Chemical Risk Management Leonard Ritter, PhD, Fellow, ATS Executive Director, Canadian Network of Toxicology Centresgy Professor, Toxicology School of Environmental Sciences University o
Trang 1Chemical Risk Management
Leonard Ritter, PhD, Fellow, ATS
Executive Director, Canadian Network of
Toxicology Centresgy Professor, (Toxicology)
School of Environmental Sciences
University of Guelph
Coordinator, Metals in the Human
Environment Strategic Network
Risk Communication
● An exchange of information concerning the existence, nature, form, severity, or
acceptability of health or environmental acceptability of health or environmental risks
● A critical component of risk management
Stages in the Risk Management Process
• Problem identification
• Setting the risk communication objectives
• Providing a suitable forum for stakeholder
discussions
• Making recommendations
• Implementation/Evaluation
Risk Communication Goals
about the risk assessment/risk management process
• Build public confidence that appropriate risk management decisions are being developed
• Provide a forum for stakeholders to: a) discuss &
• Provide a forum for stakeholders to: a) discuss &
process risk information & b) form a well‐balanced judgment based on factual evidence
• Reduce complexity, uncertainty, and cope with any ambiguity of the risk issue; address public expectations
• Foster an informed public that is involved, interested, reasonable, solution‐oriented, and collaborative
Trang 2• The concept of acceptable risk depends on an
individual’s perception of the risk
• An individual’s perception of risk is often
inaccurate
• To convey risk information, a risk
communicator must identify what pre‐
conceived factors may influence decisions
about managing a risk
Factors That Affect Risk Perception
Factors Examples
Psychological vulnerability, anger, lack of trust, grief, denial, fear,
anxiety, depression, Isolation, frustration, guilt Social economic issues costs associated with the risk Social economic issues, costs associated with the risk
issue, conflicts between different groups within the community, jurisdictional issues, relocation of the community
Other gender, age, geographical region, ethnicity,
religion, level of education
*Adapted from Krewski et al., 1995
Deliver a Clear Risk Message
• The risk message, i.e., one‐way communication, should be stated in
clear, understandable terms
• Intentions should be clearly defined and positioned at the
beginning of the presentation
• Factual details should be simplified without sacrificing accuracy
Ri k( ) h ld b l d i i l t t & l t d t th l ld
• Risk(s) should be placed in social context & related to the real world
of the audience; Risk is not solely a scientific issue
• Use visually attractive graphics, good examples, anecdotes, and
pictures to convey the risk message
• Use clear, jargon‐free language (avoid equations; difficult for non‐
experts to interpret)
• Never assume technical knowledge unless it is a technically‐adept
audience
Types of Risk Messages
•
advisories, drug and biological products labels, signage, and packaging
interviews, speaking engagements, conferences and workshops
programs, mass media communications, pamphlets
discussion/working groups, one‐on‐one conversations, interviews
Trang 3Domain of Technical Risk Domain of Perceived Risk
Governments
Independent
Researchers
General Public Public Interest Groups
Risk Communication Flows
Risk communication flows between the “Expert sphere” (on left) and the “Public sphere” (on right),
and assumes that all groups that participate in risk communication have a specific agenda that drives
their involvement in the process. These special interests are taken into consideration and can heavily
influence the outcome of the risk communication process.
(Leiss and Krewski, 1989)
Components of Trust
Components Description
representation of all relevant points of view
based on past experience and previous communication efforts
communication
To build trust: listen to public concerns and provide a forum for two‐way communications.
Ref.: OECD Guidance Document on Risk Communication for Chemical Risk Management, July 2002
Risk Taking by Cultural Categories
Atomised
Individuals
Life is a lottery. Risks are
out of our control; safety
is a matter of luck.
Bureaucrats Risks are acceptable as long
as institutions have the routines to control them.
The Hermit
GRID
Risks are acceptable as long
as they do not involve coercion of others.
Entrepreneur
Risks offer opportunities
and should be accepted in
exchange for benefits.
Egalitarian Risks should be avoided unless they are inevitable
GROUP
Building Trust and Credibility
• The nature of risk demands trustful relationships between risk managers and risk bearers
• Trust is the invisible product of a successful p communication on risk issues and concerns
• Public confidence is important for triggering behavioral responses
• Systematic feedback and dialogue are required in order to grow trust
Trang 4• Good inter‐active presentation skills
• Able to avoid jargon and clarify technical concepts of a risk message
• Good listener that provides feedback on stakeholders’ concerns and does
not express personal opinions
• Conveys honesty, competence, and establishes trust and credibility
• Treats input with respect and gives everyone equal opportunity to make
claims and react to claims by others
• Ensures participants refrain from “moralizing” each other
• Is honest about what they can and cannot do
• Above average mediation experience
Stakeholder Roles
• Governments manage public health risks and communicate risk details to the public
• Industry leaders have a corporate responsibility to communicate risks to affected p y consumers in a timely manner
• Early public involvement ensures the risk analysis process addresses public concerns and provides improved understanding of the risk assessment and how decisions are made
Stakeholder Roles …
Continued
• The research community plays an important role
in risk analysis by contributing technical and
scientific expertise
• Media transmit, create, or interpret a risk
message and should be involved in the entire risk
communication process
• NGOs (public interest groups or non‐
governmental organizations) raise public
awareness of potential sources of health and
environmental risk
Risk Communication Challenges
• Audiences and media require different risk communication strategies
• Selecting appropriate approach (method) to convey the risk message
• Communicating with the stakeholders as equal partners in the exchange of ideas, arguments, and risk evaluations
• Explaining scientific risk measurements and probabilities in non‐scientific terms (depending
on audience mix)
Trang 5Continued
• Each risk situation may require several
methods of communication
• Explaining synergistic effects with other
lifestyle factors
• Anticipating objections to explanations of risks
(data uncertainties, info disclosure, demands
for zero risk)
• Improving literacy in risk‐based thinking
Selecting the Approach
The approach chosen to communicate risk to target audience(s) will depend upon:
• The costs and resource requirements of different approaches
• The stage of a risk management process
• The type of risk situation (routine or high potential for controversy)
• The audience mix
Designing a Risk Communication Program
• Design entire risk communication package
• Ensure target audience represents all relevant stakeholders
• Determine most important problems to overcome in the risk
message
• If the risk situation is highly controversial, involve stakeholders
at an early stage
• Determine basic perceptions of the risk issue under dispute
• Be aware of the distinction between risk and risk acceptability
• A fairly distributed risk is more acceptable than an unfairly
distributed one
Designing a Risk Communication Program
Continued
• A risk that the parties have some control over is more acceptable than a risk beyond their control
communication program
• Appropriate timing of data collections, inclusion of control groups, and arranging focus group tests and re‐tests are important
material
Trang 6• Define highlights of message
• Be specific about control measures and
precautionary actions
• Ensure content is written to address needs of
specific audience
• Consider the social and political context of the
issue
Internet Website Materials
Similar approach as with written methods plus:
• Provide frequent updates of content
• Ensure main search engines register your entry
• Provide links to other relevant organizations &
info sources
• Provide opportunities for viewers to respond
Public Presentations
Personal contact is more convincing than anonymously
written materials
• Formal training in speech and rhetorical skills are an asset
• Don’t talk down to audience
• Be sincere, honest, open‐minded, caring of the audiences , , p , g
concerns and responsive to questions and comments
• Use appealing visual aids to explain the risk rationale
• Allow time for discussions
• Provide media with a statement to avoid being misquoted
Surveys & Focus Groups Approach
• Excellent method of exploring concerns of the targeted audience
• Focus groups document audience concerns &
measure social resonance of each argument providing excellent feedback
Trang 7• The chemical industry has been using CACs for
a long time in their Responsible Care Programs
• A representative sample of consumers is
difficult to obtain
• Problem is small number of participants
Media
• Are prime transmitters of risk information
• Play a critical role in setting agendas and in determining outcomes
• Risk communicators must be open and accessible to reporters and respect their deadlines
il i f i h d f h f di
• Tailor information to the needs of each type of media
• Should be provided with background material on complex risk issues
• Risk communicators need to establish a long‐term relationship of trust with editors and reporters
• Channels for communication are diverse (press conferences & releases, TV, appearances at public events, letters to the publisher, direct mailings)
Media… Continued
• When issuing a Press Release, state (who, when,
what, to which purpose, why) with details and
contact information at the end
• Press conferences or press releases are not
recommended for conveying detailed scientific y g
data
• Science supplements for the media may be more
problem oriented and provide an analysis of the
issue
• Releases to the national wire services should only
contain basic facts and general conclusions
Communicating with Institutional
Stakeholders
• Expert Hearings: experts with different positions testify before the organizing institution, e.g., a regulatory agency
• Expert Committees: popular for involving externalExpert Committees: popular for involving external knowledge carriers in the risk management process
• Expert Consensus Conferences: group sessions to prepare common standards and report back to plenary session to reach a common agreement
Trang 8• Group Delphi Exercises: a group of experts involved in a
4‐step info gathering process to gain a normal
distribution of assessments
• Stakeholder Hearings: often conducted by regulatory
institutions for stakeholders to voice their opinions
• Round tables: popular for stakeholder involvement in
corporate and consensual regulatory arenas;
professional moderator recommended
• Mediation: assumes stakeholder conflicts can be
resolved before they reach the legal arena
Evaluating Your Risk Communication
Program
integrated and complement each other
stakeholders during the risk management process
collect feedback and track changes in values and preferences
increasingly important as audiences become better informed ( through the internet)
Summary of perception and acceptance of risks from
diverse sources of radiation exposure
Perceived risk
Technical experts Public Nuclear power/nuclear waste Moderate risk Extreme risk
Nuclear weapons Moderate to extreme risk Extreme risk
beginning to develop Electric and magnetic fields Low risk Significant concerns
Acceptable beginning to develop