Đại từ nhân xưng personal pronounsChủ ngữ tân ngữ Số ít: ngôi thứ nhất ngôi thứ hai ngôi thứ ba I you he/she/it me you him/her/it Số nhiều: ngôi thứ nhất ngôi thứ hai ngôi thứ ba we you
Trang 11 Định nghĩa đại từ
– Đại từ là từ thay thế cho danh từ, tránh sự lặp lại danh từ.
2 Phân loại đại từ
Có 7 loại đại từ như sau:
Trang 22.1 Đại từ nhân xưng (personal pronouns)
Chủ ngữ tân ngữ
Số ít: ngôi thứ nhất
ngôi thứ hai
ngôi thứ ba
I you he/she/it
me you him/her/it
Số nhiều: ngôi thứ nhất
ngôi thứ hai
ngôi thứ ba
we you they
us you them
Chức năng:
• I, he, she, we, they có thể là chủ ngữ của động từ:
– He has lived here for 3 years.
• Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ trực tiếp của động từ.
– I saw her at the party last night.
• Me, him, her, us, them có thể là tân ngữ gián tiếp của động từ.
– Ann gave him a book.
• Hoặc tân ngữ của giới từ:
– We couldn’t do it without them.
2.2 Đại từ bất định (indefinite pronouns)
Ví dụ:
– Nhóm kết hợp với some: something, someone, somebody
– Nhóm kết hợp với any: anything, anyone, anybody
– Nhóm kết hợp với every: everything, everyone, everybody
– Nhóm kết hợp với no: nothing, no one, nobody
– Nhóm độc lập gồm các từ: all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
Một số trong các đại từ trên đây cũng có thể được dùng như tính từ (tính từ bất định -indefinite adjectives): any, some, every, no, all, one, none, other, another, much, less, (a) few, (a) little, enough, each, either, neither.
2.3 Đại từ sở hữu (possessive pronouns)
Gồm: mine, yours, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs, its
Đại từ sở hữu = tính từ sở hữu + danh từ
– That is Ann’s room This is our room = This is ours.
Trang 3– You’ve got my pen Where’s yours?
2.4 Đại từ phản thân (reflexive pronouns)
Gồm: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Chú ý: ourselves, yourselves, themselves là hình thức số nhiều.
Chức năng:
• Làm tân ngữ của động từ khi chủ ngữ và tân ngữ là cùng một người:
– I cut myself.
– Tom and Ann blamed themselves for the accident
• Được sử dụng như trường hợp trên sau động từ + giới từ:
– He spoke to himself.
– Look after yourself.
– I’m annoyed with myself.
• Được sử dụng như các đại từ nhấn mạnh danh từ hoặc đại từ:
– The King himself gave her the medal.
Chúng thường nhấn mạnh chủ ngữ của câu và được đặt sau nó:
– Ann herself opened the door.
– Tom himself went.
Khi chúng nhấn mạnh các danh từ khác, chúng được đặt ngay sau danh từ đó:
– I saw Tom himself.
– I spoke to the President himself.
• Được sử dụng như các tân ngữ sau giới từ:
– I did it by myself.
– He did that to himself.
2.5 Đại từ quan hệ (relative pronouns)
Ví dụ: who, whom, which, that, whose,…
Chức năng:
• Who, that, which làm chủ ngữ:
– The man who robbed you has been arrested.
– Everyone that/who knew him liked him.
– This is the picture that/which caused such a sensation.
• Làm tân ngữ của động từ:
– The man whom I saw told me to come back today.
– The car which/that I hired broke down
Trang 4• Theo sau giới từ:
– The ladder on which I was standing began to slip.
Tuy nhiên, giới từ cũng có thể chuyển xuống cuối mệnh đề:
– The ladder which I was standing on began to slip
• Hình thức sở hữu (whose + danh từ):
– The film is about a spy whose wife betrays him.
Chú ý:
– When =in/on which
– Where = in/at which
– Why = for which
• Ví dụ:
– The year in which he was born
– The day on which they arrived
– The hotel at which they are staying
– The reason for which he refused is…
2.6 Đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns)
Ví dụ: this, that, these, those…
Tính từ chỉ định (demonstrative adjectives) this, that và số nhiều của chúng là these, those được dùng trước danh từ nhằm xác định vị trí của danh từ ấy đối với người nói
Khi những tính từ này được dùng độc lập, không có danh từ theo sau, nó trở thành đại từ chỉ định (demonstrative pronouns)
Ngoài việc thay thế cho một danh từ, đại từ chỉ định còn cho người nghe khái niệm gần hơn hay xa hơn về thời gian hoặc khoảng cách
• Ví dụ:
– There is this seat here, near me.
– There is that one in the last row Which will you have, this or that?
– That is what I thought last year, this is what I think now.
2.7 Đại từ nghi vấn (interrogative pronouns)
Ví dụ: who, whom, whose, what, which
Chức năng:
• Làm chủ ngữ:
– Who keeps the keys?
– Whose car broke down?
Trang 5– Which pigeon arrived first?
– What kind of tree is that?
• Làm tân ngữ của động từ:
– Who did you see?
– Whose umbrella did you borrow?
– Which hand do you use?
– What paper do you read?
EXERCISE
Ex1: Choose a, b, c, d that best completes the sentence
1 What are doing? - am doing homework.
a you/ I/ my b your/ Myself/ I c yourself/ I/ mine d yours/ Mine/ me
2 _ ideas are different from , but I am sure _ are still good friends.
a You/ my/ our b Yours/ I/ us c Your/ mine/ we d Yourself/ my/ we
3 I can not lend you laptop I need it _.
a my/ myself b mine/ me c myself/ me d me/ my
4 Although we are best friends, my ideas are different from _.
5 She is not as clever as expect.
6 The girl looked at in the mirror and smiled.
Trang 6a she b herself b hers d she’s
7 Sometimes feel envious of what have.
a we/ they b we/ them c our/ their d us/ they
8 Your new dress looks the same as .
9 – Who helped with the work? – They did it .
a their/ they b they/ them c they/ theirs d them/ themselves
10 The dog often waves _ tail whenever Bob comes home.
11 I am as tall as is.
12 Everyone has _ own responsibility.
13 Those children show special interest in painting.
14 AIDS is dangerous _ has not been able to be cured up to the present time.
Trang 7a they b it c themselves d its
15 Several animals are in danger of extinction We should find ways to protect
a us b them c ourselves d themselves
16 I think your son is old enough to go to school by .
17 He bought that car 5 years ago but still looks new.
18 Mary is independent She likes doing things on own.
19 My house is smaller than .
20 Each nation has _ own language.
21 Johnny’s got the apartment to next week.
22 Mary can teach _ to use a computer.
Trang 8a herself b she c hers d she’s
23 The English understand each other, but I do not understand
24 Each of will have to be on duty one day a month.
25 Mumps is usually caught by children _ causes a mild fever and painful swelling of the glands of the glands in the neck.
26 My name is John What is ?
a yourselves b your c yours d yourself
27 On the night of 14 April 1912, during _ first voyage, the Titanic hit an iceberg and sank two hours and forty minutes later.
28 My grandmother left Jane and _ on her farm.
29 His knowledge of foreign languages is wide helps him a lot in his work.
30 Peter earns more money than do.
Trang 9a I b me c myself d mine
31 Nobody in the neighborhood, not even , expected that a riot would be break out.
32 The only students in the classroom this morning were John and _.
33 I don’t want anybody but _ to work on this project.
34 I really don’t appreciate walking late into class every morning.
35 The principal make Tom and repair the damage to the auditorium wall.
36 Josie, Mary, and rode their bikes all the way to New Hampshire.
37 Who else could have taken it other than ?
38 Most teenagers long for the day when will get their driving license and the freedom that comes with .
Trang 10a they/ them b it/ them c it/ they d they/ it
39 Where can we meet? – _ up to you.
40 I will try best to help .
a mine/ your b my/ you c me/ yours d I/ you
41 My wife has become crippled by arthritis She is embarrassed to ask the doctor about .
42 Education gets everywhere these days, doesn’t ?
43 There are some bottles of wine on the shelf for the party tomorrow.
a He is b You are c They are d It is
44 We are not sure who is driving, but it might be .
45 They collected the evidence all by .
46 There were marks on the snow but unrecognizable.
Trang 11a it was b they are c it is d they are
47 I am not good at mathematics difficult.
48 – Did you consider taking part in volunteer programs? – Yes, I have thought about .
49 Let’s go to her party is rude to turn down invitation.
a She/ mine b He/ its c It/ her d She/ my
50 One of the local people told her daughter to write _ a letter to thank for help.
a ourselves/ we b we/ ours c our/ us d us/ our
Ex2: Chọn dạng đúng của đại từ trong mỗi câu sau:
1 Richard is expecting (us/our) to got to class tomorrow.
2 You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.
3 They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.
4 George asked (me/my) to call him last night.
5 We understand (him/his) having to leave early.
6 We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us.
7 They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them.
Ex3: Chọn đại từ chỉ ngôi để hoàn thành các câu sau:
1 (We/us) all went with (them/they).
2 They know all about my friends and (I/me).
3 Mr.Nam and (he/him) came last night.
Trang 124 There are some letters for you and (me/I).
5 What would you do if you were (he/ him)
6 It was (him/he) I was talking about.
Ex4: Điền vào chỗ trống bằng đại từ phản thân hoặc đại từ nhấn mạnh
1 It was pleasant to warm……….before a good fire.
2 There was so much noise that he couldn’t hear………speak.
3 She was angry with …………for breaking her doll.
4 They look at……….in the looking-glass.
5 Ba goes and hides ………behind the curtain.
6 I want to see Mrs Linh…………., not her husband.
7 You…… told me the story.
8 I hope you will enjoy……….at the party.
9 You must learn your lesson……….Nobody can do it for you.