và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu.. A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít để giới thiệu một điều gì chưa được đề cập hoặc lần đầu... Những d
Trang 1Tài liệu bồi dưỡng học sinh giỏi lớp 6
TENSES
Present
simple
S + V(s-es) (be): am- is- are
S + don’t/ doesn’t +V1
S+ am not/ isn’t/ aren’t
Do/Does + S+V1? Am/Is/Are + S+…?
Everyday, usually, after school, never, often, sometimes, always,
Present
progressive S + am/is/are + V-ing S+am/is/are(not)+V-ing Am/ Is/Are +S+V-ing?
Now, at the present, at the moment, at this time, Look! Listen, !Be careful! Hurry up!
Give the correct form of these verbs:
6. The earth (circle) ………the Sun once every 365 days
7. Rivers usually (flow) ……… to the sea
8. Don’t worry I (give) ………him your message when I (see) ……… him
9. Look! Jane (play) ……… the guitar Hurry up! The bus (come) ………
10 I (not talk) ……… to her at present.
11 How often……… she (go) ……… fishing?
- She (go) ………once a year
12 your friends (be)……… students?
-Yes, they (be)
13 the children (play)……… in the park at the moment?
-No, they aren’t They (learn) to play the piano
14 ……….you (go)……… to school on Sundays? – Yes, I do.
15 My mother (cook) ………a meal now She ( cook)……… everyday.
16 What……… your mother (do)……… at this time?
- She (make)………a dress
17 she often (go)……… to the cinema every weekend?
18 I don’t know But she always (go) to the church on Sundays.
19 The students (not be) in class at present.
20 She always (wash) the dishes after meals
21 I (do) an exercise on the present tenses at this moment and I (think) that I
(know) how to use it now
22 My mother sometimes (buy) vegetables at this market.
23. It (rain) much in summer It (rain) now
24. Daisy (cook) some food in the kitchen at present She always (cook) in the morning
PARTS OF SPEECH OF WORD FORMS
I Danh từ (Nouns):
1 Định nghĩa: Danh từ là những từ dùng để chỉ sự vật, sự việc hoặc con người
2 Phân loại danh từ:
- Danh từ đếm được (countable nouns): book, student, table,
- Danh từ không đếm được (uncountable nouns): water, grass, information,
- Danh từ đơn (simple nouns): war (chiến tranh), bus (xe buýt),
- Danh từ kép (Compound nouns): world peace (hòa bình thế giới), bus station (trạm xe buýt),
3 Chức năng:
a Làm chủ ngữ (Subject-): The children go to school every day
b Làm tân ngữ động từ và giới từ: (Object): The mother gave a cake to her son
c Làm bổ ngữ cho chủ ngữ (Sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look) (Complement): He is my best friend
1
Trang 2d Làm bổ ngữ cho tân ngữ (Sau call/ select/ name/ ) We call him Tom
II Đại từ (Pronouns):
1 Định nghĩa: Đại từ là những từ dùng thay cho danh từ
2 Phân loại đại từ:
a Đại từ nhân xưng (Personal pronouns): có 2 loại:
- Đại từ làm chủ ngữ: I/ We/ You/ They/ She/ He/ It
- Đại từ làm tân ngữ: me/ us/ you/ them/ her/ him/ it
b Đại từ chỉ định: This/ that/ these/ those
c Đại từ bất định: (Chỉ người) someone, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, everyone
(Chỉ vật) something, nothing, anything, everything
3 Chức năng: Giống danh từ
III Tính từ (Adjectives):
1 Định nghĩa: là từ dùng để miêu tả hoặc cho biết thêm chi tiết về danh từ
2 Phân loại:
a Tính từ miêu tả: SIZE + SHAPE + AGE + COLOR + NATIONAL + MATERIAL
(kích thước + hình dạng + tuổi + màu + quốc tịch + chất liệu)
b Tính từ sở hữu: my/ our / your / their / her / his/ its
c Tính từ chỉ số lượng: much/ little/ few/ a lot of / plenty of / each/ every/ another
3 Chức năng:
a Bổ nghĩa cho danh từ: A beautiful girl
b Bổ nghĩa cho đại từ: Something new
c Đứng sau keep / seem/ be/ feel/ look vàbổ nghĩa cho chủ ngữ; He looks happy.
d Đứng sau keep /make let + O + Adj vàbổ nghĩa cho tân ngữ We make our parents happy.
IV Trạng từ (Adverbs):
1 Định nghĩa: là những từ dùng để diển tả tính cách, đặc tính, mức độ, và được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho động từ, tính từ, trạng từ khác hoặc cho cả câu
2 Phân loại:
a Trạng từ chỉ thể cách: well, carefully, quickly, hard, fast
b Trạng từ chỉ thời gian: early/ late / yet/ now, today, yesterday, before, after, tomorrow
c Trạng từ chỉ mức độ: too much/ too little/ very / extremely/ a lot / nearly
d Trạng từ chỉ địa điểm: here/ there/ upstairs/ at home / in the garden
e Trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên: always/ often/ usually/ sometimes/ hardly/ once a week
3 Chức năng:
a Bổ nghĩa cho tính từ: A very beautiful girl
b Bổ nghĩa cho động từ: walk slowly; study hard; play well
c Bổ nghĩa cho trạng từ: walk very slowly; study so hard; play quite well
WORD FORM
Trang 321 Invention Invent Inventory Phát minh
IDENTIFICATION OF WORD FORMS
I Chọn danh từ: (đầu câu, sau độïng từ và giới từ)
II Chọn
tính từ:
Trước danh
từ, sau
linking verbs,
- ADJ+ NOUN
- KEEP / SEEM/ BE/ FEEL/ LOOK + ADJ:
A happy girl always smiles (happiness)
- Linking verbs: He’s heavy ( heaviness)
III Chọn trạng từ: Giữa chủ ngữ và động từ / sau động từ thường, sau tân ngữ đầu câu,
- S + ADV + V(thường):
- S + V (+ O) + ADV
- ADV, S + V
- I have recently received my friend’s letter
- The doctor told me to breathe in slowly
- Suddenly, he saw an accident
IV Chọn động từ: đứng ngay sau chủ ngữ:
V Complete the sentences using the correct form of the words in brackets.
He feels very ………… ……….………so he talks ………… ……… Anger
Nam is always ………… ……… He is on his …… ….……… this week Business
Mr Han is a ………… ……….……… driver He drives ………… … Care
We have a lot of ………… ……….……… in learning English Difficult
The is an………… ……….……… football match this afternoon Excite
THE MOST /BEST
+ NOUN (Danh từ)
3
Trang 4If you smoke, it is ………… ……….……… to you Harm
He does exercise every morning, so he is very………… ……….……… Health
………… ……….………students don’t often succeed in the tests Laziness
ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME & REASON
A ADVERD CLAUSES OF TIME:
Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian bắt đầu các liên từ When, while, after/ before, as (khi), until (đến khi )
S +V+ When/ while/ after/ before/ as/until + S + V Chỉ tương lai: When he comes tomorrow, we will welcome him
Chỉ hiện tại: When it’s hot, I go swimming / As I come, he is eating.
B ADVERD CLAUSES OF REASON:
Là mệnh đề trạng ngữ chỉ lý do hay nguyên nhân bắt đầu các liên từ: because/ since/ as (bởi vì)
S + V + because/ since/ as + S + V
Mr Ba is late because/ since/ as she oversleeps
Because Lan and Ba don’t have a tent, they never go camping
C Join two sentences into one, use because/ since/ as:
1 Lan and Ba never go camping , so they don’t have a tent
2 I stay at home It rains
3 Tan is late for school He misses the bus
4 The weather is fine We have a picnic on the mountain
5 I don’t have a bike, so I walk
6 Nhan is free, so he flies his kites
D Join two sentences into one, use when/ while/ after/ before/ as/until:
1 It is warm I go fishing (when)
2 My father is eating My mother cooks (while)
3 I take a bath first Then I eat (before)
4 Mr Quang waits for the farmer The farmer comes (until)
5 He will come tomorrow We will welcome him (When)
6 You will go the museum You will see a lot of valuable pictures (When)
ARTICLES
1 A An : đứng trước danh từ đếm được số ít để giới thiệu
một điều gì chưa được đề cập hoặc lần đầu. A ball is round I see a boy in the street
Trang 52 An : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm.
A : đứng trước danh từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm an apple, an inkpot, an engineera book, a pen, house, a man,
3 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với A European, uniform, universal, university, union, eulogy,
euphemism
4 Những danh từ ,luôn dùng với AN hour, heir, herbal, honor
Đứng trước danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được
ở số ít hay nhiều để giới thiệu một điều gì đã được
đề cập, được bổ nghĩa cụm giới từ with / of + N hay
điều mà ai cũng biết.
The earth is round (ai cũng biết)
The boy in the corner is my friend
The sugar on the table is sweet ( nghĩa riêng biệt)
The tigers in Vietnam are in danger
Trước danh từ không đếm được ở số ít/ đếm được ở số nhiều khi nói đên đặc điểm, chủng loại, giống nòi chung chung
Athletes must follow a well- balanced diet
Sugar is sweet (nghĩa chung chung) Tigers like fresh meat
1. Tên Nhiều hồ: The great Lakes
Các đại dương: the Atlantic Ocean
Các dòng sông: The red River
Các vùng biển: The red Sea
Tên hồ số ít: Lake Geneva, Lake Erie Châu lục: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia
2. Tên các dãy núi: the Andes, the rocky mountains Tên một núi: Mount Everest, Mount Pinatubo
3. Một vật/ người duy nhất:
the earth, the moon, the sun, the Pope, the sky
Tên các hành tinh: Venus, Mars, Danh từ trừu tượng: freedom, happiness
4. Tên các trường học có: the School of Florida
Tên các trường đại học có: the University of
Tên các trường cao đẳng có: the College of
Tên trường học bắt đầu danh từ riêng:
Quang Trung Secondary School Hung Vuong University, Hong Bang College
5. Số thứ tự đứng trước danh từ: the first World War Số đếm đi sau danh từ: World war one, chapter two
6. Tên các nước gồm nhiều từ: the U.S, the U.K Tên các nước gồm một từ: France, Vietnam
7. Tên các nhạc cụ: the guitar, the piano Tên các môn thể thao: baseball, volleyball, soccer
8. Tên các cuộc chiến: the Korean war dinner, church, school, college, home, work, hospital Những từ không bị giới hạn nghĩa: breakfast, lunch,
A or An? The general rule is that we use a before a
consonant and an before a vowel:
a bowl, a car,a dog, but an ant, an elephant, an insect, an
orange, an urn
But, what is important here is not the way a word is written, but
the way it sounds We choose a or an depending on the sound at
the beginning of the word and whether it is a vowel sound or a
consonant sound
For example, take the word uniform Although it begins with a
vowel - u - when we write it, when we say it the first sound is /y/
which is a consonant: uniform is pronounced ‘/junɪfɔːm/ so we
say a uniform
One word which is often confused is hotel Some people
pronounce this word as /həʊˈtɛl/ so they would write:
a hotel But other people pronounce this word as /əʊˈtɛl/ and so
they would write: an hotel
The Zero Article does not exist It is a useful term to use
when describing how to use articles Essentially when we talk
The definite article doesn't change It is always the whether
the noun is masculine, feminine or neuter, singular or plural We
use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or
plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group
The woman.The man.The door.The doors.
Prior Reference
We often use the after the noun has already been mentioned For
example:
An Englishman, an Irishman and a Sctosman walk into a pub The
Englishman ordered a bitter; the Irishman ordered a Guiness and the
Scotsman ordered a whisky
The first time we mention the noun we use the indefinite article and from then on we use the definite article
Known Reference
If both speakers know what they are talking about they can use the
even though the noun may not have been mentioned before In other words, it is implied that the noun has already been mentioned
Excuse me, do you know what the time is?
5
Trang 6about the zero article, we mean that we don’t use any article in
front of a noun
For example, when we use a noun with a preposition, we often
do not use an article (that is, we just use the noun on its own):
I went to school but left my books at home Mother was in
church and father at sea; Grandfather came to dinner later by
train and Grandmother managed to escape from prison to join
us
When we talk about an institution, we use the zero article.
Where's the toilet?
In these examples, the speaker assumes that the listener knows what
is being talked about
Miscellanous In addition, the is used in the following
special circumstances
Exceptions include: the Hague; the Matterhorn; the Mall; the White
House, the United States of America
We use the definite article - the - when we talk about a singular or
plural noun which refers to a particular member of a a group
In this example the group is all men; we want to reference a
particular man so we say: The man in the hat.
Compare this with the indefinite article which refers to any man in
the group: A man in a hat.
parts of day/night midnight, midday, noon, night
days Monday, Tuesday superlatives the highest, the biggest, the oldest
seasons & months Winter, February oceans, seas the Pacific, the Black Sea
years 1961, 1995, 2000 inventions the wheel, the internal combustion engine
buildings Buckingham Palace, number 10 titles ﾧ the Queen, the President, the chairperson
streets Acacia Avenue, Pall Mall, Sunset Boulevard rivers & canals the Thames, the Nile, the Suez
airports Heathrow, Gatwick public buildings the Sheraton, the Red Lion, the Natural
History Museum
cities & towns London, New York, Tokyo, Sydney,
The Independent, The Daily Mirror, The Times
mountains Everest, K2, Mont Blanc families the Browns, the Bushes
countries America, Britain, Arabia countries of union the United States, the United Arab Emirates
continents Africa, Asia, America, Europe jobs He is an artist and his wife is a plumber.
beliefs He is a Buddhist and his wife is an atheist.
magazines Cosmopolitan, Time mountain chains the Alps, the Highlands
games football, tennis, bar billiards instruments the piano, the bag pipes
nationalities He is an American and she is a Swede.
COMPARISONS
A/ So sánh bằng: (equality)
S + V + AS ADJ/ ADV AS + S
B/ So sánh hơn: (Comparatives)
Tính từ ngắn: S + V + ADJ/ADV- ER + THAN + S2
Tính từ dài: S + V + MORE + ADJ/ ADV +
THAN + S2
C/ So sánh nhất; (Superlatives)
Tính từ ngắn: S + V + THE ADJ –EST + N
Tính từ dài: S + V + THE MOST + ADJ + N.
This new house is as expensive as that one
He ran faster than his friends did
Films are more interesting than plays
Ex: He is more intelligent than Peter.
Nam is the youngest student in his class
Winter is the coldest in the year
Note: - Tính từ ngắn : 1 vần và 2 vần như: happy, pleasant, quiet
- Tính từ dài: các tính từ 2 vần trở lên như : interesting, beautiful, expensive
- So sánh các tính từ đặc biệt: good → better/ the best; bad → worse/ the worst;
little → less/ the least;many → more/ the most; far → farther/ further/ the farthest/ further
Trang 7With IN: the morning, august, summer, 2006, uniform, hospital, bed, the world, debt, prison, English, the center of, the middle of, some
ways, addition, Vietnam, London, ink, the past/ future, case
With ON: Monday, Saturday morning, holiday, radio, subject, foot, a farm, a chair, the beach, the phone, Christmas Day, the occasion,
the south coast of, a picnic, the way to, time, a street, a floor, the right/ left, sale, the corner
With AT: 5 o’clock, first, last, present, the moment, 16 years old, the age of (15), home, school, the bus stop, the same time, a party,
Mary’s house, the end of, the beginning of, night, least, once, times, work
With others: for a week/ fun/ reading/ a walk - from Paris to London, from nine to five- By Nguyen Du, by shooting, by then, by the
way, by far, by accident by car/ bus/ taxi/ plane - with smoke, with hands, out of date/ work/ order
ADJ+ Prep: amazed, amused, delighted at – afraid of, angry with, bad at, good at, different from, fond to, familiar with, famous for, proud
of, interested in, kind to/ of, pleased with, useful for, worried about, similar to, accustomed to
VERBS + Prep: borrow from, compare with, crowd into, laugh at, look at/ after/ for/up, prepare for, participate, think of ,prefer to,
succeed in, take part in, take care of, tell about, take to about, tune into, keep in touch, consist of
NOUN + Prep: love for, habit of/ aspect of, sight of, means of, reason for, method of, pair of
SOME SENTENCE PATTERNS
1 S + V + Adj/ n
( be, look, keep, seem, taste, sound, become) Jack looked very worried.The food tastes delicious
2 S + V + Adv (walk, drive, talk, close, rise come) He is careful He drives slowly
3 S + V + O + adv ( watch, read, meet, make, see) He watched T.V every night
4 S + V + O + C (make, elect, declare, consider…)
( think, believe, find)
(keep, make, let, have)
(regard, recognize, appoint, consider)
We made Frank armchair
I find the lesson too boring
Sad movie makes me cry
They regard him as an excellent player
5 S + V + I.O + D.O = S + V + D.O+ to/ for + I.O
(give, teach, show, award, offer, lend +to // buy, make+ for)
Mary teaches me English.= He teaches English to me
My mother bought me a hat = She bought it for me
6 S + V + prep + O (look at, wait for, cope with, rely on, depend
on, complain/talk about, smile at…) I have been waiting for you for an hour.He looks at himself in the mirror
7 S + V + prep + O = S + V + O (pro) + prep
(put on/off, take off, turn on /off, throw away, see off
He puts on his shoes = He puts them on
I turn on the light, and then I turn it off
8 S + V + O + noun clause
(learn, know, show, discover, decide, understand…) I can understand what you said.He showed me where the bank was
9 There (be) + noun + prep phrase There is some water in the jar
There were many students in the yard
EXPRESSIONS OF QUALITY
1 - SOME: Trong câu khẳng định/ lời mời: - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được: Ex: I like some milk Would you like some milk?
2 - ANY: Trong câu phủ định và nghi vấn - Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được và sốâ nhiều đếm được:
Ex: I don’t like any milk Do you like any milk?
* Các đại từ someone, somebody, something, noone, nothing, nobody, anyone, anything, anybody,
everyone, everything, everybody cũng dùng theo cách trên Chú ý No = Not + any: nobody = not any body
3 MANY / A LARGE NUMBER OF/ A GREAT NUMBER OF/: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được:
Ex: He has many books
Ex: A large number of students in our school are good
4 MUCH / A LARGE AMOUNT OF/ A GREAT DEAL OF /: (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ số ít không đếm được:
Ex: He has much time to play
Ex: A large amount of
* How much/ How many cũng dùng theo cách trên:
7
Trang 8Ex: How many eggs does she want? - She wants a dozen eggs.
Ex: How much beef do you want? - I want 200grams of beef
5 PLENTY OF/ A LOT OF / LOTS OF (nhiều) Dùng với danh từ đếm được và không đếm được:
Ex: He has plenty of books Ex: He has plenty of time to play
* Very/ too/ so/ as + many/ much + noun
Ex: There is too much bad news on T.V tonight
6 FEW / A FEW/ LITTLE / A LITTLE: (ít, một ít, một vài)
A FEW: (rất ít ý phủ định)
+ Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được
Ex: I feel lonely because I have a few friends there
B A FEW: (một vài ý khẳng định)
+ Dùng với danh từ sốâ nhiều đếm được
Ex: You can see a few houses on the hill
C LITTLE: (rất ít ý phủ định) + Dùng với danh từ sốâ ít không đếm được Ex: I have very little time for reading
D A LITTLE: (một ít, một chút ý khẳng định) + Dùng với danh từ sốâ ít không đếm được
Ex: I need a little help to move these books
7 More, less, fewer:
A FEWER: So sánh hơn của (few - a few)
- Dùng kèm với danh từ đếm được số nhiều
S + V + fewer + ADJ / Noun + than + S
Ex: He has fewer days off than we. B LESS: So sánh hơn của (little - a little) - Dùng kèm với danh từ không đếm được hoặc kèm với tính từ S + V + Less + ADJ / Noun + than + S
Ex: He is less scared now. Do you have less free time than Hoa? C MORE: So sánh hơn của (a lot of / many /much) - Dùng kèm với danh từ đếm được hoặc không đếm được Ex: Do you have more hours than Hoa? - Dùng kèm với tính từ dài (Từ 2 vần trở lên) - S + V + More + ADJ / Noun + than + S Ex: He is more tired than I 8 MOST / MOST OF: (Phần lớn, hầu hết) A MOST + NOUN ( số nhiều :Most children / hoặc không đếm được: Most coffee) Ex: Most children are fond of sweets Ex: Most coffee is new and good B MOST OF + MY/ HIS/ HER/ YOU/ THEIR/ THE / THIS/ THAT/ THESE/ THOSE + N Ex: Most of the boys in my class want to play soccer. READING D Read and answer the questions: I Hi, My name is pike and this is my son He learns in a big school in London He goes to school from Monday to Friday and doesn’t go to school at the weekend At school, he studies may things He is very much interested in math and Physics because they are his favorite subject At recess, Peter often plays basketball and he plays it very well He sometimes plays soccer after school In his free time, he always listens to music and he learns to play the guitar He hopes he will become an engineer in the future 1 Where does Peter learn?
2 What subject does he like?
3 What does he do at recess?
4 What does he do in his free time?
5 Does Peter want to be an engineer or a singer?
II We are all destroying the earth The sea and the rivers are too dirty to swimming in There is so much smoke in the air that it is unhealthy to live in many of world’s cities We have cut down so many trees that there are now vast areas of wasteland all over the world As a result, farmers in parts of Africa can’t grow enough rice to eat Wild animals are quickly disappearing We must save the earth a) Are we are all destroying the earth?
b) What are too dirty to swimming in?
c) Why is it unhealthy to live in many of world’s cities?
d) What disappear quickly?
e) What should we do now?
III I’m Linh, Pham Thuy Linh I am a new student of 7A class in Nguyen Du secondary school I am thirteen and I come from Hoa Binh I
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Trang 9have a brother and a sister They are 500 students at a high school in Hoa Binh I live with my aunt at 20 Le Loi Street She often brings me
to school by motorbike every day It is more than two kilometers from my aunt’s house to my school It takes us ten minutes to go these My telephone number is 871374
SURVERY FORM
Family name: ……… ………
Name(s): ……… ………
Age: ……… ………
Grade: .………
School: ………
Brothers and sister:………… …………
Address : ……… …………
Telephone number: ……… …………
Distance : ……… ……
Means of transport: ………
Time: ……… ………
IV My name is Lan I am 12 years old I am a student at Hoang Dieu School My father is a farmer He grows vegetables and raises cattle on our farm in the countryside My mother is a teacher She is always busy at school I have an elder sister, Mai She is a nurse, and she works in a hospital I love my family very much 2.How old is Lan? ( ……… ……… …
3.Who is always busy at school? ( ……… ……… …
4.What does Lan ,s father grow? ( ……… ……… ………
5.Where does Mai work?
……… ………
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