âm tiết, trọng âm ở vần 2 kết thúc là: 1 nguyên âm + 1 phụ âm → gấp đôi phụ âm

Ex: begin → beginning prefer → preferring

d) động từ còn lại: chỉ thêm ing

Ex: meeting, missing, playing, talking, going

c Qui tắc đọc ‘ed’:

- Các âm: k, p, tS, s, S, (x), f + ed → / t /

- Các âm: t, d + ed → / id /

- Các âm còn lại: m, v, n, a, o, … + ed → / d /

Ex: washed, stops, laughed, cooked

wanted, needed, hatedclimbed, harmed, named, called, tried, played

d Qui tắc đọc ‘s’:

- Các âm: p, k, t, f , H + s /s/

- Các âm còn lại : + s /z/

Ex: stops, cooks, laughs, months, hats, hates,

learns, lives, plays, needs

e Đặc biệt: Các âm gió: S, s, tS, z, Z, dZ + s/ es → / iz/

Ex: washes, taxes; watches; changes; ranges

I SINGULAR SUBJECT:

1 Indefinite pronouns: (đại từ bất định)

- anybody (any one), anything, anything, nobody (no

one), nothing, everybody (everyone), everything.

- Something is under the armchair

- Everyone wants to go home early

2 Uncount nouns: Các chất rắn, chất lỏng, chất khí,

danh từ trừu tượng …

- water, coffee, tea, milk, oil, soup, gasoline, …

- ice, butter, bread, cheese, meat, gold, glass, …

- steam, smoke, air, oxygen, smog, nitrogen, …

- rice, chalk, dust, flour, grass, salt, sand, sugar, …

- happiness, pollution, love, health, patience, …

- work, homework, advice, information, time, …

3 Subjects, sport, languages, natural phenomena,

nations, diseases: (Môn học, thể thao, ngôn ngữ,

các hiện tượng tư nhiên, tên các quốc gia bệnh)

- mathematics, linguistics, statistics, physics, ……

- swimming, gymnastics, athletics, tennis, football,

- Chinese, English, Spanish, German, …

- weather, fog, snow, sunlight, smog, lightning, …

- Mathematics is a basic tool

- Many people take up gymnasticsbecause it is good exercise

- English is an international language

- The fog was very thick

4 Số đo lường, lượng tiền, thời gian:

- Two million dollars is a large sum ofmoney

- Eight hours of sleep is enough for me

- What has happened to you?

6 That + Clause làm chủ ngữ:

“

Wh” + clause làm chủ ngữ:

- That he is naughty makes his fathersad

- What he says is unreliable

7 Some determiners: (Một số định từ )

- Each, every, one of,

- A little, little, much, a great deal of, a large

amount of, …

- Either , Neither,

- Each student has a pencil

- There is a little wine in the bottle

- They gave a great deal of thought totheir future job

- Neither student does homework

- Neither of the students is wellprepared

8 The + N and + N: một người kiêm 2 chức vụ: - The assistant and secretary is very

busy now

9 Hỗn hợp:

- bread and butter: bánh mì bơ

- The horse and carriage : xe ngựa

- Bread and butter is my favourite food

- The horse and carriage is cominground the corner

II PLURAL SUBJECT:

1 The + adj :

- The rich, the poor, the disabled, the blind,

- The British, the Vietnamese, the Japanese, ……

- The poor need our help

- The Vietnamese are very brave

2 Danh từ luôn ở dạng số nhiều:

- police, cattle, goods, clothes, belongings, wares, - The police are looking for the missingchild

3 Some determiners: (một số định từ)

- both, many, a few, few, a number of, several, a

great many, a good many, the majority…

III Các dạng hoà hợp chủ từ và đông từ:

1 Hoà hợp với danh từ sau:

Either ………… or ……… + V ……

Neither ……… nor ……… + V …….

Not only ……… but also …… + V ……

- Either I or John is going to do thehousework

- Not only the boy but also his friendslike to play football

2 Hoà hợp với danh từ trước:

- Nam, not Tam, has just come

IV Dạng danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc và bất qui tắc:

1 Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc: (thêm s/es)

- Danh từ kết thúc với: (phụ âm) + y / o , ch, s, x, z,

sh → thêm: es

- Danh từ số nhiều có qui tắc còn lại: → thêm “s”

- potato → potatoes , study → studies

- watch → watches, fox → foxes

- pupil → pupils display → displays

Danh từ số nhiều và số ít không thay đổi:

Sheep : con cừu

Deer: con nai

- tooth → teeth goose → geese

- man → men woman → women

- bacterium → bacteria

- radius → radii (=radiuses)

Fish: con cá (fishes: các loài cá)

Series: loạt, tập truyện nhiều kỳ

Offspring: (chim, thú) con

I PRESENT AND FUTURE:

1

when

- Thói quen ở hiện

- She usually listens to musicwhen she is stressed

- Hđ nối tiếp, S Future + when + S Present - They will send me a postcard

when they arrive in Paris

- Nhấn mạnh hđ sauwhen S Future + when + Pr Perfect - We will go when we have doneour homework

S Future + until + Pr Perfect - I will come and see you as

soon as I’ve finished my work

- nhấn mạnh sự hoàntất của mệnh đề với

4 after - Thói quen S Present + after + Pr Perfect - He often brushes his teeth after

he has had lunch

5 by the time - Hđ hoàn tất trước 1

hđ khác trong tươnglai

Future Perfect + by the time +

- Hđ hoàn tất trước

hđ khác P Perfect + when + S Past

- When I arrived, John had goneaway ( I didn’t see John)

- Hđ nối tiếp,

- Thói quen trongquá khứ

S Past + when + S Past When I arrived, John went away

(John was angry with me, so hewent away when he saw me)

- She spent much money whenshe was young

- Hđ dài, hđ ngắn Past Cont + when + S Past - They were having lunch when

he visited them

2 while - Hđ ngắn, hđ dài S Past + while + Past Cont - He came in while I was singing

- 2 hđ dài Past cont + while + Past Cont - My mother was reading a book

while we were playing football

3

until

- Hđ trước và kéodài cho đến hànhđông của mệnh đềsau

S Past + until + S Past - He read the book until he was

dead tired

- Nhấn mạnh mệnhđề với until đã hoàntất

S past + until + P Perfect - We went on working until we

had finished the job

4

as soon as

- 2 hđ kế tiếp S Past + as soon as + S Past - Mary told me the news as soon

as she came to my flat

- nhấn mạnh sự hoàntất của mệnh đề với

as soon as

S past + as soon as + P Perfect - A stranger walked into his room

as soon as he had gone out

5

after - Hđ trước, hđ sau S Past + after + P Perfect - He left after he had written thereport

- After he had written the report,

he left

6 before

by the time

- Hđ sau, hđ trước P Perfect + before + S Past - The man had already finished

the work before he came home

I General rule:

1 who:

We meet the man He is a professor

We meet the man who is a professor

a He shouted at the dog It barked loudly

He shouted at the dog which barked loudly.

S

Possessive

adjective

WHOSE WHOSE/

OF WHICHTHAT

b The dog barked loudly He called it.

The dog which he called barked loudly.

O

4 whose + N: thay thế cho tính từ sở hữu (his / her / their )

a The teacher was angry The students didn’t pay attention to his lesson

The teacher whose lesson the students didn’t pay attention to was angry.

O

b Do you know the woman? Her son has lost

Do you know the woman whose son has lost?

S

5 That: thay thế cho: Who, whom, which… (that không thể theo sau dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ)

The girl won the championship She was really talented

The girl that (= who) was really talented won the championship.

6 of which:

We should throw away the table The leg of the table was broken

We should throw away the table the leg of which / of which the leg was broken

7 where: thay thế cho cụm giới từ chỉ nơi chốn hoặc “there”

* N (place) + where + clause

a) This is the town I was born in the town.

Adv of place This is the town in which I was born

This is the town where I was born

b) Do you know the village? He lived there

Do you know the village where he lived?

Ghi chú: trường hợp dưới đây phải dùng “which”

Ex: This is the town I like it best.

O → This is the town which I like best

8 when: thay thế cho cụm danh từ chỉ thời gian hoặc “then”

National day is the day Our nation was completely liberated on that day

National day is the day when our nation was completely liberated.

9 why : thay thế cho cụm từ “ for the reason”

Does he know the reason? He left for that reason

Does he know the reason why he left?

10.It’s _ that / who + clause: chính là (cấu trúc nhấn mạnh)

a) Peter must clean the window

It’s Peter who / that must clean the window.

b) Your dog bit the old man

It was your dog that bit the old man (không được dùng which trong trường hợp này)

c) They were captured because he was incompetent

It was because he was incompetent that they were captured.

1 Tính từ ngắn và tính từ dài:

a) Tính từ ngắn:

- tính từ đơn âm: long , short, big, hot, fat

- tính từ có hai âm kết thúc là: er, le, ow, et , phụ âm + y.

Ex: happy, clever, simple, narrow, quiet, …

b) Tính từ dài: là tính từ có hai âm trở lên:

Ex: careful, beautiful, hard-working, careless…

2 Types:

Equal S1 + V + as + adj / adv + as + S2 + aux

S1 + negative V + as + adj/adv + as + S2 + aux

so Comparative S1 + V + more + adj / adv(dài) + than + S2 + aux

S1 + V + adj / adv(ngắn) + er + than + S2 + aux

Superlative S + V + the most + adj / adv(dài)

S + V + the + adj / adv (ngắn) +est

Ex: She is as beautiful as her mother (is).

She isn’t so careful as her mother (is).

He drives more carefully than his friend (does).

Tam studies the hardest in his class.

My Thuan bridge is the longest one in Vietnam.

Who is the most beautiful in your class?

3 Special:

Less + adj / adv + than : ít hơn

Ex: This book is less expensive than that one

(ngắn) the + adj + er + S + V (ngắn)

Ex: The more beautiful she is, the happier she becomes.

The harder he studies, the wiser he becomes.

b)

S + V twice three times

four times half

as + adj / adv + as ….

as + much (N) as …

as + many ( N) as …

Ex: She swims twice as fast as I (do)

He earns half as much as his wife (does)

c) More and more + adj (dài) : càng nhiều

Adj (ngắn) + er and adj (ngắn) + er : càng ….

Ex: Life in the city is more and more stressful.

They work harder and harder

5 Tính từ bất qui tắc:

further

farthestfurthest

Xa (k.cách) Hơn (t tin)

elder

oldesteldest

Lớn (chung)Lớn (anh ,chị)

Ex: Ms Anh is better at cooking than Ms Nhung.

My elder brother is 2 years older than I.

I General rule:

S + V + O + …

S + BE + V3 … by + O.

(chia theo thì của câu chủ động)

Ex: - She usually takes my car

→ My car is usually taken by her

- He has sent his son to another school

→ His son has been sent to another school

II Active → passive:

3 am/ is / are + Ving am/ is /are + being + V3

4 was / were + Ving was / were + being + V3

5 has / have + V3 has / have + been + V3

7 will / would

can / could + V0may / might

9 have + sb + V0 + sth have + sth + V3 + +(by +sb)

10 get + sb + to + V0 + sth

ask tell

get + sth + V3 + + (by sb)

(chỉ được dùng ‘get’)

11 give

bring buy + sb + sth lend

show

given brought

sb + be + bought + sth lent

shown

12 give

bring buy + sth + prep + sth lend

show

given brought sth + be + bought + prep +sth lent

shown

13 see

hear + O + Ving smell

seen s+ be + heard + Ving smelt

14 see

hear + O + V0

smell

seen

s + be + heard + to + V0 smelt

15 make + O + V0 s + be + made + to + V0

16 let + sb + v0 + sth sb + be + allowed + to + V0

17 sb + need + to +V0 + sth sth + need + ving

want

18 People + say + (that) + S’ + V … : nói rằng

think : nghĩ rằng believe : tin rằng report : thông báo rumour : đồn đại assume : thừa nhận

It + be + said + (that) + S’ + V …

thought

believed

reported

rumoured

assumed

S’ + be + said + to + V0 (tương đồng, xảy ra sau) thought to + have + V3 ( xảy ra trước) believed

reported

rumoured

assumed

Ex: - People say that he is a spy → It is said that he is a spy

→ He is said to be a spy.

- They think that Peter died → It is thought that Peter died

I STATEMENT: Câu phát biểu (thuộc dạng câu khẳng định và phủ định)

SAID

Ex: - He said, “I like football.”

→ He said that he liked to play football

“Tom will fly to Paris next week,” said Miss Hoa

→ Miss Hoa said that Tom would fly to Paris the following week

II COMMANDS & REQUESTS: Câu yêu cầu (thuộc dạng mệnh lệnh hoặc yêu cầu)

Imperative form: V0 + …… Request: Would you like ………… ?

(mệnh lệnh) Don’t + V0 …… (yêu cầu) Could / Can you + V0 ……… ?

Why don’t you + V0 ………?

S TOLD

ASKEDBEGGEDORDEREDURGEDADVISED

Ex: She said to him, “Come in, please” → She told him to come in

“Don’t make noise, Tom” said the mother → The mother asked Tom not to make noise

III QUESTIONS: (Dạng câu hỏi)

WONDEREDWANTED TO KNOW

if / whether

(yes/ no question) S + V (đổi thì)

“Wh” / how

(wh-question)Ex: She said to me, “Will she come?” → She asked me if she came

“Where do you live?” asked the foreigner → The foreigner asked me where I lived

IV Các dạng khác:

1 Let’s + V0 … // Why don’t we + V1 … // What about + Ving ….→ S + suggested + Ving …… Ex: He said, “Let’s have a drink.” → He suggested having a drink

Timmy said, “ Why don’t we go on a picnic” → Timmy suggested going on a picnic

2 Why don’t you + V1 ……… ? // S + should + V0 ………… → S + advised + O + to + V0

Ex: She said to him, “ Why don’t you go to the doctor?”

→ She advised him to go to the doctor

3 Cấu trúc liên quan đến tường thuật:

- remind sb to do sth : nhắc nhở ai làm gì

- threaten to do sth: đe dọa

- scold sb for (doing) sth : la rầy, trách mắng (nhất là đối vói trẻ em)

- reproach sb for (doing) sth: khiển trách

- warn sb of/about sth : thông báo, cảnh báo

- accuse sb of (doing) sth

Notes:

1 Converting tenses and adverbs of time, place:

- V1 (s/es) → V2 /ed

- V2 → had + V3

- has/ have + V3 → had + V3

- am/ is/ are + Ving → was / were + Ving

- two years ago → two years before

- today → that day

- tonight → that night

- tomorrow → the following day the day after the next day

- next year → the following year

- this → the year after

- these → those

- here → there

- now → then

2 Các trường hợp không đổi thì:

a) Khi động từ tường thuật ở hiện tại hoặc tương:

Ex: My mother says to me, “you are my little pet.”

→ My mother tells me that I am her little pet

b) Câu trưc tiếp diễn đạt một chân lý hoặc sự thật hiển nhiên:

Ex: Galileo said, “ The earth goes around the sun.”

→ Galileo said (that) the earth goes around the sun

c) Thì quá khứ đơn đã rõ thời gian:

Ex: Tom said to me, “ My grandfather died in 1990.”

→ Tom told me that his grandfather died in 1990

d) Câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 và cấu trúc “used to”:

Ex: “ If I had much money, I would have travel around the world.” Said the boy

→ The boy said if he had much money he would travel around the world

I Động từ đi với gerund:

* allow : cho phép

anticipate : liệu trước

involve : bao gồm, liên quankeep : giữ

mention : đề cập