The complexities of the English Alphabetic Code include: 1.. one sound phoneme can be represented by one, two, three or four letters: e.g.. one sound can be represented by different spe
Trang 1The English Alphabetic Code
phonemes
and
key pictures
graphemes and key words for the United States of America and Canada
/ s / s
s nake
-ss
gla ss - ce
pala ce - se
hou se ce ci cy
c ents c ity bi c ycle
sc
sc issors
ca st le
/ a / a
a pple al f
half
/ s / ps
ps eudonym
/ t / t
-tt
le tt er
-ed
skipp ed
/ i / i -y
Trang 2/ p / p
-pp
pu pp et
/ n / n
-nn
bo nn et
kn
kn ot
gn
engi ne
/ k / c
k
-ck
ch ameleon
qu
bou qu et
que pla que
/ e / e
e gg
ea
h ea d
ai
s ai d ag ai n
/ h / h
wh
Trang 3/ r / r
-rr
a rr ow
wr
wr ite
rh
rh inoceros
/ m / m
mm
ha mm er
thu mb - mn
colu mn s
-me
welco me
/ d / d
-dd
pu dd le
-ed
rain ed
/ g / g
-gg
ju gg le
gu
gu itar
gh
gue
vo gue
/ o / o
o ctopus
w a tch
qu a lify a lt
salt
Trang 4/ u / u
u mbrella
-o
s o n
t ou ch
/ l / l
l adder
-ll
she ll
/ u l / -le
kett le - il
penc il - al
hospit al
cam el
/ f / f
f eathers
-ff
lau gh
/ b / b
-bb
ra bb it
bu
bu ilding
Trang 5/ j / j
cabba ge g e g i g y
g erbil g iraffe g ymnast
dge fri dge
/ y / y
/ ai / ai
ai d
ay
t a ble
ae
sund ae a-e
c a k e s
-ey
pr ey
eigh
eigh t
-ea
br ea k
/ w / w
wh
/ oa / oa
oa k
ow
b ow
o
y o -y o
oe
ob oe
o-e
r o p e
-ough
d ough
eau plateau
Trang 6/ igh / -igh
n igh t
-ie
beh i nd
sh y i-e
b i k e ei
ei der
/ ee / ee
ee l
ea
ea t
e
* -y
* sunn y e-e
concr e t e -ey
k ey
* monk ey
-ie
ch ie f
* mov ie
sard i nes
/ or / or
f or k
oar
oar s
oor
d oor ore
sn ore our
f our
w ar drobe
qu ar ter
/ aw / aw
d aw n
au
s au ce
al
ch al k
augh
c augh t
ough
th ough t
/ z / z -zz -s -se -ze
Trang 7/ ng / -ng
go ng - n
ju n gle
/ n g k / -nk
i nk
/ v / v
v iolin
-ve
do ve
/ oo / oo
b oo k
-oul
sh oul d
/ oo / ough
thr ough
/ oo / oo
m oo n
bl ue u-e
fl u t e -ew
fr ui t
-ou
s ou p
-o
m o ve
-eu
pn eu matic
/ ks / -x
fo x
-ks
boo ks
-cks
du cks
-kes
ca kes
/ gz / - x
e x am
Trang 8/ ch / ch
ch airs
pa tch
pic ture
/ sh / sh
ch
sta ti on
magi ci an
mi ssi on
/ th / th
th istle
/ th / th
/ kw / qu
qu een
Trang 9/ ou / ou
ou ch
ow
ow l
- ough
pl ough
/ oi / oi
oi ntment
oy
t oy
/ yoo / - ue
barbec ue
u
u nicorn
u-e
c u b e s
-ew
a f ew
/ er / er
m er maid
ir
b ir thday
ur
n ur se
ear
ear th
wor
w or ld
-our hum our
-or hum or
-re theat re
-er theat er
Canada
/ ar / ar
ar tist
USA
Trang 10/ air / air
wh ere
/ eer / eer
ear s
-ere
cash ier
/ zh / - si
televi si on
trea s ure
a z ure
colla ge
*-y, *-ey, *-ie are pronounced between /i/ and /ee/ when these graphemes are word-endings so they appear in both /i/ and /ee/ rows
The complexities of the English Alphabetic Code include:
1 one sound (phoneme) can be represented by one, two, three or four letters: e.g k, sh, ng, igh, eigh
2 one sound can be represented by different spellings (graphemes): e.g /oa/ is represented by o, oa, ow, oe, o-e, eau, ough
3 one spelling can represent multiple sounds: e.g ‘ough’: /oa/ though, /or/ thought, /oo/ through, /ou/ plough
Key to the 12 units of Debbie Hepplewhite’s Phonics International online synthetic phonics programme:
units1-5 Mainly simple code with options to extend 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
6-12 /air/, /eer/, /zh/, split digraphs, complex code 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th
Debbie’s programme introduces a simple code of at least one letter/s-sound correspondence for each of the 44+ sounds of speech of the English language