Insect Pest Management Techniques for Environmental Protection 12

Rechcigl Ann Arbor Press Chelsea, Michigan Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection LEWIS PUBLISHERS Boca Raton New York... PUBLISHED TITLES Environmentally Safe

Jack E Rechcigl

and

Nancy A Rechcigl

Ann Arbor Press

Chelsea, Michigan

Insect Pest

Management:

Techniques for Environmental Protection

LEWIS PUBLISHERS

Boca Raton New York

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Insect pest management: techniques for environmental protection /

[edited] by Jack E Rechcigl and Nancy A Rechcigl.

p cm (Agriculture & environment series)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 1-56670-478-2 (alk paper)

1 Insect pests Biological control I Rechcigl, Jack E II Rechcigl Nancy A III Series SB933.3.I53 1999

CIP This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

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Library of Congress Card Number 99-40543

Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

Printed on acid-free paper

Agriculture and Environment Series

Jack E Rechcigl Editor-in-Chief

Agriculture is an essential part of our economy on which we all depend for food, feed and fiber With increased agricultural productivity in this country as well as abroad, the general public has taken agriculture for granted while voicing their concern and dismay over possible adverse effects of agriculture on the environment The public debate that has ensued on the subject has been brought about, in part,

by the indiscriminate use of agricultural chemicals and, in part, by disinformation, based largely on anecdotal evidence

At the national level recommendations have been made for increased research

in this area by such bodies as the Office of Technology Assessment, the National Academy of Sciences, and the Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government Specific issues identified for attention include contamination of surface and groundwater by natural and chemical fertilizers, pesticides and sediment, the continued abuse of fragile and nutrient poor soils, and suitable disposal of industrial and agricultural waste

Although a number of publications have appeared recently on specific environ-mental effects of some agricultural practices, no attempt has been made to approach the subject systematically and comprehensively The aim of this series is to fill the gap by providing the synthesis and critical analysis of the state of the art in different areas of agriculture bearing on environment and of environment on agriculture Efforts will also be made to review research in progress and to comment on per-spectives for the future From time to time methodological treatises as well as compendia of important data in handbook form will also be included The emphasis throughout the series will be on comprehensiveness, comparative aspects, alternative approaches, innovation, and worldwide orientation

Specific topics will be selected by the Editor-in-Chief with the council of an international advisory board Imaginative and timely suggestions for the inclusion

in the series from individual scientists will be given serious consideration

PUBLISHED TITLES

Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control

Soil Amendments and Environmental Quality

Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems

FORTHCOMING TITLES

Environmentally Sound Approaches to Insect Pest Management

To our parents and our family for their love and support

To our parents and our family for their love and support

Insect pest management has always been and will continue to be a constant challenge to agricultural producers and researchers alike As insect resistance to commonly used pesticides builds and the removal of more toxic pesticides from the market continues, controlling insect infestations will become increasingly more difficult Growers are constantly faced with the dilemma of producing a high quality, pest-free crop within economical means, without endangering the environment and the workers’ safety

While the environmental concerns are in order, we have to, at the same time, guard against extreme points of view by zealous advocates, since, as the matters now stand, the traditional cultural practices are here to stay, and the use of chemical pesticides, in the foreseeable future, will remain playing an important role in pest management

The purpose of this book is to present a balanced overview of environmentally safe and ecologically sound approaches applied to commonly used practices in insect pest management The use of various biological agents and other physiological approaches, as well as of biotechnological techniques, is the subject of a separate publication and will therefore not be covered in this volume

The first part of the book examines specific ecological measures which could be taken to prevent or lessen insect pest infestations of crops The next section covers

a variety of environmentally acceptable physical control measures to prevent insect pests from entering greenhouses and infesting specific plants Judicious use of chemical pesticides forms the third section which encompasses a choice of recom-mended formulations and applications of preferable insecticides, including those that could be targeted against the destructive pests, without harming beneficial insects and the surrounding environment The fourth section presents a detailed account of various agronomic and other cultural practices, which have proven to be effective against insect pests, yet which are considered environmentally sound, as well as other potential measures that could, with suitable modifications, be made environ-mentally acceptable A separate chapter is devoted to integrated pest management based on the current state-of-the-art Section five deals with biological control of insects, including biological control by Bti The last section of the book is devoted

to regulatory and legislative aspects, covering both the inspection and quarantine of plant materials, and the other regulations relating to insecticide control

Each chapter has been written by an expert in the respective field This publi-cation should be a useful source of information to students and professionals in the field of entomology, agronomy, horticulture, ecology, and environmental sciences,

as well as to agricultural practitioners, extension workers and industrial chemists, and last but not least, to all persons concerned with regulatory and legislative matters The editors wish to thank the individual contributors for the time and effort they put into the preparation of their chapters In addition, special thanks are due to the Ann Arbor Press and CRC Press Staff and Editorial Board

Jack E Rechcigl Nancy A Rechcigl

The Editors

Jack E Rechcigl is a Professor of Soil and

Environ-mental Sciences at the University of Florida and is located at the Research and Education Center in Ona,

FL He received his B.S degree (1982) in Agriculture from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE and his M.S (1983) and Ph.D (1986) degrees in Soil Science from Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univer-sity, Blacksburg, VA He joined the faculty of the Uni-versity of Florida in 1986 as Assistant Professor, in

1991 was promoted to Associate Professor, and in 1996 attained Full Professorship In 1999, he was named a University of Florida Research Foundation Professor

Dr Rechcigl has authored over 200 publications, including contributions to books, monographs, and articles in periodicals in the fields

of soil fertility, environmental quality, and water pollution His research has been supported by research grants totaling over $3 million from both private sources and government agencies Dr Rechcigl has been a frequent speaker at national and international workshops and conferences and has consulted in various countries, including Canada, Brazil, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Australia, New Zealand, Taiwan, Philippines, France, and the Czech Republic He also serves on a number of national and international boards, including the University of Cukurova Mediterranean Inter-national Center for Soils and Environment Research in Turkey

He is currently Editor-in-Chief of the Agriculture and Environment Book Series,

Associate Editor of the Soil and Crop Science Society Proceedings, and until recently

Associate Editor of the Journal of Environmental Quality Most recently he has edited Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis Publishers, 2000), Environmentally Safe Approaches to Crop Disease Control (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), Soil Amendments: Impacts on Biotic Systems (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1995), and Use of By-Products and Wastes in

Agriculture (American Chemical Society, 1997) He is also serving as an invitational

reviewer of manuscripts and grant proposals for scientific journals and granting agencies

Dr Rechcigl is a member of the American Chemical Society, Soil Science Society

of America, American Society of Agronomy, International Soil Science Society, Czech-oslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, various trade organizations, and the honorary societies of Sigma Xi, Gamma Sigma Delta, Phi Sigma, and Gamma Beta Phi

Dr Rechcigl has been the recipient of numerous awards, including the Sigma

Xi Research Award, University of Philippines Research Award, University of Florida Research Honor Award, University of Florida Research Achievement Award, and University of Delaware Presidential Citation for Outstanding Achievement Award Most recently he was elected a Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy, Fellow

of the Soil Science Society of America, and the recipient of Honorary Professorship from the Czech Agricultural University in Prague

Nancy A Rechcigl holds the position of

entomolo-gist with Yoder Bros Inc., Parrish, FL, specializing

in plant disease and entomological problems of flo-ricultural crops Prior to joining Yoder Bros., Nancy worked for the University of Florida (1989–1994)

as a County Horticultural Agent, providing diagnos-tic services and information on cultural pracdiagnos-tices and pest management to horticultural, landscape, and pest control industries As an Extension Agent she was also responsible for supervising the County Master Gardener Program, providing instructional classes and operating a Plant Clinic that was popular with the urban community From 1986 to 1989, she worked for Ball PanAm Inc., Parrish, FL as a Plant Pathologist responsible for the disease certification program of ornamental plants

Over the past 12 years, Ms Rechcigl has given numerous lectures on the iden-tification and control of disease and pest problems of turf and ornamentals In addition to writing a weekly gardening column “Suncoast Gardening” for the urban community, she frequently contributes articles to local trade and professional

jour-nals Most recently she has co-edited the books Environmentally Safe Approaches

to Crop Disease Control (Lewis Publishers and CRC Press, 1997), and Insect Pest Management: Techniques for Environmental Protection (Lewis Publishers, 2000).

Ms Rechcigl received her B.S degree (1983) in Plant Pathology from the University of Delaware, Newark, DE She did her graduate work at Virginia Poly-technic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA, receiving her M.S degree in

1986, specializing in Plant Virology

Ms Rechcigl is an active member of the American Phytopathological Society, Entomological Society of America, Florida Nurserymen and Growers Association, Czechoslovak Society of Arts and Sciences, and the Honorary Society of Phi Kappa Phi

D A Andow

Department of Entomology

University of Minnesota

St Paul, Minnesota

Eitan Ben-Dov

Center for Biological Control

Department of Life Sciences

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Be’er-Sheva, Israel

Gary L Cave

Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S

Riverdale, Maryland

G W Cuperus

Department of Entomology and Plant

Pathology

Oklahoma State University

Stillwater, Oklahoma

Clive A Edwards

Department of Entomology

The Ohio State University

Columbus, Ohio

Jorge Fernandez-Cornejo

Economic Research Service

U.S.D.A./E.R.S

Washington, D.C

John K Greifer

Animal and Plant Health Inspection

Service Trade Support Team

U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S

Washington, D.C

James Robert Hagler

Western Cotton Research Laboratory

U.S.D.A./A.R.S

Phoenix, Arizona

J P Harmon

Department of Entomology University of Minnesota

St Paul, Minnesota

David J Horn

Department of Entomology The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio

Edwin Imai

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine

U.S.D.A./A.P.H.I.S

Riverdale, Maryland

Robert P Kahn

Plant Protection and Quarantine Rockville, Maryland

Yoel Margalith

Center for Biological Control Department of Life Sciences Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Be’er-Sheva, Israel

P G Mulder

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology

Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma

Michael Ollinger

Economic Research Service U.S.D.A./E.R.S

Washington, D.C

Christian Y Oseto

Department of Entomology Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana

Douglas G Pfeiffer

Department of Entomology

Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State

University

Blacksburg, Virginia

T A Royer

Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology

Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma

N A Schellhorn

Department of Entomology University of Minnesota

St Paul, Minnesota

Section I Ecological Measures

Chapter 1

Ecological Control of Insects 3

David J Horn

Section II Physical Control

Chapter 2

Physical Control of Insects 25

Christian Y Oseto

Section III Chemical Control

Chapter 3

Ecologically Based Use of Insecticides 103

Clive A Edwards

Chapter 4

Selective Insecticides 131

Douglas G Pfeiffer

Section IV Cultural Practices

Chapter 5

Using Cultural Practices to Enhance Insect Pest Control by Natural

Enemies 147

N A Schellhorn, J P Harmon, and D A Andow

Chapter 6

Implementation of Ecologically-Based IPM 171

G W Cuperus, P G Mulder, and T A Royer

Section V Biological Control

Chapter 7

Biological Control of Insects 207

James Robert Hagler

Chapter 8

Biological Control by Bacillus thuringiensis subsp Israelensis 243

Yoel Margalith and Eitan Ben-Dov